Unit4 Period Ⅲ Discovering Useful Structures-【精彩三年】2023-2024学年新教材高中英语必修第三册课程探究与巩固教师用书配套word

Period Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures ——动词不定式作定语和状语(见学生用书P112) Space exploration imbues everyone with an optimistic view of the future.—Bill Nye 太空探索让每个人对未来充满了乐观的看法。——比尔·奈 一、词汇梳理 1．__so__as__to__(do__sth)__为了；以便 2．__recycle__ vt.回收利用；再利用 3．__muscle__ n．肌肉；实力；影响力 4．__lack__ n. 缺乏；短缺vt.没有；缺乏 5．float vi.__浮动；漂流；漂浮__ vt.__使浮动；使漂流__ 6．__otherwise__ adv.否则；要不然 7．__beyond__ prep.在更远处；超出 8．solar adj.__太阳的；太阳能的__ __solar__system__太阳系；类太阳系 9．__current__ adj.当前的；现在的n.水流；电流；思潮 10．__figure__out__弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白 11．__sufficient__ adj.足够的；充足的 1．In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use. 在太空中，宇航员会收集所有脏水，以便之后再使用它。(教材P42) so as to (do sth)为了；以便 【拓展归纳】 动词不定式的一个主要作用是在句中作目的状语。in order to 或so as to 则使“目的”更加明确。so as to 一般不放在句首，否定形式是so as not to；in order to 可以放在句首或句中，否定形式是in order not to。in order to和so as to中的to是动词不定式符号，在使用时to后面接动词原形，即in order to do sth和so as to do sth，在句中作目的状语；so that和in order that 也意为“为了，以便”，但that后面要跟完整的句子。 【活学活用】 (1)I always keep fruit in the fridge__so__as__to/in__order__to__ keep it fresh. 我总是把水果放在冰箱里以保持新鲜。 (2)He did not switch on the light __so__as__not__to/in__order__not__to__disturb her. 为了不打扰她，他没有开灯。 (3)__In__order__to__ survive, Chuck develops a friendship with an unusual friend—a volleyball he calls Wilson. 为了求生，查克交了一个不同寻常的朋友——一个被他叫作威尔逊的排球。 (4)I'll keep the box in the shade__so__that/in__order__that__the sun doesn't burn the little plants. 我将把箱子放在树荫下，这样太阳就不会把幼苗晒伤。 I'd like to know the weather in July so as to take some proper clothes with me. And what necessities should I take for my trip? 我想知道七月的天气状况，以便带些合适的衣服。我应该带什么旅行必需品呢？ 2．Astronauts' bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity，so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy.在太空中由于缺乏重力，宇航员的骨骼和肌肉会变得很虚弱，因此他们需要每天锻炼，这有助于他们保持健康。(教材P42) lack n．(the state of not having sth or having enough of sth)缺乏；短缺　vt.(to not have or not have enough of sth that is needed or wanted)没有；缺乏 (1)lack sth缺少某物 (2)for lack of因缺乏/没有…… a lack of缺乏…… (3)lacking adj.不足的；缺乏的 be lacking in缺少…… lack作名词时常与介词of连用；作动词时，为及物动词，其后直接加宾语(不用被动语态)；形容词lacking常与介词in连用。 【活学活用】 (1)It is a pity that they __lack/are__lacking__in__ physical exercise and the ability to communicate with their friends face to face. 很遗憾他们缺乏身体锻炼和面对面与朋友交流的能力。 (2)Some teachers felt hindered by __a__lack__of__ resources. ＝Some teachers felt hindered __for__lack__of__resources. 有些教师因资源不足而感到困难重重。 (3)The child lags behind in study, for he seems to be __lacking__in__ intelligence. 这孩子学习落后，因为他似乎智力贫乏。 (4)—Jack still can't help being anxious about his job interview. 杰克还是很担心他的面试。 —__Lacking__self­confidence__ is his Achilles' heel, I am afraid. 恐怕缺乏自信是他的致命弱点。 (5)单句语法填空 ①Though __lacking__(lack) money, his parents managed to send him to a university. ②While college graduates complain of __a__ lack of available jobs，factories are having difficulties in hiring workers. ③Although she is rich in knowledge，she is lacking __in__ practical experience. I can safely draw a conclusion that success comes to anyone who keeps working perseveringly and that lacking perseverance can only result in frustration and failure. 我可以有把握地得出这样一个结论：成功属于任何坚持不懈地工作的人，缺乏毅力只会导致挫折和失败。 二、语法梳理 读下列句子并感知黑体部分的共性。 1．To become an astronaut in China, you have to have 1，350 hours of flying experience. 2．As we all know，an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space. 3．First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. 4．Scientists were determined to realise the dream to explore space. 5．．..on 12 April 1961，Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to enter space. 我的发现： 上述句子中，句子1、句子2和句子3中的不定式在句中是不定式作__状语__；句子4和句子5中的不定式在句中作__(后置)定语__。 动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，有时to可以省略，其否定形式是“not to＋动词原形”。不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化。不定式不能作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语、定语和宾语补足语。本单元主要讲解动词不定式作定语和状语的用法。 探究点1　动词不定式的时态和语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing — 完成式 to have done to have been done 1．不定式的一般式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时(几乎同时)发生或在谓语动词之后发生。 I hope to see you next week. 我希望下周能见到你。 I'd like to be told what's going on. 我想知道发生了什么。 2．不定式的进行式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生且正在进行。 I happened to be watching TV when she called. 她给我打电话时，我恰巧正在看电视。 3．不定式的完成式：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。 They seem to have cleaned the house. 他们似乎已经打扫过这座房子了。 The factory is reported to have been burnt down. 据报道这家工厂已经被烧毁了。 探究点2　动词不定式作定语 1．被修饰的名词(短语)或代词是不定式的逻辑宾语。 There was really nothing to fear. 真没有什么可担心的。 He gave me an interesting book to read. 他给了我一本有趣的书来读。 【注意】如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。 Mary needs a friend to play with. 玛丽需要一个和她玩的朋友。 They have a strict teacher to listen to. 他们有一个他们得言听计从的严格的老师。 2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动形式，也可以用被动形式，但其含义有所不同。 3．不定式作定语的几种用法： (1)不定式作定语可以表示将来的动作。 I borrowed some books to read during my holiday. 我借了一些我假期要读的书。 Nuclear power could be an important source of energy for many years to come. 在未来许多年里，核能可能是一种重要的能源。 (2)位于由序数词、形容词最高级、the last、the only、the next等修饰的名词/代词后，且与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，此时常用不定式作定语。 He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。 (3)当被修饰的名词是抽象名词(如attempt、ability、belief、chance、decision、desire、effort、determination、means、plan、promise、reply、right、time、way、wish等)或位于不定代词something、nothing等后时，常用不定式作定语。 The best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit. 增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。 Women have no right to vote and to be voted in that country. 在那个国家，女性没有选举权和被选举权。 The ability to seize the opportunity is usually counted as one of the essential factors contributing to success. 抓住机遇的能力通常被认为是促成成功的重要因素之一。 探究点3　动词不定式作状语 动词不定式作状语，可表示目的、结果、原因、条件等情况。 1．作结果状语 不定式作结果状语常表示出乎意料的结果。常用于下列结构中：only to do(结果……); enough to do (足够做……); too．..to．.. (太……而不能……); so/such．..as to．..(如此……以至于……)。 He woke to find himself famous. 他一觉醒来，发现自己成了名人。 He hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had left. 他匆忙赶到火车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。 He was so tired as to be unable to walk. ＝He was too tired to walk. 他累得走不动了。 The boy is old enough to go to school. 那个男孩足够大，可以上学了。 I'm not such a fool as to believe him. 我还不至于傻到相信他。 【注意】 “too＋adj.＋to do sth”结构中too后面常常跟表示心情、态度或倾向性方面的形容词，主要有anxious、 eager、 glad、 happy、 pleased、 ready、 willing等，此时too的意思是“十分；非常；很”等。 They were too anxious to leave(＝very anxious to leave).他们急于要离开。 He is too glad to go there(＝very glad to go there).他非常高兴去那儿。 2．作目的状语 不定式作目的状语主要表示某一动作或状态的目的。常用于下列结构中：only to (仅仅为了); in order to/so as to(为了；以便)。 Sometimes my friend goes to the library so as to borrow books. 我朋友有时候去图书馆是为了借书。 I come here only to say goodbye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 (1)不定式的复合结构作目的状语，当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时，要用不定式的复合结构，即在不定式或不定式短语前加“for＋名词或宾格代词”作状语。 He opened the door for the children to come in. 他开门让孩子们进来。 (2)目的状语从句与不定式的转换 ①当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同时，可以将目的状语从句直接简化为不定式或不定式短语作状语。 We'll start early in order that/so that we may arrive in time. →We'll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time. 为了能及时到达，我们将早点出发。 ②当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语不相同时，要用动词不定式的复合结构作状语。 I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting. →I came early in order for you to read my report before the meeting. 我早来是为了让你在开会前看我的报告。 3．作原因状语 All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的快速进步，我们都很吃惊。 I feel greatly honoured to be invited to attend this party. 被邀请参加这次聚会，我感到十分荣幸。 4．作条件状语 You will do well to speak more carefully. 要是你仔细说，你会做得很好的。 How can you catch the train to start so late？这么晚动身，你怎么能赶得上火车呢？ 不定式还可以用在“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中。常用于此结构的形容词有comfortable、dangerous、difficult、easy、fit、good、hard、heavy、interesting、impossible、light、pleasant、safe等。 This sofa is very comfortable to sit on. 这个沙发坐上去很舒适。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just __to__have__(have) a look at the sports stars. 2．__To__master__(master) a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 3．Mark returned home, only __to__learn__ (learn) his son had gone to the countryside. 4．You are old enough __to__take__(take) care of yourself now. 5．The airport __to__be__completed__(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 6．Plants need room __to__spread__(spread) their roots to get water and __to__spread__ (spread) their leaves to get sunlight. 7．Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I was still not able to find a chair __to__sit__(sit) on. 8．Her daughter will make an even bigger effort __to__please__(please) her. 9．Having finished her project, she was invited by the school__to__speak__(speak) to the new students. 10．Hearing the news that her son was admitted into the key university, she was too glad__to__jump__(jump). Ⅱ.完成句子 1．突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。 Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldn't find any paper __to__write__on__． 2．她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。 She was __the__first__woman__to__win__ the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 3．随着世界的快速变化，我们每天都有新的事情要自己去处理。 With the world changing fast, we have__something__new__to__deal__with__ all by ourselves every day. 4．提高你的英语的最好的方法之一是参加英语俱乐部。 One of the best ways __to__improve__your__English__ is to join an English club. 5．为了更多地了解中国文化，杰克决定选修中国民族音乐。 __To__learn__more__about__Chinese__culture__， Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. 6．我碰巧知道你的问题的答案。 I happen __to__know__the__answer__to__your__question__． 温馨说明：课后请完成高效作业18) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$