内容正文:
Grammar——短语[对应学生用书第38页]
用名词短语、形容词短语或副词短语完成下面教材中的句子并体会它们的语法特征
1.(教材P14)Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge.
2.(教材P14)The first week was a little confusing.
3.(教材P14)First, I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take.
4.(教材P14)My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it.
5.(教材P14)I tried to join the school football team, but the coach told me that I didn't play well enough.
英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分,英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。本单元主要学习名词短语、形容词短语和副词短语。
要点一 名词短语(Noun Phrase或NP)
1.定义
名词与它的修饰语一起构成名词短语。其中心词为名词。
2.构成
一般情况下,一个完整的名词短语由三个部分组成:限定词、修饰词、名词。具体为:(限定词)+(数词/形容词/形容词短语/描述性名词)+名词+(介词短语/非谓语动词/定语从句)。
其一是限定词,用来限定名词所指的范围,对名词起泛指或特指作用、表示确定数量或不确定数量等的限定修饰作用,主要包括冠词(a、an、the)、指示代词(this、that、these、those等)、形容词性物主代词(my、your、his、her、our、their等)、不定代词(some、no、neither、both等)以及一些数词(first、two、one、third等)。其二是形容词(短语), 用来表示名词的性质和特征。比如red、close、new、small等。其三是描述性名词,表示材料、国家等。
3.功能
名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语等成分。
These interesting books are for you. (主语)
这些有趣的书是给你的。
He brought a new book with him. (宾语)
他带来一本新书。
He is my best friend.(表语)
他是我最好的朋友。
We consider him a good teacher.(宾语补足语)
我们认为他是一位好老师。
[对点训练1]
画出下列句中的名词短语并写出其在句中所作的句子成分
①These ideas may seem strange to you.主语
②We love our great motherland very much.宾语
③We call him a great hero.宾语补足语
要点二 形容词短语(Adjective Phrase或AdjP)
1.定义
形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。
2.构成
(1)两个或多个形容词可以由and, but等对等连词连接,构成形容词短语。
Your room is large and beautiful. 你的房间大且美丽。
(2)very等程度副词作修饰语,可与形容词构成形容词短语。
The very excited boy was wild with joy.
这个非常兴奋的男孩欣喜若狂。
(3)介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词,可与形容词构成形容词短语。
The bottle is full of water. 瓶子里装满了水。
(4)不定式在形容词后作修饰语,可与形容词构成形容词短语。
He is sure to come. 他一定会来的。
3.功能
形容词短语在句中当作形容词用,可以修饰名词或代词,还可以用作表语或者宾语补足语。
The bridge is long and wide.(表语)
这座桥又长又宽。
You have a small but beautiful room.(定语)
你有一个漂亮的小房间。
I think your answer correct and proper. (宾语补足语)
我认为你的答案是正确的并且是恰当的。
[名师点津]
形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。
①形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况,可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等,或对谓语作补充说明。
The lost boy spent three days in the forest, cold and hungry.
那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。
②形容词短语作后置定语
Factories, big or small, can be seen there.
在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。
[对点训练2]
画出下列句中的形容词短语并写出其在句中所作的句子成分
①You must keep the room clean and tidy.宾语补足语
②I think he is a man suitable for the job.定语
③Afraid of difficulty, he prefers to do the easy maths problem.状语
要点三 副词短语(Adverb Phrase或AdvP)
1.定义
副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。
2.构成
(1)两个或多个副词可以由and、but等对等连词构成副词短语。
I tried again and again.
我试了一遍又一遍。
(2)very、enough等程度副词作修饰语,可与其他副词构成副词短语。
The teacher speaks clearly enough.
老师说得够清楚。
(3)介词及其宾语可用在副词后修饰副词,可与副词构成副词短语。
He went on studying deep into the night yesterday.
昨天他一直学习到深夜。
3.功能
在句中当作副词用,可以修饰动词、形容词或副词,作状语。
She types quickly and correctly.(quickly and correctly修饰动词types)
她打字快且准确。
The dress was rather too small for her.(rather too修饰形容词small)
这件连衣裙对她来说太小了。
He is running much too fast in the match.(much too修饰副词fast)
他在比赛中跑得太快了。
[对点训练3]
用副词短语完成句子
①这位老师在学校很有耐心地教书。
The teacher teaches very patiently at school.
②见到你我太高兴了。
I am much too/more than pleased to see you.
③他在新设计上做得更仔细了。
He worked much more carefully on the new design.
Ⅰ.写出下列句中画线部分的短语类型及其在句中所作的句子成分
1.There are some red roses on that small table.(名词短语;主语)
2.Always nervous, the man opened the letters.(形容词短语;状语)
3.She will explain quite clearly what she intends to do in the future.(副词短语;状语)
4.They spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.(形容词短语;状语)
5.The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.(名词短语;主语)
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.Hearing the news, they felt very excited.
听到这个消息,他们感到很兴奋。
2.He stood there, full of fear.
他站在那里,充满了恐惧。
3.I believe that he is a football fan.
我相信他是个足球迷。
4.We will try to make our country more beautiful.
我们将努力使我们的国家更美丽。
5.The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.
怀抱婴儿的妇女是我的姐姐。
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