内容正文:
Grammar——构词法
[对应学生用书第39页]
用构词法完成下面教材中的句子并体会它们的语法特征
1.(教材P19)Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple .
2.(教材P19)For example, in our free time we can sculpt a sculpture (sculpt)and paint a painting (paint), but we take a photo.
3.(教材P19)If harmless (harm)actions are the opposite of harmful (harm)actions, why are shameless (shame) and shameful (shame)behaviors the same?
4.(教材P20)English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity (create)of the human race.
5.(教材P20)That is why when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible (visible).
英语中, 单词的构成方法主要有三种:合成、派生和转化。合成法是指由两个或更多的词合成一个词。派生法是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。转化法是指单词的一种词性用作另一种词性。
要点一 合成法
合成词就是由两个或更多的词合成的词, 有时用连字符“-”连接, 有时直接写在一起, 有时分开写。常见的合成词有以下几种:
1.合成名词
构成方式
例词
名词/代词+名词
headmaster校长, blood-test验血
名词+动名词
handwriting书法,
sightseeing观光
形容词+名词
freeway高速公路,
gentleman绅士
动名词+名词
freezing point冰点,
reading room阅览室
动词+名词
washroom厕所,
typewriter打字机
动词+副词
breakthrough突破,
get-together联欢会
副词+动词
outbreak爆发, downfall垮台
[名师点津]
(1)由“可数名词+介词(短语)”构成的复合名词变复数时, 把前面的名词变复数。如:
father-in-law→fathers-in-law; passer-by→passers-by。
(2)由man和woman构成的合成名词变复数时, 两个名词都要变成复数。如:
a woman teacher→women teachers; a man doctor→men doctors。
(3)由“名词+名词”构成的复合名词, 在变复数时, 只变化中心名词, 而修饰名词不变。如:a girlfriend→girlfriends。
2.合成形容词
构成方式
例词
形容词+ed结尾的形容词
noble-minded高尚的,
good-tempered脾气好的
形容词+现在分词
good-looking好看的,
easy-going容易相处的
形容词+名词
high-quality高质量的,
large-scale大规模的
名词+形容词
duty-free免关税的, blood-red血红的
名词+现在分词
peace-loving热爱和平的, English-speaking讲英语的
名词+过去分词
man-made人造的,
snow-covered被雪覆盖的
副词+现在分词
hard-working勤劳的,
far-reaching影响深远的
副词+过去分词
well-behaved行为端正的, widespread广泛流传的
数词+名词
four-day四天的, five-year五年的
3.合成副词
构成方式
例词
形容词+名词
sometimes有时, anyway不管怎样
副词+名词
indoors在室内, upstairs在楼上
介词+名词
underfoot在脚下, alongside 在一边
副词+介词
nearby 附近
4.合成动词
构成方式
例词
副词+动词
overthrow推翻, overcome克服
名词+动词
typewrite打字, sleepwalk梦游
形容词+动词
broadcast广播, whitewash粉刷
5.合成代词
构成方式
例词
代词宾格+-self/selves
itself它自身, themselves他们自己
物主代词+-self/selves
myself我自己, yourselves你们自己
形容词+名词
anything任何东西,
something某物, 某事
6.合成介词
构成方式
例词
副词+名词
inside在……里面, outside在……外面
介词+副词
within在……之内, without没有
副词+介词
into进入, upon在……之上
[对点训练1]
写出下列单词的汉语意思
①greenhouse 室
②throughout 遍及
③far-reaching 深远的
④hotfoot 匆忙地
⑤overcome 克服
要点二 转化法
把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。
变化形式
例词
动词转化为名词
look v.看→n.表情;dream v.做梦→n.梦
名词转化为动词
book n.书→v.预定;shoulder n.肩膀→v.负责任
形容词转化为动词
dirty adj.脏的→v.弄脏;right adj.正确的→v.纠正
形容词转化为名词
total adj.全部的→n.总数;quiet adj.寂静的→n.寂静
He is a man of strong build.
他是一个体格健壮的男人。
I have booked a ticket for the concert.
我已预订了一张音乐会票。
She emptied the water out of the vase.
她把水从花瓶里倒了出来。
The girl in red looks very beautiful.
那个穿红色衣服的女孩儿看上去很漂亮。
[对点训练2]
写出下列句子中加黑单词的词性和词义
①He is a man with a powerful build. 名词, 体格
②Today, fresh fruit from these trees is shipped from one country to another. 动词, 运输
③The train slowed down. 动词, 减缓
④They’re running in the final. 名词, 决赛
⑤You should be dressed in red. 动词, 穿衣
要点三 派生法
派生法即由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。
1.常见的前缀(前缀通常只改变词义, 不改变词性)
前缀
作用或意义
例词
en-
构成动词, 表示“置于……之中”, “使处于……状态”;“赋予”;“使”
encourage(鼓励);endanger(危害);enable(使能够);enrich(充实);enlarge(扩大)
dis-
构成反义词
disappear(消失);discourage(使泄气);dishonest(不诚实的)
in-
inactive(消极的);incorrect(不正确的);indirect(间接的)
il-
illegal(非法的)
im-
impossible(不可能的);impolite(不礼貌的)
ir-
irregular(不规则的);irresponsible(无责任感的)
un-
unfit(不适合的);unfair(不公平的);unknown(不出名的)
non-
non-smoker(不抽烟的人);non-stop(直达的, 不停的)
co-
构成名/动/副/形容词“共同, 一起, 联合”
coexist(共存);co-author(合著者)
extra-
构成形容词“在……之外, 越出, 超出, 非常”
extraordinary(非凡的);extra-large(特大的)
inter-
构成动/名/副/形容词“在……中, 相互”
international(国际的);interaction(相互作用)
mis-
构成动/名词“坏, 错, 糟糕的”
miscalculate(错误地估计);misfortune(不幸)
over-
构成动/名/副/形容词“上面, 完全地, 过分, 上方”
overhead(在头上方);overcoat(长大衣)
post-
构成名/动/形容词“后, 以后”
post-war(战后的);postgraduate(研究生)
pre-
构成名/动/形容词“在……前, 先于”
prehistory(史前时期);pre-war(战前的)
re-
构成动/名/副/形容词“又, 再, 重新”
retell(复述);reappearance(重新出现)
super-
构成名/动/副/形容词“上(方), 超, 极”
supermarket(超市);superheated(过热的)
2.常见的后缀(后缀通常改变词性, 构成意思相近的其他词性的词, 少数后缀同时会改变词义)
后缀
意义
例词
名
词
-age
……的状态/状况/费用
postage(邮费);shortage(不足)
-an
……地方的人
American(美国人);Korean(韩国人)
-ian
……地方的人, ……的专家
Egyptian(埃及人);Asian(亚洲人);musician(音乐家)
-ist
……家, ……者
artist(艺术家);communist(社会主义者);scientist(科学家)
-ism
……主义
socialism(社会主义);realism(现实主义)
-er
……的人(或物), 具有……的人(或物), 与……有关的人
computer(计算机);farmer(农民);foreigner(外国人)
-or
……的人(或物)
actor(演员);sailor(水手);director(导演);calculator(计算器)
-ese
……国的人;……国的语言
Chinese(中国人, 汉语);Japanese(日本人, 日语)
-ee
受访者, 与……有关的人, 称为……的人
employee(雇员);interviewee(接受采访者)
-eer
与……有关的人
engineer工程师;mountaineer(登山运动员);pioneer(先锋)
-ess
女……, 雌……, 母……
actress(女演员);hostess(女主人)
-ful
充满……的量
armful[(两臂或单臂的)一抱];handful(一把);spoonful(一匙)
-ment
……的行为/组织
movement(运动);development(发展);government(政府)
-ness
……的状态、性质或特点
illness(疾病);darkness(黑暗)
-ship
地位, 资格, 职位;技艺, 技能;状态, 性质, 品质
friendship(友谊);leadership(领导);professorship(教授职位)
-(t)ion
……的行为或状态
action(行为);creation(创造)
-ure
……的行动或过程;结果
departure(启程);failure(失败);pleasure(高兴)
-sion
……的行为或状态
conclusion(结论);possession(拥有);impression(印象)
-ty
性质、情况、状态
safety(安全);difficulty(困难)
形
容
词
-able
能……的, 应……的;具有……性质的
acceptable(令人满意的);comfortable(舒服的)
-al
与……有关的
national(国家的);political(政治的)
-ern
……方向的
southern(南方的);northern(北方的);eastern(东方的)
-ful
有……性质的;充满……的
helpful(有帮助的);careful(仔细的)
-ish
……国家的, 像……似的;近乎……的
Turkish(土耳其的);childish(孩子气的)
-ive
具有……性质或倾向的
active(积极的);creative(创造性的);expensive(昂贵的)
-y
充满……的, 有……性质的
cloudy(多云的);windy(有风的);dirty(脏的)
-less
无, 没有
careless(粗心的);harmless(无害的);useless(无用的)
-some
引起或易于……的
fearsome(可怕的);tiresome(累人的);quarrelsome(爱争吵的)
-en
由……制成的, 像……一样的
wooden(木制的);golden(金黄色的, 金质的)
-ous
有……性质的
dangerous(危险的);humorous(幽默的)
动
词
-(e)n
使, 变得
widen(加宽);strengthen(加强);lengthen(加长)
-ify/-fy
变成, 使得
beautify(美化);purify(净化)
-ize/ise
成为, 使像;以……方式说/想/行动、对待等;放在……里
apologize/apologise(道歉);Americanize(美国化)
副
词
-ly
以……方式;每隔……时间
perfectly(完美地);suddenly(突然地)
-ward(s)
(表示方向)向……地
forward(向前);outwards(向外);eastward(向东)
数
词
-teen
十几
fourteen(十四);fifteen(十五);sixteen(十六)
-ty
几十
forty(四十);fifty(五十);sixty(六十)
-th
第几
fourth(第四);fifth(第五);sixth(第六)
[对点训练3]
单句语法填空
①Their product is friendly (friend)to the environment and popular with customers.
②I can’t find my toys anywhere-they’ve entirely disappeared (appear).
③Chinese New Year is a celebration (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
④Filled with curiosity (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
⑤They also shared with us many traditional (tradition)stories about Hawaii that were hugely (huge)popular with tourists.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. It was impolite (polite)of you to ask him the personal question in front of so many people.
2. He sat down and started gently (gentle)talking to the dog.
3. The high-speed train that connects the two cities is both fast and comfortable (comfort).
4. On a stormy (storm)night, his son was missing on the way back home.
5. Take the medicine twice (two)a day after meals.
6. Electricity is invisible (visible), but it can be changed into energy that we can see, hear or feel.
7. To his surprise, he found that a lot of passers-by (passer-by)were grown-ups (grown-up).
8. He was more than just an English teacher, because he also taught me useful (use)lessons in life.
9. This latest teaching equipment (equip)in our class is said to have cost a lot of money.
10. It is necessary to have a physical examination (examine)every year.
Ⅱ.写出下列句子中画线单词的词性及含义
1. Just hang(挂)the towel on the back of the chair so that it will dry soon.(v.变干)
2. No one nosed the danger before the earthquake.(v.觉察)
3. Lisa can speak Chinese as fluently as a native .(n.本地人)
4. He decided to shoulder the burden of his family.(v.肩负, 承担)
5. The number of college graduates in a country reflects its cultural standard.(n.大学毕业生)
6. He was ill for some days, and his wife nursed him kindly.(v.护理)
7. You should picture to yourself the brilliant future ahead of us.(v.描绘, 想象)
8. The teacher seated the new student and began the class.(v.使就座)
9. The center cares for about 50 children. It is a non-profit organization.(adj.非营利的)
10. The girl freed the bird from its cage.(v.释放, 使自由)
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