2025届高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题魔法带练（02）讲义

一、高考英语阅读主旨大意题题型技法——宏观与微观 （1） 宏观三步法 第一步，迅速扫描题干，提取关键词（何谓关键词：关键词是人名、地点、数字等识别性的信息） 第二步，根据关键词，回文定位，找出关键信息 第三步，判断文章类型，根据文章类型，判断文章结构（一般情况下文章结构都是总分总） 浏览选项，根据原文信息对应选项。 （2） 各题型微观技法 1. 段落大意题： ①概括法：根据文章结构进行概括。（作者直接给出主旨） A. 总分总：一般情况下段落大意关键句都会出现在段首句或者段末句 B. 平行结构：也就是说文章某个段落同事讨论了两个观点，找出并列连接词比如说and C. 对比：也就是同样段落存在两个观点，这两个观点是相反的，找出转折连接词比如说however等信息词 ②揣摩法：作者不直接给出主旨，用尽一切方法暗示读者这是在说什么，这其中涵盖的可能是信息归纳或者上下义同义替换等技巧与方法 2. 文章大意题 略读法：注意每段段首句和段末句；段落其他信息尽量带过或者采取省略 注意：略读法需要注意转折词（however,but,in fact,actually....）或者首段出现疑问句对此回答极有可能的是主旨句；重复的观点或者反复出现的词汇或者短语；表达因果关联词或者总结词汇therefore、thus、in short、conclude、conclusion 3. 标题归纳题 ①正面推断法：同学们在全面了解文章主旨的基础上，根据已有的线索来推断哪个选项是合适的 ②反面推断法：先看选项，用常识排除无中生有的选项，然后逐个选项与文章主旨进行比较 ③选项精读法：从语法层面找出选项中心词与修饰词；尤其关注修饰词的变化、结构、概括性 2、 高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题魔法带练 【出自2023年全国高考乙卷阅读理解D篇】 ①If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. 段落大意：写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文化的社会(有文字的)也不仅用文字，而且用实物记录了他们所关心的事情。 ②Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. 段落大意：理想情况下，历史应该将文本和对象结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。 ③In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 段落大意：除了双方误解的问题外，还有一些胜利是无意或故意歪曲的，特别是当只有胜利者才知道如何写作的时候。 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 第一步，迅速扫描题干，提取关键词（何谓关键词：关键词是人名、地点、数字等识别性的信息） 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? 第一段的主要内容是什么 第二步，根据关键词，回文定位，找出关键信息 ①If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. 如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人在大多数时候都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文化的社会(有文字的)也不仅用文字，而且用实物记录了他们所关心的事情。 第三步，判断文章类型，根据文章类型，判断文章结构（一般情况下文章结构都是总分总） 浏览选项，根据原文信息对应选项。 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? 第一段的主要内容是什么 A. How past events should be presented.过去的事件应该如何呈现 B. What humanity is concerned about.人类关心的是什么。 C. Whether facts speak louder than words. 事实是否胜于雄辩 D. Why written language is reliable.为什么书面语言是可靠的 【出自：2023年新课标全国高考英语二卷】 ①Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. 段落大意：该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。 ②Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. 段落大意：虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫，对泥土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。 ③Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. 段落大意：Urban Sprouts在两所初中和两所高中开设了课程，课程内容包括动手实验，比如土壤测试、花和种子解剖、品尝新鲜或干燥的农产品，以及在花园里干活。 ④Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. 段落大意：项目评估显示，孩子们吃了更多的蔬菜作为课程的结果。 ⑤She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 段落大意：她补充说，该计划的好处不仅仅是营养 1. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 第一步，迅速扫描题干，提取关键词（何谓关键词：关键词是人名、地点、数字等识别性的信息） 1. What can be a suitable title for the text? 什么是合适的标题?（标题归纳题） 第二步，根据关键词，回文定位，找出关键信息 ①Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. 对初高中的孩子们来说，翻土、拔草、收白菜听起来很辛苦。起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“城市芽”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。 ⑤She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 她补充说，该计划的好处不仅仅是营养。有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，他们带回家种子开始自己的菜园。此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。“他们走出去，”她说，“他们觉得自己很成功。” 第三步，判断文章类型，根据文章类型，判断文章结构（一般情况下文章结构都是总分总） 浏览选项，根据原文信息对应选项。 1. What can be a suitable title for the text? 什么是合适的标题? A. Rescuing School Gardens 拯救学校花园 B. Experiencing Country Life体验乡村生活 C. Growing Vegetable Lovers 蔬菜种植爱好者（直接对应） D. Changing Local Landscape不断变化的本地景观 【出自2023年新高考全国一卷】 ①On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. 段落大意：1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯·高尔顿(Francis Galton)发表了一篇论文，阐述了后来被称为“群体智慧”的效应。 ②This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 段落大意：这种效应利用了这样一个事实:当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人倾向于高估，有些人倾向于低估。 ③But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. 段落大意：这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。 ④In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 段落大意：在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。 1. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 第一步，迅速扫描题干，提取关键词（何谓关键词：关键词是人名、地点、数字等识别性的信息） 1. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? 这篇文章第二段主要讲述了什么东西 第二步，根据关键词，回文定位，找出关键信息 ②This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 这种效应利用了这样一个事实:当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人倾向于高估，有些人倾向于低估。当足够多的这些误差被平均在一起时，它们就会相互抵消，从而得到更准确的估计。如果人们是相似的，并且倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误就不会相互抵消。用更专业的术语来说，群体智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于某种原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降 第三步，判断文章类型，根据文章类型，判断文章结构（一般情况下文章结构都是总分总） 浏览选项，根据原文信息对应选项。 1. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? 文章第二段主要讲的是什么 A. The methods of estimation. 估计方法 B. The underlying logic of the effect.效果的潜在逻辑（直接对应） C. The causes of people’s errors. 人们犯错的原因 D. The design of Galton’s experiment.高尔顿实验的设计 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$