2025届高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题魔法带练（01）讲义

一、高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题 （一）考情简介 主旨大意题目主要是考察同学们对整体文章的理解段落大意、把握全文主旨和拟定文章标题。因此，在题型分类相对应会有段落大意题；全文主旨题和文章标题选择，考察考生能否在短时间内提取文章整体或者局部主旨；另外一方面，该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。 （2） 题干编排 特殊疑问句形式进行设问：尤其以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等特殊疑问词开头引出的问题;通常涉及段落大意、文章大意或者标题概括等。这样的话我们需要涉及各种各样的话题类型阅读；但是这有一个总则：淘汰三观不正的选项。 （3） 正确选项特征 1. 宏观概括：抽象、准确、简短，常用一个短语或一句话带过一篇文章的段落主旨或者整体主旨 2. 全面涵盖：在同学们回文定位的时候注意范围不应该太大；也不应该太小 3. 精确锁定/极强针对：客观的；极强的针对性或者精确度，在一般情况下不会改变语言的表意特征或者极度富有强烈色彩的词汇 4. 模糊替换：在一般情况下不会出现过多的文章细节信息，选项中不会带有过分肯定或者带有过于偏颇或者绝对意义的词汇 （4） 干扰选项特征 1. 某个主题无意义的扩大：所给的选项的内容概括的范围过于笼统或者说是过度概括，超出文章所表述的内容。 2. 凭空捏造或者随意捏造：与我们所认知的日常生活内容有关或者密切联系日常生活；但是仔细一看根本不是出自于文章；命题老师会经常会利用同学们原词替换的技巧编造一个“非常合理”选项（在文章中挑一个熟悉的词汇嵌套在选项里面，然后总体一看意思差不多，但是细看选项根本不是表达那个意思） 3. 文章意思上的曲解：与文章意思极其相似，在选项上只是做出细枝末节的修改，但是总体意思大相径庭。 4. 黑白是非却颠倒：在原文意思上或者表达上根本就是两回事，所以看到可以直接排除 5. 在概念上进行局部的偷换：所给选项被命题者把原文局部的A内容和B内容加以艺术上加工或者局部加工，弄得好似似是而非的选项，这是“正确的”选项，实则却是大相径庭。 2、 高考英语阅读主旨大意题题型技法——宏观与微观 （1） 宏观三步法 第一步，迅速扫描题干，提取关键词（何谓关键词：关键词是人名、地点、数字等识别性的信息） 第二步，根据关键词，回文定位，找出关键信息 第三步，判断文章类型，根据文章类型，判断文章结构（一般情况下文章结构都是总分总） 浏览选项，根据原文信息对应选项。 （2） 各题型微观技法 1. 段落大意题： ①概括法：根据文章结构进行概括。（作者直接给出主旨） A. 总分总：一般情况下段落大意关键句都会出现在段首句或者段末句 B. 平行结构：也就是说文章某个段落同事讨论了两个观点，找出并列连接词比如说and C. 对比：也就是同样段落存在两个观点，这两个观点是相反的，找出转折连接词比如说however等信息词 ②揣摩法：作者不直接给出主旨，用尽一切方法暗示读者这是在说什么，这其中涵盖的可能是信息归纳或者上下义同义替换等技巧与方法 2. 文章大意题 略读法：注意每段段首句和段末句；段落其他信息尽量带过或者采取省略 注意：略读法需要注意转折词（however,but,in fact,actually....）或者首段出现疑问句对此回答极有可能的是主旨句；重复的观点或者反复出现的词汇或者短语；表达因果关联词或者总结词汇therefore、thus、in short、conclude、conclusion 3. 标题归纳题 ①正面推断法：同学们在全面了解文章主旨的基础上，根据已有的线索来推断哪个选项是合适的 ②反面推断法：先看选项，用常识排除无中生有的选项，然后逐个选项与文章主旨进行比较 ③选项精读法：从语法层面找出选项中心词与修饰词；尤其关注修饰词的变化、结构、概括性 3、 高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题魔法带练 【文章来源：2023年高考英语北京卷阅读理解B篇】 ①Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday. I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…”and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. 段落大意：坐在花园里给我朋友过生日。我感到口袋里有嗡嗡声(振动)。当我看到邮件发件人的名字时，我的心跳加速了。 ②I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. 段落大意：我花了那么多时间和精力去申请，我以为被拒意味着我的科学生涯的终结。 ③So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. 段落大意：因此，当我收到这封邮件后不久，负责这个项目的玛丽·德文教授邀请我去她的实验室观察正在进行的工作时，我感到非常震惊。 ④I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. 段落大意：我发现自己和一个机器人教授一起研究从沙漠中远程收集数据的技术。 ⑤When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. 段落大意：当我申请研究生院时，我发现了三个有希望让我遵循我想要的研究方向的项目。 ⑥Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 段落大意：我明白了，有时候我需要抓住机会， 1. What can we learn from this passage? A. An invitation is a reputation. B. An innovation is a resolution. C. A rejection can be a redirection. D. A reflection can be a restriction. 第一步，迅速扫描题干，提取关键词（何谓关键词：关键词是人名、地点、数字等识别性的信息） 1. What can we learn from this passage?在这篇文章里面得到什么信息 这是文章大意题 第二步，根据关键词，回文定位，找出关键信息 文章大意题一般情况下都是定位首尾段，注意的是这是一篇记叙文，所以结论是在末段。 ⑥Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 比起把计划固定在石头上，我学会了有时候我需要抓住机会，即使它们在当时听起来并不完美，也要充分利用它们。 第三步，判断文章类型，根据文章类型，判断文章结构（一般情况下文章结构都是总分总） 浏览选项，根据原文信息对应选项。 1. What can we learn from this passage? 我们能从这段话中学到什么? A. An invitation is a reputation. 邀请是一种声誉 B. An innovation is a resolution.创新是一种解决方案 C. A rejection can be a redirection. 拒绝可以是重定向。 D. A reflection can be a restriction.反射可以是一种限制。 Rejection=the opportunities don’t sound perfect at the time Redirection=take the opportunities and make the most of them 注意：这是暗示类主旨题；这就是上述的不直接给出主旨 【文章来源：2023年高考英语北京卷阅读理解D篇】 ①What is life? Like most great questions this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. 段落大意：许多这些实践者，所谓的ALifers，认为以某种方式创造生命是真正理解生命的最可靠方法 ②So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” 段落大意：到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。 ③As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. 段落大意：尽管许多科学家不喜欢强调他们研究的应用，但创造人造生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报。 ④Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. 段落大意：与人工智能的发展相比，人工智能的进步更难识别。一个原因是，生命是一个中心概念——生命本身——没有定义的领域。 ⑤Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 段落大意：最终，生命可能没什么特别的。但即便是这种否定也暗示了一些东西:也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，生命的崛起将被证明是不可避免的。 1. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 第一步，迅速扫描题干，提取关键词（何谓关键词：关键词是人名、地点、数字等识别性的信息） 1. Which would be the best title for the passage? 这是标题归纳题；注意文章结构 第二步，根据关键词，回文定位，找出关键信息 ①What is life? Like most great questions this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. 生活是什么?像大多数伟大的问题一样，这个问题很容易问，但很难回答。原因很简单:我们只知道一种生命，用一种样本来做科学研究是很有挑战性的。人工生命(简称“生命”)领域是系统地试图阐明生命的基本原理。许多这些实践者，所谓的ALifers，认为以某种方式创造生命是真正理解生命的最可靠方法。（注意：疑问句-回答句结构） ⑤Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 生活是不明确的，不受控制的，它驱使它的追随者重新利用旧的思想，产生新的东西。当然，这些特征可能在任何方面都不令人惊讶或奇怪。它们可以普遍适用于所有的进化行为。最终，生命可能没什么特别的。但即便是这种否定也暗示了一些东西:也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，生命的崛起将被证明是不可避免的。 第三步，判断文章类型，根据文章类型，判断文章结构（一般情况下文章结构都是总分总） 浏览选项，根据原文信息对应选项。 1. Which would be the best title for the passage? 哪个是这篇文章最好的标题 A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?生活是不确定的。人工智能是一条出路吗 B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?生活的发展。人工智能也能帮助生命进化吗? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?生活是不确定的。人生终有一天会被定义吗? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too?生活的发展。创造生命的尝试也能进化吗? Evolves=evolution Attempts to=may be 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$