第08讲 阅读理解说明文专题 -【暑假自学课】2024年暑假高二英语提升精品讲义（人教版2019）

第08讲 阅读理解说明文专题 ( 学习目标 ) 内容 要求 说明文阅读 1.说明文文体特点 2.说明文命题趋势 3.说明文解题策略 ( 知识讲解 ) 说明文类阅读： 一、文体特点 说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。说明文的选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。 二、命题趋势 考向一 细节理解题 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 考向二 语意猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to…或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。 考向三 主旨大意题 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以this passage mainly talks about __. what is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。 考向四 判断推理题   题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story implies that…(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that...(6) the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。 三、解题策略 一）、词义猜测类题型 阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测： 1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 2.根据因果关系猜测词义 3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 4.通过句法功能来推测词义 5.根据构词法猜测词义 二）、主旨大意类题型 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法： 1.阅读文章的标题或副标题 文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。 2.寻找文章的主题句 分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句的特点是： 1）.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括； 2）.主题句一般结构简单； 3）.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。 课堂典例 （23-24高二上·浙江绍兴·单元测试） Researchers at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center mapped brain changes after a year of aerobic workouts and uncovered a potentially significant process: Aerobic exercise increases blood flow into two key areas of the brain associated with memory. The study, published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, showed this blood flow can help even older people with memory problems improve cognition, a finding that could guide future Alzheimer’s disease research, according to UT Southwestern Medical Center. In the study, researchers followed 30 participants who were 60 or older and had memory problems. Half experienced a year of aerobic exercise while the other half did stretches. “We’ve shown that even when your memory starts to fade, you can still do something about it by adding aerobic exercise to your lifestyle,” said Binu Thomas, a senior research scientist of UT Southwestern Medical Center who led the study. “The aerobic exercise group showed a 47% improvement in some memory scores after a year; the other group showed slight change. Brain imaging of the aerobic exercise group, taken while at rest at the beginning and end of the study, showed increased blood flows into the specific brain areas that play important roles in memory function.” Many teams across the world are trying to determine if aerobic exercise might fight memory loss. Evidence is growing that it could at least play a small role in delaying or reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. For example, a 2018 study showed that people with lower fitness levels experience faster retrogression of vital nerve fibers in the brain called white matter related to memory. “Blood flow in the brain connected with memory improvement is still a part of the puzzle, and we need to continue piecing it together,” Thomas says. “But we’ve seen enough data to know that starting a fitness program can have lifelong benefits for our brains as well as our hearts.” 1．What is the study mainly about? A．Old people have memory problems. B．Aerobic exercise improves memory. C．Aerobic workouts benefit physical health. D．Alzheimer’s disease can be cured. 2．What happened to participants after one⁃year aerobic exercise? A．Earlier memories were refreshed. B．Memory scores showed very small changes. C．Brain imaging remained the same. D．More blood flew into memory⁃related areas. 3．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in Paragraph 3? A．The memory problem. B．One’s lifestyle. C．Aerobic exercise. D．Something useful. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Further research work requires doing. B．More people experience memory loss. C．The mystery of brain blood flow has been solved. D．Signs of memory loss can be discovered earlier. ( 巩固练习 ) 一、（23-24高二上·福建厦门·开学考试） Workers at the National Galleries of Scotland recently experienced quite a surprise after they X-rayed a painting by Vincent van Gogh. Hidden on the back of the painting Head of a Peasant Woman, which Van Gogh completed in 1885, was a self-portrait (自画像) of the Dutch painter. No one had ever found it. The hidden self-portrait had been covered by glue and cardboard that had been attached to the back of the painting. “It was absolutely exciting,” Lesley Stevenson, the museum’s worker, said about the discovery. “We weren’t expecting much of the little painting when we performed the scans,” she said. But museum experts quickly changed their expectations when they looked at the X-rays. “We didn’t see much of the peasant woman, but we saw the lead white that Van Gogh used for his face showing up after the X-ray went through the cardboard,” she added. Van Gogh painted Head of a Peasant Woman as part of a series of works focused on the working-class residents of Nuenen, a small farming community in the southern part of the Netherlands where he lived briefly in the 1880s. The woman in the painting is Gordina de Groot, a farm worker. She wears a white headpiece. In a letter that Van Gogh penned about the series in 1885 to Anton Kerssemakers, a friend, he described his excitement at his working-class subjects. “I’m working with great pleasure these days, for I would rather paint people than paint anything else,” he wrote. Van Gogh also loved creating self-portraits, producing about 20 paintings of himself by the end of his life while he was living in Paris. Recreating his own image was a cheap way for him to practice portraiture as he didn’t have to spend money hiring models, according to a report. Art historians at the National Galleries hope that the hidden self-portrait may help us understand the life of the artist. The museum is currently considering how to best remove the unwanted protective materials without harming the painting. 1．What can be learned about the self-portrait on the back of the painting? A．It isn’t in very good condition. B．It describes a well-known woman. C．It wasn’t known to exist for a long time. D．It was sold to another artist by Van Gogh. 2．What do Stevenson’s words mainly show about the discovery? A．It was a wonderful surprise. B．It failed to meet her expectations. C．It was the result of her great efforts. D．It deepened her understanding of Van Gogh’s life. 3．What did Van Gogh tell his friend in the letter? A．He was encouraged to try different subjects. B．He was glad to find his love for figure paintings. C．He was attracted by the lifestyle of people in Nuenen. D．He wanted to improve the living conditions of the farmers. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．X-rays can do harm to artworks B．Van Gogh sent a secret message to his friend C．Modern technology has a great influence on art D．Van Gogh’s hidden self-portrait draws public attention 二、（23-24高二上·浙江杭州·开学考试） As the world faces extinction crisis and severe climate change, a growing body of scientific research has found that we should set aside more protected areas and manage them well. Protected areas are extremely important for conservation and can help protect against habitat loss and other human activities. In many areas they may be the only places that can support the survival of some species. Globally we’ve protected nearly 17% of our lands and 7% of the ocean, but a study published in Nature found that current protected areas on their own are too small or poorly connected to ensure the long-term survival of about half of all mammals studied — between 1,700 and 2,500 species. If current protected areas don’t do enough, how do we do it better? The researchers suggest that first we need to increase the size and number of protected areas and improve the connectivity between them. But above all, they need to be managed with a clear understanding of the animals’ habitat needs. In a recent research, after studying 1,500 protected areas with 27,000 waterbird populations in 68 countries, researchers found that areas that were actively managed for waterbirds — such as by preventing hunting or restoring wetlands — were more successful, and often those that were larger had better results, too. If protected areas are well taken care of, we can not only protect biodiversity (生物多样性) but also achieve other benefits. One of those benefits is to avoid runaway climate change. As we know, the earth is becoming warmer and warmer. Protecting 30% of lands could provide one-third of the reductions needed to limit global warming emissions to under 1.5 degrees Celsius. Of course, this work won’t be easy. The next step, according to researchers, is to promote understanding and communicating the multiple benefits of increasing protected areas, and drive more support from government and local communities. 5．Why are protected areas of great importance? A．They contribute to conserving wildlife. B．They can influence the researches of scientists. C．They are the only places for species to survive. D．They strengthen the animal-human relationship. 6．What’s the most important in managing protected areas? A．Increasing animal species. B．Connecting with nearby areas. C．Enlarging the size of protected areas. D．Knowing the animals’ habitat needs well. 7．What can we infer from Paragraph 5? A．Protected areas helped avoid severe climate. B．Suitable measures brought about better results. C．Waterbirds were protected well in protected areas. D．Restoring wetland was the best protection for waterbirds. 8．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Measures to be taken.     B．Responsibilities of governments. C．Benefits to be gained. D．Support from local communities. 三、（23-24高二上·安徽合肥·阶段练习） Self-control is the ability to regulate and adjust responses in order to avoid undesirable behaviors, increase desirable ones, and achieve long-term goals. Common goals such as losing weight, exercising regularly, eating healthy food, giving up bad habits, and saving money are just a few worthwhile ambitions that people believe require self-control. One 2011 survey conducted by the American Psychological Association found that 27 percent of subjects identified a lack of willpower as the primary factor keeping them from reaching their goals. Researchers have found that people who have better self-control tend to be healthier and happier. In one experiment, students who exhibited greater self-control had better grades and higher test scores, and were more likely to be admitted to a competitive academic program. The study also found that when it came to academic success, self-control was a more important factor than IQ scores. The psychologist Walter Mischel conducted famous experiments in 1975 that were related to delayed gratification. In these experiments, children were offered a choice: they could choose to eat one treat right away, usually a cookie or a candy or they could wait for a brief period of time in order to get two treats. At this point, the researcher would leave the child alone in a room with a single treat. Not surprisingly, many of the kids chose to eat the single treat the moment the experimenters left the room. However, some of the kids were able to wait for the second treat. Based on his research, Mischel proposed what he referred to as a “hot-and-cool” system to explain the ability to delay gratification. The hot system refers to the part of our willpower that is emotional and impulsive (冲动的) and urges us to act upon our desires. The cool system is the part of our willpower that is rational (理性的) and thoughtful, and enables us to consider the consequences of our actions in order to resist our impulses. Self-control is an important skill that allows us to regulate behavior in order to achieve our long-term goals. Research has shown that self-control is not only important for goal attainment, and people with greater willpower also tend to do better on all sides. 9．What kind of students does the author think will most probably do best in studies? A．Those having the highest IQ scores. B．Those respecting the teacher most. C．Those having the greatest willpower. D．Those performing most actively in class. 10．What does the underlined word “gratification” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Effect. B．Competition. C．Hardship. D．Enjoyment. 11．What can we learn from the experiments made by Mischel in 1975? A．Few children could get two treats. B．Not all the kids were short of patience. C．Most of the children ate another treat. D．Self-control is very important for one’s future. 12．Which of the following behaviors belongs to the cool system? A．Consuming plenty of sweet food. B．Staying up late at night often. C．Copying others’ homework. D．Quitting drinking high-sugar drinks. 四、（23-24高二上·江西抚州·阶段练习） Time and how we experience it have always puzzled us. Physicists have created fascinating theories, but their time is measured by a pendulum (钟摆) and is not psychological time, which leaps with little regard to the clock or calendar. As someone who understood the distinction observed, “When you sit with a nice girl for two hours it seems like a minute, but when you sit on a hot stove, a minute seems like two hours.” Psychologists have long noticed that larger units of time, such as months and years, fly on swifter wings as we age. They also note that the more time is structured with schedules and appointments, the more rapidly it seems to pass. For example, a day at the office flies compared with a day at the beach. Expectation and familiarity also make time seem to flow more rapidly. Almost all of us have had the experience of driving somewhere we’ve never been before. Surrounded by unfamiliar scenery, with no real idea of when we’ll arrive, we experience the trip as if lasting a long time. But the return trip, although exactly as long, seems to take far less time. The novelty of the outward journey has become routine. When days become as similar as beads (小珠子) on a string, they mix together, and even months become a single day. To counter this, try to find ways to interrupt the structure of your day — to stop time, so to speak. Learning something new is one of the ways to slow the passage of time. One of the reasons the days of our youth seems so full and long is that these are the days of learning and discovery. For many of us learning ends when we leave school, but this doesn’t have to be. 13．What can we know about time from Paragraph 1? A．Physical time has little to do with the calendar. B．Physical time is distinct from psychological time. C．Time should not be measured by a pendulum. D．Psychological time is quite more fascinating. 14．Which of the following will make you feel time flies faster? A．A day spent exploring something unknown. B．Staying with a person who you dislike. C．A day packed with appointments to handle. D．Driving to a new place for the first time. 15．What does “novelty” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Unfamiliarity. B．Excitement. C．Imagination. D．Amusement. 16．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To show the difference between physical and psychological time. B．To explain why time flies and how to slow it down psychologically. C．To describe how most of us experience time psychologically. D．To give various explanations about fascinating time theories. 五、（22-23高二上·陕西西安·开学考试） There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus (共识) effect. That’s where we overvalue how acceptable and widespread our own behavior is in society. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. What’s more, you likely overestimate how much other people think that behavior is broadly OK. This bias (偏见) allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage. In Australia, people who admitted poaching (偷猎) thought it was much more widespread in society than it really was, and had higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also believed others viewed poaching as socially tolerable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers took the opposite stand on this. The false consensus effect has also shown up in studies examining support for nuclear energy and offshore wind farms. Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help solve it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a lot of trash thrown around; so making sure the ground around a bin is not covered in rubbish may help. Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people their difference in electricity use compared to their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for social position has also been successful in getting people to “go green to be seen”, or to publicly purchase eco-friendly products. As the research evidence shows, social standards can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviors. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this article! 17．Which example best illustrates the false consensus effect? A．A student spends long hours surfing the Internet. B．A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts. C．A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking. D．A driver frequently parks illegally in public places. 18．How did most Australian fishers view the issue of poaching? A．It is contradictory. B．It is impractical. C．It is widespread. D．It is unacceptable. 19．What do words “go green to be seen” refer to in paragraph 5? A．Develop green habits for better health. B．Choose green items that are easy to spot in stores. C．Join green movements for personal fulfillment. D．Make green choices that others can perceive. 20．What is a recommended approach to solving environmental problems? A．Justify social standards. B．Publicize sustainable practices. C．Encourage technological innovations. D．Highlight personal responsibilities. ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第08讲 阅读理解说明文专题 ( 学习目标 ) 内容 要求 说明文阅读 1.说明文文体特点 2.说明文命题趋势 3.说明文解题策略 ( 知识讲解 ) 说明文类阅读： 一、文体特点 说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。说明文的选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。 二、命题趋势 考向一 细节理解题 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 考向二 语意猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to…或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。 考向三 主旨大意题 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以this passage mainly talks about __. what is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。 考向四 判断推理题   题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story implies that…(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that...(6) the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。 三、解题策略 一）、词义猜测类题型 阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测： 1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 2.根据因果关系猜测词义 3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 4.通过句法功能来推测词义 5.根据构词法猜测词义 二）、主旨大意类题型 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法： 1.阅读文章的标题或副标题 文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。 2.寻找文章的主题句 分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句的特点是： 1）.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括； 2）.主题句一般结构简单； 3）.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。 课堂典例 （23-24高二上·浙江绍兴·单元测试） Researchers at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center mapped brain changes after a year of aerobic workouts and uncovered a potentially significant process: Aerobic exercise increases blood flow into two key areas of the brain associated with memory. The study, published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, showed this blood flow can help even older people with memory problems improve cognition, a finding that could guide future Alzheimer’s disease research, according to UT Southwestern Medical Center. In the study, researchers followed 30 participants who were 60 or older and had memory problems. Half experienced a year of aerobic exercise while the other half did stretches. “We’ve shown that even when your memory starts to fade, you can still do something about it by adding aerobic exercise to your lifestyle,” said Binu Thomas, a senior research scientist of UT Southwestern Medical Center who led the study. “The aerobic exercise group showed a 47% improvement in some memory scores after a year; the other group showed slight change. Brain imaging of the aerobic exercise group, taken while at rest at the beginning and end of the study, showed increased blood flows into the specific brain areas that play important roles in memory function.” Many teams across the world are trying to determine if aerobic exercise might fight memory loss. Evidence is growing that it could at least play a small role in delaying or reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. For example, a 2018 study showed that people with lower fitness levels experience faster retrogression of vital nerve fibers in the brain called white matter related to memory. “Blood flow in the brain connected with memory improvement is still a part of the puzzle, and we need to continue piecing it together,” Thomas says. “But we’ve seen enough data to know that starting a fitness program can have lifelong benefits for our brains as well as our hearts.” 1．What is the study mainly about? A．Old people have memory problems. B．Aerobic exercise improves memory. C．Aerobic workouts benefit physical health. D．Alzheimer’s disease can be cured. 2．What happened to participants after one⁃year aerobic exercise? A．Earlier memories were refreshed. B．Memory scores showed very small changes. C．Brain imaging remained the same. D．More blood flew into memory⁃related areas. 3．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in Paragraph 3? A．The memory problem. B．One’s lifestyle. C．Aerobic exercise. D．Something useful. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Further research work requires doing. B．More people experience memory loss. C．The mystery of brain blood flow has been solved. D．Signs of memory loss can be discovered earlier. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，研究人员通过实验发现有氧锻炼增加了大脑中与记忆相关的两个关键区域的血液流量，研究表明，这种血液流动甚至可以帮助有记忆问题的老年人改善认知能力，这一发现可以指导未来的阿尔茨海默病研究。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究的重要意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center mapped brain changes after a year of aerobic workouts and uncovered a potentially significant process: Aerobic exercise increases blood flow into two key areas of the brain associated with memory. (德克萨斯大学西南医学中心的研究人员绘制了一年后有氧运动后大脑的变化图，发现了一个潜在的重要过程：有氧运动增加了大脑中与记忆相关的两个关键区域的血流量。)”以及第二段“The study, published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, showed this blood flow can help even older people with memory problems improve cognition, a finding that could guide future Alzheimer’s disease research, according to UT Southwestern Medical Center. (这项发表在《阿尔茨海默病杂志》上的研究表明，这种血液流动可以帮助有记忆问题的老年人提高认知能力，根据德克萨斯大学西南医学中心的研究，这一发现可以指导未来的阿尔茨海默病研究。)”可知，这项研究的主要内容是“有氧锻炼可以提高记忆力”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Brain imaging of the aerobic exercise group, taken while at rest at the beginning and end of the study, showed increased blood flows into the specific brain areas that play important roles in memory function. (有氧运动组在研究开始和结束时休息时的脑成像显示，进入大脑中对记忆功能起重要作用的特定区域的血流量增加)”可知，经过一年的有氧锻炼后，更多的血液流入与记忆相关的区域。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“We’ve shown that even when your memory starts to fade, you can still do something about (我们已经证明，即使你的记忆力开始衰退，你仍然可以做一些事情)”可知，即使记忆力开始减退，仍然可以通过在生活方式中增加有氧锻炼来做一些防止记忆力减退的事情。故it指的是前文的“your memory starts to fade (你的记忆力开始减退)”。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Blood flow in the brain connected with memory improvement is still a part of the puzzle, and we need to continue piecing it together,” Thomas says. (托马斯说：“大脑中与记忆力改善有关的血液流动仍然是这个谜题的一部分，我们需要继续把它拼凑起来。”)”可推知，需要做进一步的研究工作。故选A。 ( 巩固练习 ) 一、（23-24高二上·福建厦门·开学考试） Workers at the National Galleries of Scotland recently experienced quite a surprise after they X-rayed a painting by Vincent van Gogh. Hidden on the back of the painting Head of a Peasant Woman, which Van Gogh completed in 1885, was a self-portrait (自画像) of the Dutch painter. No one had ever found it. The hidden self-portrait had been covered by glue and cardboard that had been attached to the back of the painting. “It was absolutely exciting,” Lesley Stevenson, the museum’s worker, said about the discovery. “We weren’t expecting much of the little painting when we performed the scans,” she said. But museum experts quickly changed their expectations when they looked at the X-rays. “We didn’t see much of the peasant woman, but we saw the lead white that Van Gogh used for his face showing up after the X-ray went through the cardboard,” she added. Van Gogh painted Head of a Peasant Woman as part of a series of works focused on the working-class residents of Nuenen, a small farming community in the southern part of the Netherlands where he lived briefly in the 1880s. The woman in the painting is Gordina de Groot, a farm worker. She wears a white headpiece. In a letter that Van Gogh penned about the series in 1885 to Anton Kerssemakers, a friend, he described his excitement at his working-class subjects. “I’m working with great pleasure these days, for I would rather paint people than paint anything else,” he wrote. Van Gogh also loved creating self-portraits, producing about 20 paintings of himself by the end of his life while he was living in Paris. Recreating his own image was a cheap way for him to practice portraiture as he didn’t have to spend money hiring models, according to a report. Art historians at the National Galleries hope that the hidden self-portrait may help us understand the life of the artist. The museum is currently considering how to best remove the unwanted protective materials without harming the painting. 1．What can be learned about the self-portrait on the back of the painting? A．It isn’t in very good condition. B．It describes a well-known woman. C．It wasn’t known to exist for a long time. D．It was sold to another artist by Van Gogh. 2．What do Stevenson’s words mainly show about the discovery? A．It was a wonderful surprise. B．It failed to meet her expectations. C．It was the result of her great efforts. D．It deepened her understanding of Van Gogh’s life. 3．What did Van Gogh tell his friend in the letter? A．He was encouraged to try different subjects. B．He was glad to find his love for figure paintings. C．He was attracted by the lifestyle of people in Nuenen. D．He wanted to improve the living conditions of the farmers. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．X-rays can do harm to artworks B．Van Gogh sent a secret message to his friend C．Modern technology has a great influence on art D．Van Gogh’s hidden self-portrait draws public attention 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了最近的发现——梵高作品《农妇的头像》背后隐藏着梵高的自画像。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句“Hidden on the back of the painting Head of a Peasant Woman, which Van Gogh completed in 1885, was a self-portrait of the Dutch painter. No one had ever found it.”（梵高于1885年完成的《农妇的头像》背后隐藏着梵高的自画像。从来没有人发现过它）可知，很长一段时间人们都不知道梵高的自画像隐藏在这幅画背后。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段第二三句““It was absolutely exciting,” Lesley Stevenson, the museum’s worker, said about the discovery. “We weren’t expecting much of the little painting when we performed the scans,” she said.”（“这绝对令人兴奋，”博物馆工作人员Lesley Stevenson谈到这一发现时说。“当我们进行扫描时，我们并没有对这幅小画有太多的期望，”她说）可知，扫描前，她从未想到该画会隐藏如此大的秘密，故而感到兴奋激动。这说明她认为这是一个奇妙的惊喜。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“In a letter that Van Gogh penned about the series in 1885 to Anton Kerssemakers, a friend, he described his excitement at his working-class subjects. “I’m working with great pleasure these days, for I would rather paint people than paint anything else,” he wrote.”（梵高在1885年写给朋友Anton Kerssemakers的信中谈到了这个系列，他描述了自己对这些工人阶级题材的兴奋之情。“这些天我工作得非常愉快，因为我宁愿画人，也不愿画别的东西，”他写道）可知，梵高在给朋友的信中描绘了自己对人物画的热爱及这种热爱给他带来的喜悦感。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Workers at the National Galleries of Scotland recently experienced quite a surprise after they X-rayed a painting by Vincent van Gogh. Hidden on the back of the painting Head of a Peasant Woman, which Van Gogh completed in 1885, was a self-portrait of the Dutch painter. No one had ever found it.”（最近，苏格兰国家美术馆的工作人员对梵高的一幅画作进行了X光扫描，结果让他们大吃一惊。梵高于1885年完成的《农妇的头像》背后隐藏着梵高的自画像。从来没有人发现过它），并结合后文专家对该发现的论述及梵高对人物画像的热爱的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了梵高隐藏的自画像引起了公众的关注。故选D项。 二、（23-24高二上·浙江杭州·开学考试） As the world faces extinction crisis and severe climate change, a growing body of scientific research has found that we should set aside more protected areas and manage them well. Protected areas are extremely important for conservation and can help protect against habitat loss and other human activities. In many areas they may be the only places that can support the survival of some species. Globally we’ve protected nearly 17% of our lands and 7% of the ocean, but a study published in Nature found that current protected areas on their own are too small or poorly connected to ensure the long-term survival of about half of all mammals studied — between 1,700 and 2,500 species. If current protected areas don’t do enough, how do we do it better? The researchers suggest that first we need to increase the size and number of protected areas and improve the connectivity between them. But above all, they need to be managed with a clear understanding of the animals’ habitat needs. In a recent research, after studying 1,500 protected areas with 27,000 waterbird populations in 68 countries, researchers found that areas that were actively managed for waterbirds — such as by preventing hunting or restoring wetlands — were more successful, and often those that were larger had better results, too. If protected areas are well taken care of, we can not only protect biodiversity (生物多样性) but also achieve other benefits. One of those benefits is to avoid runaway climate change. As we know, the earth is becoming warmer and warmer. Protecting 30% of lands could provide one-third of the reductions needed to limit global warming emissions to under 1.5 degrees Celsius. Of course, this work won’t be easy. The next step, according to researchers, is to promote understanding and communicating the multiple benefits of increasing protected areas, and drive more support from government and local communities. 5．Why are protected areas of great importance? A．They contribute to conserving wildlife. B．They can influence the researches of scientists. C．They are the only places for species to survive. D．They strengthen the animal-human relationship. 6．What’s the most important in managing protected areas? A．Increasing animal species. B．Connecting with nearby areas. C．Enlarging the size of protected areas. D．Knowing the animals’ habitat needs well. 7．What can we infer from Paragraph 5? A．Protected areas helped avoid severe climate. B．Suitable measures brought about better results. C．Waterbirds were protected well in protected areas. D．Restoring wetland was the best protection for waterbirds. 8．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Measures to be taken.     B．Responsibilities of governments. C．Benefits to be gained. D．Support from local communities. 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．B 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了保护区对保护野生动物至关重要，但需扩大、连通并科学管理以确保物种长期生存。有效管理不仅能保护生物多样性，还能缓解气候变化。未来工作需推广保护区的多重效益，争取政府与社区支持。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Protected areas are extremely important for conservation and can help protect against habitat loss and other human activities. In many areas they may be the only places that can support the survival of some species.(保护区对保护极为重要，有助于防止栖息地丧失和其他人类活动。在许多地区，它们可能是唯一能够支持某些物种生存的地方)”可知，保护区非常重要，这是因为保护区有助于动物防止栖息地丧失，为保护野生动物做出了贡献。故选A项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段“But above all, they need to be managed with a clear understanding of the animals’ habitat needs.(但最重要的是，它们需要在清楚了解动物栖息地需求的情况下进行管理)”可知，管理保护区最重要的是了解动物的栖息地需求。故选D项。 7．推理判断题。根据第五段“In a recent research, after studying 1,500 protected areas with 27,000 waterbird populations in 68 countries, researchers found that areas that were actively managed for waterbirds — such as by preventing hunting or restoring wetlands — were more successful, and often those that were larger had better results, too.(在最近的一项研究中，研究人员对68个国家的1500个保护区和27000只水禽进行了研究，发现对水禽进行积极管理的地区——比如通过防止狩猎或恢复湿地——更成功，而且通常那些面积较大的地区也有更好的结果)”可知，对动物栖息地采取了适当措施的地区得到了更好的结果，即适当的措施带来了更好的结果。故选B项。 8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Of course, this work won’t be easy. The next step, according to researchers, is to promote understanding and communicating the multiple benefits of increasing protected areas, and drive more support from government and local communities.(当然，这项工作并不容易。研究人员表示，下一步是促进对增加保护区的多重好处的理解和沟通，并推动政府和当地社区提供更多支持)”可知，本段主要介绍了下一步即将要采取的措施。故选A项。 三、（23-24高二上·安徽合肥·阶段练习） Self-control is the ability to regulate and adjust responses in order to avoid undesirable behaviors, increase desirable ones, and achieve long-term goals. Common goals such as losing weight, exercising regularly, eating healthy food, giving up bad habits, and saving money are just a few worthwhile ambitions that people believe require self-control. One 2011 survey conducted by the American Psychological Association found that 27 percent of subjects identified a lack of willpower as the primary factor keeping them from reaching their goals. Researchers have found that people who have better self-control tend to be healthier and happier. In one experiment, students who exhibited greater self-control had better grades and higher test scores, and were more likely to be admitted to a competitive academic program. The study also found that when it came to academic success, self-control was a more important factor than IQ scores. The psychologist Walter Mischel conducted famous experiments in 1975 that were related to delayed gratification. In these experiments, children were offered a choice: they could choose to eat one treat right away, usually a cookie or a candy or they could wait for a brief period of time in order to get two treats. At this point, the researcher would leave the child alone in a room with a single treat. Not surprisingly, many of the kids chose to eat the single treat the moment the experimenters left the room. However, some of the kids were able to wait for the second treat. Based on his research, Mischel proposed what he referred to as a “hot-and-cool” system to explain the ability to delay gratification. The hot system refers to the part of our willpower that is emotional and impulsive (冲动的) and urges us to act upon our desires. The cool system is the part of our willpower that is rational (理性的) and thoughtful, and enables us to consider the consequences of our actions in order to resist our impulses. Self-control is an important skill that allows us to regulate behavior in order to achieve our long-term goals. Research has shown that self-control is not only important for goal attainment, and people with greater willpower also tend to do better on all sides. 9．What kind of students does the author think will most probably do best in studies? A．Those having the highest IQ scores. B．Those respecting the teacher most. C．Those having the greatest willpower. D．Those performing most actively in class. 10．What does the underlined word “gratification” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Effect. B．Competition. C．Hardship. D．Enjoyment. 11．What can we learn from the experiments made by Mischel in 1975? A．Few children could get two treats. B．Not all the kids were short of patience. C．Most of the children ate another treat. D．Self-control is very important for one’s future. 12．Which of the following behaviors belongs to the cool system? A．Consuming plenty of sweet food. B．Staying up late at night often. C．Copying others’ homework. D．Quitting drinking high-sugar drinks. 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．B 12．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了自我控制的定义、重要性以及心理学家沃尔特·米歇尔在 1975 年进行的著名实验。 9．细节理解题。根据原文第二段“In one experiment, students who exhibited greater self-control had better grades and higher test scores, and were more likely to be admitted to a competitive academic program. The study also found that when it came to academic success, self-control was a more important factor than IQ scores.（在一项实验中，表现出更强自我控制能力的学生成绩更好，考试分数更高，更有可能被一个有竞争力的学术项目录取。这项研究还发现，当谈到学业成功时，自我控制比智商更重要。）”可知，作者认为自我控制能力（即：意志力）最强的学生在学习上会表现得最好。故选C项。 10．词句猜测题。根据原文第三段“In these experiments, children were offered a choice: they could choose to eat one treat right away, usually a cookie or a candy or they could wait for a brief period of time in order to get two treats.（在这些实验中，孩子们可以选择马上吃一种零食，通常是一块饼干或一颗糖，或者他们可以等待一小段时间以获得两种零食。）”可知，实验中孩子们选择马上吃零食或等待一段时间以获得两种零食，是在选择立刻享受还是延迟享受，所以“delayed gratification”可以理解为“延迟willpower”，划线词词义为“享受、享用”。故选D项。 11．细节理解题。根据原文第三段“Not surprisingly, many of the kids chose to eat the single treat the moment the experimenters left the room. However, some of the kids were able to wait for the second treat.（毫不奇怪，许多孩子在实验者离开房间的那一刻选择吃单一零食。然而，一些孩子能够等待第二种零食。）”可知，并不是所有的孩子都缺乏耐心。故选B项。 12．推理判断题。根据原文第四段“The hot system refers to the part of our willpower that is emotional and impulsive (冲动的) and urges us to act upon our desires. The cool system is the part of our willpower that is rational (理性的) and thoughtful, and enables us to consider the consequences of our actions in order to resist our impulses.（热系统指的是我们意志力中情绪化和冲动的部分，促使我们按照自己的欲望行事。冷系统是我们意志力中理性和深思熟虑的部分，使我们能够考虑我们行为的后果，以抵制我们的冲动。）”可知，冷系统是意志力中理性和深思熟虑的部分，能让我们考虑行为的后果，抵制冲动。D 项“停止饮用高糖饮料”属于抵制冲动的行为，符合冷系统的特点。故选 D项。 四、（23-24高二上·江西抚州·阶段练习） Time and how we experience it have always puzzled us. Physicists have created fascinating theories, but their time is measured by a pendulum (钟摆) and is not psychological time, which leaps with little regard to the clock or calendar. As someone who understood the distinction observed, “When you sit with a nice girl for two hours it seems like a minute, but when you sit on a hot stove, a minute seems like two hours.” Psychologists have long noticed that larger units of time, such as months and years, fly on swifter wings as we age. They also note that the more time is structured with schedules and appointments, the more rapidly it seems to pass. For example, a day at the office flies compared with a day at the beach. Expectation and familiarity also make time seem to flow more rapidly. Almost all of us have had the experience of driving somewhere we’ve never been before. Surrounded by unfamiliar scenery, with no real idea of when we’ll arrive, we experience the trip as if lasting a long time. But the return trip, although exactly as long, seems to take far less time. The novelty of the outward journey has become routine. When days become as similar as beads (小珠子) on a string, they mix together, and even months become a single day. To counter this, try to find ways to interrupt the structure of your day — to stop time, so to speak. Learning something new is one of the ways to slow the passage of time. One of the reasons the days of our youth seems so full and long is that these are the days of learning and discovery. For many of us learning ends when we leave school, but this doesn’t have to be. 13．What can we know about time from Paragraph 1? A．Physical time has little to do with the calendar. B．Physical time is distinct from psychological time. C．Time should not be measured by a pendulum. D．Psychological time is quite more fascinating. 14．Which of the following will make you feel time flies faster? A．A day spent exploring something unknown. B．Staying with a person who you dislike. C．A day packed with appointments to handle. D．Driving to a new place for the first time. 15．What does “novelty” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Unfamiliarity. B．Excitement. C．Imagination. D．Amusement. 16．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To show the difference between physical and psychological time. B．To explain why time flies and how to slow it down psychologically. C．To describe how most of us experience time psychologically. D．To give various explanations about fascinating time theories. 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．A 16．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是同样的事情，同样的时间，但是心理层面的时间和物理概念的时间是有差别的。文章解释了时间为什么过得很快以及怎么样让它变慢。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“Physicists have created fascinating theories, but their time is measured by a pendulum (钟摆) and is not psychological time, which leaps with little regard to the clock or calendar.(物理学家们创造了令人着迷的理论，但他们的时间是用钟摆来衡量的，而不是心理时间，心理时间几乎不受时钟或日历的影响。)”可知，从第一段我们可以知道物理时间不同于心理时间。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They also note that the more time is structured with schedules and appointments, the more rapidly it seems to pass. For example, a day at the office flies compared with a day at the beach.(他们还指出，日程安排和约会安排得越多，时间就过得越快。例如，在办公室的一天比在海滩的一天过得快。)”可知，时间安排得越紧，时间过得越快，因此一天都有满满的约会要处理会让你觉得时间过得更快。故选C。 15．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Almost all of us have had the experience of driving somewhere we’ve never been before. Surrounded by unfamiliar scenery, with no real idea of when we’ll arrive, we experience the trip as if lasting a long time.  (几乎我们所有人都有过从未去过的地方开车的经历。周围都是不熟悉的风景，我们不知道什么时候会到达，我们的旅行仿佛持续了很长时间)”可知，因为对周边的环境不熟悉才觉得时间过得慢，外出旅行的这种陌生感已成为了生活的一种常规。由此可猜测划线部分是“不熟悉、陌生”，和unfamiliarity意思相近。故选A。 16．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Learning something new is one of the ways to slow the passage of time. One of the reasons the days of our youth seems so full and long is that these are the days of learning and discovery.(学习新事物是延缓时间流逝的方法之一。我们的青春似乎如此充实而漫长，其中一个原因是，这些日子是学习和发现的日子。)”可知，本文的目的是解释时间为什么过得很快，以及怎么样让它变得慢。 故选B。 五、（22-23高二上·陕西西安·开学考试） There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus (共识) effect. That’s where we overvalue how acceptable and widespread our own behavior is in society. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. What’s more, you likely overestimate how much other people think that behavior is broadly OK. This bias (偏见) allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage. In Australia, people who admitted poaching (偷猎) thought it was much more widespread in society than it really was, and had higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also believed others viewed poaching as socially tolerable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers took the opposite stand on this. The false consensus effect has also shown up in studies examining support for nuclear energy and offshore wind farms. Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help solve it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a lot of trash thrown around; so making sure the ground around a bin is not covered in rubbish may help. Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people their difference in electricity use compared to their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for social position has also been successful in getting people to “go green to be seen”, or to publicly purchase eco-friendly products. As the research evidence shows, social standards can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviors. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this article! 17．Which example best illustrates the false consensus effect? A．A student spends long hours surfing the Internet. B．A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts. C．A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking. D．A driver frequently parks illegally in public places. 18．How did most Australian fishers view the issue of poaching? A．It is contradictory. B．It is impractical. C．It is widespread. D．It is unacceptable. 19．What do words “go green to be seen” refer to in paragraph 5? A．Develop green habits for better health. B．Choose green items that are easy to spot in stores. C．Join green movements for personal fulfillment. D．Make green choices that others can perceive. 20．What is a recommended approach to solving environmental problems? A．Justify social standards. B．Publicize sustainable practices. C．Encourage technological innovations. D．Highlight personal responsibilities. 【答案】17．C 18．D 19．D 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了错误共识效应这种心理现象，同时探讨了如何利用该效应解决环境问题。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段“There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus (共识) effect.(心理学中有一个有用的概念可以解释为什么好人会做危害环境的事情：虚假共识效应)”以及“Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too.(简单地说，如果你在做某件事(即使你私下里知道你可能不应该做)，你更有可能认为很多其他人也在做)”可知，错误共识效应使人们可以为社会不可接受或非法的行为找到合理化的理由。由此可推知。“吸烟者认为人们普遍赞成吸烟。”最能说明错误共识效应。故选C。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段“They also believed others viewed poaching as socially tolerable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers took the opposite stand on this.(他们还认为，其他人认为偷猎在社会上是可以容忍的；然而，事实上，超过90%的渔民对此持相反立场)”可知，大多数澳大利亚渔民觉得偷猎是不可接受的。故选D。 19．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段中“or to publicly buy eco-friendly products(或者公开购买环保产品)”可知，or表示“或者”，说明划线短语和buy eco-friendly products意思相近，也就是买东西时做出环保的选择，并且让他人看见或知道，和D选项“Make green choices that others can perceive.(做出别人能理解的绿色选择)”意思相近。故选D。 20．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help solve it.(正如心理学概念可以帮助解释某些形式的环境破坏一样，它们也可以帮助解决环境破坏问题)”，倒数第二段的“Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people their difference in electricity use compared to their neighbors.(关于别人如何思考和行为的事实信息是非常强大的。能源公司仅仅通过向人们展示他们的用电量与邻居的比较就大大减少了能源消耗)”和最后一段的“As the research evidence shows, social standards can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviors.(正如研究证据所表明的那样，社会规范可以成为鼓励和普及环境友好行为的强大力量)”可推知，改变人们的观念可以解决环境问题，也就是要宣传可持续发展的做法。故选B。 ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$