Unit 4 Body Language（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第一册

该高中英语Unit 4 Body Language知识清单系统整合了词汇、语法、写作及跨文化交际等核心内容，涵盖阅读词汇、写作词汇、动词-ing形式语法、肢体语言描写等知识范畴，为学生搭建从基础词汇积累到语法应用再到跨文化写作的递进式学习支架。 清单通过“词汇分层+语法精讲+写作框架”的方式构建知识体系，如将词汇分为阅读与写作两类，标注高考高频词及熟词生义（如gesture表“举动”），培养学生语言能力。设置“易错点对比”（如break down/break up）和“语法专练”，结合高考真题实例，提升思维品质。写作部分提供“三段式框架”及高分素材，助力学生掌握跨文化交际写作，教师可直接用于课堂教学，学生自主复习也能高效巩固要点。

Unit 4 Body Language 词汇 一、阅读词汇 单词 1. _____________________ adj. 合适的；恰当的 2. _____________________ n. 手势；姿势；姿态 3. _____________________ vt. 当场看到；目击；见证；n. 目击者；证人 4. _____________________ n. 评价；评定 5. _____________________ vt. 评估；评价 6. _____________________ n. 发生的事情；严重事件；冲突 7. _____________________ vt. 意味着；暗示 8. _____________________ adv. 几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚 9. _____________________ vt. 占据；占用 10. _____________________ vi.（对……）起反应；回应；（对食物等）有不良反应 11. _____________________ vi. & vt. 费心；麻烦；因…… 操心；n. 麻烦；不便 12. _____________________ adv. 只是；仅仅；只不过 13. _____________________ n. 矛盾；冲突；vi. 冲突；抵触 14. _____________________ vi. & vt. 哭泣；流泪 15. _____________________ vi. & vt. 询问；打听 16. _____________________ adv. 最终；最后 17. _____________________ vi. 干预；介入 18. _____________________ n. 组成部分；零件 19. _____________________n. 语气；腔调；口吻 20. _____________________ n. 隔阂；障碍 21. _____________________ adj. 假装的；假的；冒充的 22. _____________________ n. & v. 审讯；审判；试验；试用 23. _____________________ adj. 双胞胎之一的；孪生之一的；n. 孪生之一；双胞胎之一 24. _____________________ adj. 不涉及言语的；非言语的 25. _____________________ adj. 内部的；里面的 26. _____________________ vi. 垂头弯腰地走（或坐等） 27. _____________________ n. 故作姿态；（为画像、拍照等摆的）姿势；vi. 摆好姿势；vt. 造成（威胁、问题等） 28. _____________________ vt. & vi.（使）弯曲；倾斜；偏向 29. _____________________ vt. 揭示；显示；露出 30. _____________________ vt. 使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清 31. _____________________ vt. 给（试卷、问题等）打钩号；vi.（钟表）发出嘀嗒声；n. 钩号 32. _____________________ n. 下巴 33. _____________________n. 天花板；上限 34. _____________________ vt. 分散（注意力）；使分心 35. _____________________ vt. 察觉；看待；理解 36. _____________________ n. 胸部；胸膛 37. _____________________ n. 交流；相互影响 38. _____________________ vt. 表现；表达；说明；证明 39. _____________________ adj. 相同的 40. _____________________vt. 把…… 理解（解释）为；vi. & vt. 口译 41. _____________________n. 面颊；脸颊 42. _____________________ vi. 鞠躬；点头；vt. 低（头）；n. 弓；蝴蝶结 43. _____________________ n. 腰；腰部 短语 1. ________________________________ 直起来；整理；收拾整齐 2. ________________________________ 推理；推断 3. ________________________________（与……）相比较 4. ________________________________相比之下 2、 写作词汇： 单词 1. ___________________ vi.（根据情况）变化；改变 2. ___________________ vi. 赞成；同意；vt. 批准；通过 3. ___________________ vt. 使用；应用；雇用 4. ___________________ vi. 相异；不同于 5. ___________________ vt. 较喜欢；选择；有利于；n. 帮助；恩惠；赞同 6. ___________________ n. 愤怒；怒气；vt. 使生气；激怒 7. ___________________ adj. 可靠的；可信赖的 8. ___________________ adj. 轻微的；略微的；细小的 9. ___________________ adv. 略微；稍微 10. ___________________ n. 教师；教育工作者；教育家 11. ___________________ n. 趋势；倾向 12. ___________________ vt. 把…… 放低；降低；减少；adj. 下面的；下方的；较小的 13. ___________________ vi. 盯着看；凝视；n. 凝视 14. ___________________ vi. & vt. 区分；辨别 15. ___________________ n. 焦虑；担心；害怕 16. ___________________ adj. 难堪的；尴尬的 17. ___________________ adj. 羞愧；惭愧 18. ___________________ vt. 调整；调节；vi. & vt. 适应；（使）习惯 短语 1. ___________________________消除；分解；打破 2. ___________________________换句话说；也就是说 3. ___________________________（短暂地）访问；要求（某人讲话等）；正式邀请 4. ___________________________ 有某种影响；在工作 5. ___________________________ 赞成，赞同 6. ___________________________赞成 7. ___________________________一群... ; 大量的 8. ___________________________倾向于做某事；往往做某事 9. ___________________________打算做某事 10. ___________________________ 最终做某事 3、 词汇变形： 1. interaction n. 交流；相互影响 →_________________ vi. 交流；相互作用 → _________________ adj. 互动的 2. vary vi.(根据情况) 变化；改变 → _________________adj. 各种各样的 → _________________ n. 多样化 → _________________ adj. 多变的 3. appropriate adj. 合适的；恰当的 → _________________ adv. 适当地 → _________________ adj. 不恰当的 4. approve vi. 赞成；同意 vt. 批准；通过 → _________________ n. 赞成；批准 → _________________ n. 不赞成 5. demonstrate vt. 表现；表达；说明；证明 → _________________ n. 示范；证明 → _________________adj. 说明性的 6. employ vt. 使用；应用；雇用 → _________________ n. 就业；雇用→_________________ n.失业, 失业率, 失业状况, 失业人数→_________________ n. 雇主 → _________________ n. 雇员 7. identical adj. 相同的 →_________________ adv. 同样地 →_________________ n. 身份；同一性 8. interpret vt. 把…… 理解（解释）为 vi.&vt. 口译 → _________________ n. 解释；口译 → _________________ n. 口译员 9. differ vi. 相异；不同于 → _________________ adj. 不同的 → _________________ n. 差别 →_________________ adv. 不同地 10. favour (AmE -vor) vt. 较喜欢；选择；有利于 n. 帮助；恩惠；赞同 → _________________ adj. 有利的 →_________________ adj. 最喜欢的 11. anger n. 愤怒；怒气 vt. 使生气；激怒 → _________________adj. 生气的 →_________________ adv. 生气地 12. reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的 → _________________ vi. 依靠；依赖 →_________________ n. 可靠性 → _________________ adj. 不可靠的 13. trial n.&v. 审讯；审判；试验；试用 →_________________ v. 尝试；审判 14. slight adj. 轻微的；略微的；细小的 → _________________ adv. 略微；稍微 15. nonverbal adj. 不涉及言语的；非言语的 → _________________ adj. 言语的；口头的 16. assessment n. 评价；评定 → _________________ vt. 评估；评价 17. internal adj. 内部的；里面的 →_________________ adv. 在内部 → _________________ adj. 外部的（反义词） 18. reveal vt. 揭示；显示；露出 →_________________ n. 被揭示的真相；启示 19. clarify vt. 使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清 → _________________ n. 澄清；阐明 20. educator n. 教师；教育工作者；教育家 → _________________ vt. 教育 → _________________ n. 教育 → _________________ adj. 教育的 21. tendency n. 趋势；倾向 → _________________ vi. 倾向；往往会 22. lower vt. 把…… 放低；降低；减少 adj. 下面的；下方的；较小的 →_________________ adj. 低的 23. imply vt. 意味着；暗示 →_________________ n. 暗示；含意 24. barely adv. 几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚 →_________________ adj. 赤裸的；仅仅的 25. occupy vt. 占据；占用 → _________________ n. 职业；占领 → _________________ adj. 被占用的 26. distract vt. 分散（注意力）；使分心 → _________________ n. 分心的事 → _________________ adj. 注意力不集中的 → _________________ adj. 令人分心的 27. perceive vt. 察觉；看待；理解 →_________________ n. 感知；看法 → _________________ adj. 洞察力强的 28. distinguish vi.&vt. 区分；辨别 → _________________ n. 区别；差别 → _________________ adj. 明显不同的 → _________________ adj. 独特的 29. anxiety n. 焦虑；担心；害怕 →_________________ adj. 焦虑的 → _________________ adv. 焦虑地 30. embarrassed adj. 难堪的；尴尬的 →_________________ vt. 使尴尬 → _________________ adj. 令人尴尬的 → _________________ n. 尴尬 31. ashamed adj. 羞愧；惭愧 → _________________ n. 羞愧 v. 使羞愧 → _________________ adj. 可耻的 → _________________ adj. 无耻的 32. merely adv. 只是；仅仅；只不过 → _________________ adj. 仅仅的；只不过 33. bother vi.&vt. 费心；麻烦；因…… 操心 n. 麻烦；不便 → _________________ adj. 麻烦的 34. weep vi.&vt.(wept, wept) 哭泣；流泪 → _________________ adj. 爱哭的 35. inquire (=enquire) vi.&vt. 询问；打听 → _________________ n. 询问；调查 → _________________ adj. 爱打听的 36. ultimately adv. 最终；最后 → _________________ adj. 最终的；根本的 37. adjust vt. 调整；调节；适应 → _________________ n. 调整；适应 → _________________ adj. 可调节的 38. intervene vi. 干预；介入 → _________________ n. 干预；介入 39. react vi.(对……) 起反应；回应 →_________________ n. 反应 → _________________ adj. 反应的 四、熟词生义 1.geture 熟义：n.手势；姿态；姿势 生义： 例句：（2025全国一卷）She offered to bake a batch of biscuits, hoping these small, warm gestures could start to mend what I'd broken.她主动提出烤一批饼干，希望这些小小的、温暖的举动能开始修复我弄坏的东西。 （2024全国二卷）If it's OK with you, I can pay you then, with an additional 10 euros as a gesture of my gratitude.如果你觉得可以的话，我可以付你钱，另外再给你10欧元以表示我的感激之情。 2.favour 熟义：v.较喜欢；选择；有利于；优惠；偏袒 生义： 例句：She definitely favours her father.她酷似她父亲。 3. tick 熟义：v. 给...打对勾；发出嘀嗒声; n. 钩号 生义： 例句：Hang on a tick! 等一会，别挂断电话！ I'll be with you in two ticks. 我马上就来。 4. lower 熟义：vt.把......放低；降低；减少&adj.下面的；下方的；较小的 生义：______________________ 例句：When heavy clouds covered the sky, the daylight lowered rapidly, making it hard for travellers to follow the mountain path without flashlights. 乌云遮蔽天空，日光迅速变暗，旅行者没有手电筒就很难看清山间小路。 5. bend 熟义：vt.&vi.(使)弯曲；倾斜；偏向 生义： 例句：(2021・全国甲卷) Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. 南岸位于泰晤士河的东侧弯道处，是英国滑板运动的中心——在这里，滑板与地面的持续碰撞会令你的头部感到耳鸣。 6. chest 熟义：n.胸部；胸膛 生义： 例句：(2020・新高考 Ⅱ 卷) Then one Christmas I received a surprise gift—a large, beautifully made wooden chest.后来有一年圣诞节，我收到了一份惊喜礼物——一个制作精美的大木箱。 写作 句型 1. We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by watching their boy language. 通过观察男孩的语言，我们可以了解很多关于他们在想什么。 by doing...... “通过做......”,by是介词，后接动名词，在句中做方式状语。 (2025全国二卷)School can keep those dreams alive kids a way to learn and grow. 学校可以通过给孩子们提供学习和成长的途径来保持这些梦想。 (2025全国一卷)My wife and I wanted to share our new home with family and friends a small gathering in the early summer. 我和妻子想在初夏举办一个小型聚会，与家人和朋友分享我们的新家。 2. Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means “sleep”. 把双手放在一起，放在头的一侧，闭上眼睛意味着“睡觉”。 句中while closing...... 是连词+doing的用法，是状语从句的省略：while (you are) closing your eyes 规则：状语从句主语和主句主语一致 + 含 be 动词，可省略主语 + be，保留分词。本句中的逻辑主语是you。 （2026全国一卷） street performances, they chat with each other and share stories of their daily lives. （2026全国二卷）Bent over my laptop on the bed in the corner of my room, I suddenly felt a pounding headache, and had to lie down. 我坐在房间角落的床上，弯着腰看笔记本电脑，突然感到一阵剧烈的头痛，不得不躺下。 3. And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.若我们感到情绪低落或孤独，没有什么比看到好友的微笑更美好的了。 there is nothing better than + 名词 / 动名词 (doing)：没有比…… 更好的了 better than 形容词比较级作后置定语，修饰 nothing； than 后面接动名词 seeing（than 是介词，后接名词 /doing） 句式本质：否定词 + 比较级 = 最高级含义 nothing better than… = …is the best …（…… 是最好的） a walk in the park on a sunny day. 没有什么比晴天在公园散步更好的了。 with family members. 没有什么比和家人沟通更好的了。 4. While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled. 虽然很容易察觉学生是否感兴趣、感到厌烦或分心，但有时却很难判断学生是否正面临困扰。while 译为“虽然；尽管”，连词，引导让步状语从句，位于句首。 , it is much harder to keep friendship. 交朋友容易，但维系友谊要难得多。 语法 动词-ing 作宾语和表语 写作 对肢体语言的描写 一、知识点精讲 1.（2020-2026年考查五次）vary vt.&vi. (使) 变化；改变；不同 Opinions vary on this question. 对于这个问题，人们看法各不相同。 【短语】 · vary from…to… 从…… 到…… 不等 · vary in sth 在某方面存在差异 · vary with 随…… 而变化 ⑴ (2026・全国一卷) The exact dates and frequency of daji region region. 太极的确切日期和频率因地区而异。 ⑵ (2026・全国二卷) Why did they ever so slightly one instrument to the next? 为何不同乐器之间的数值会存在如此微小的差异？ ⑶ (2021・全国乙卷) Styles of dance . 舞蹈风格因文化而异。 【词汇拓展】 · ⑴various adj. 各种各样的；多种多样的 (2017-2026年考查三次) Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find ways you can support Pacific Science Center. 请访问 pacificsciencecenter.org，了解您可以支持太平洋科学中心的多种方式。 · ⑵variety n. 多样性；种类 (2017-2026年考查十三次) a variety of 各种各样的 =varieties of ① (2026・全国二卷) Shanghai Taste also serves chef’s specials, beef with rice cakes, and more. 上海Taste还提供多种主厨特选菜品、牛肉配米糕等更多美食。 ②(2024・全国一卷) The reasons relate to factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. 其原因涉及多种因素，包括注意力下降、娱乐化心态以及在浏览数字内容时倾向于同时进行多项任务。 ③ (2023·全国一卷) We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. 我们提供种类繁多的最新自行车，涵盖各类车型，包括配备脚刹的入门级自行车、配备手刹及变速装置的自行车、配备儿童安全座椅的自行车以及儿童专用自行车。 ④ (2023·全国二卷) Yellowstone National Park offers ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. 黄石国家公园在全园区范围内及全年期间，均提供多种护林员导览项目。 · ⑶variation n. 变化；变动 2. approve vi. 赞成；同意 vt. 批准；通过 I told my mother I wanted to leave school but she didn't . 我告诉母亲我不想继续上学，但是母亲不同意。 短语 P approve of sb/sth 赞成某人/某事；同意某人/某事 P approve of (sb./one’s ) doing sth 赞成某人做某事；同意某人做某事 P approve sth 批准；通过（计划、方案） ⑴ Most citizens the new policy. 大多数市民支持这项新政策。 ⑵ She doesn't school this year. 她不同意我今年离校。 ⑶ My parents don’t late. 父母不赞成我晚归。 ⑷ The committee unanimously the plan.委员会一致通过了计划。 词汇拓展 P ⑴ approval n. 赞成；认可；批准 She desperately wanted to win her father's . 她急不可待地想赢得父亲的赞同。 I can't agree to anything without my partner's . 没有合伙人的认可我什么也不能答应。 P ⑵ approved adj. 得到正式认可的 (2018·全国二卷)Visit Warner Bros Studio, shop stop to buy picnic, stay overnight in an (approve) Youth Hostel in Streatley-on -Thames,...... 参观华纳兄弟工作室，停下来买野餐，在泰晤士河畔斯特雷特利的一家经批准的青年旅馆过夜，. P ③disapprove vi. 不赞成；反对 --- disapproval n. 反对 3. (2019-2026年考查三次）employ vt. 雇佣；使用；利用 ⑴ The factory (employ) over 500 workers. 这家工厂雇佣 500 多名工人。 ⑵ How many people does the company employ?这个公司雇用了多少人？ ⑶（2019·全国一卷）Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations (employ) only since the mid-1980s.追踪北极熊数量的现代方法直到20世纪80年代中期才开始使用 短语 P employ sb (as…) 雇佣某人 (担任……) P be employed in doing sth 忙于做某事 ⑴ (2019·全国 Ⅰ 卷) Many farmers employ new technology to improve production. 许多农民运用新技术提高产量。 ⑵ For the past three years he (employ) as a firefighter.三年来他一直受雇当消防员。 ⑶ She (emply) in making a list of all the jobs to be done.她忙着把要做的所有工作列一个清单。 词汇拓展 P ⑴ employer n. 雇主；老板 (2021·全国一卷)The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) on emotion by (employ), educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. 这一普及运动最积极的方面在于，雇主、教育工作者以及所有关注促进社会福祉的群体均对情感问题给予了前所未有的、且极为迫切的关注。 P ⑵ employee n. 雇员；员工 (2017-2024年考查四次) ①（2024·全国二卷) BMF (employ) live out sustainability in their everyday lives. BMF 员工在日常生活中践行可持续发展理念 ②（2020·全国二卷）It’s been reported that 76 percent of (employ) in some western countries are using emojis at work. 据报道，部分西方国家有76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号。 P ⑶ employment n. 就业；工作 --- unemployment n. 失业 （2019·全国一卷) If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible（符合条件）for this program, which provides eight weeks of paid (employ) along with training. 4. （2019-2024年考查两次）favour (美 favor) n. 喜爱；恩惠；帮忙 vt. 喜爱；偏袒；有助于；有利于 ⑴ Many countries favour a presidential system of government.很多国家选择总统制政府。 ⑵ The treaty seems to favour the US.这个条约似乎偏向美国。 ⑶ Could you do me a favour and pick up Sam from school today?今天你能帮我个忙去学校接萨姆吗？ ⑷（2019·全国一卷) Which program favors the disabled? 哪些项目更有利于残障人士？ ⑸（2024·全国一卷)Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. 此外，这些数据存在偏差，且对某些地区、时间段及物种具有偏向性。 短语 P do sb a favour 帮某人忙 P in favour of 支持；赞同 P in one’s favour 对某人有利 P favour doing sth ⑴ She was willing to bend the rules in Mary's .她愿意放宽规定以有利于玛丽。 ⑵ There were 247 votes the motion and 152 against. 有247票赞成（动议），152票反对。 ⑶ Could you do me and pick up Sam from school today?今天你能帮我个忙去学校接萨姆吗？ ⑷ In order to win the support of voters, no politicians favoured cutting public spending. 词汇拓展 ⑴ favourable (美：favorable(高考常用) ) adj. 有利的；赞同的 (2017-2021年考查两次) ①（2021·全国一卷)What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. ②（2017·全国二卷) What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car? A. Cautious B. Favorable. C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving. ⑵ favourite adj./n. 最喜欢的 (人 / 物)（2018-2026年考查八次） ①（2026·全国一卷) I smiled, “I definitely do not know all these words,” I said. “But that’s why this is one of my books.” 我微笑着说：“我肯定不认识所有这些词。”“但这就是为什么这本书是我最喜欢的书之一。” ②（2024·全国一卷)These plants included modern Western (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. 这些植物包括现代西方人的最爱，如迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。 ③（2024·全国二卷)I liked traveling in France, but when it came to picking my spot to settle, Italy was the clear winner. 我喜欢在法国旅行，但当谈到选择定居地时，意大利无疑是最佳之选。 5. occupy vt. 占据 (时间 / 空间)；占领；使忙于 例句： ⑴ Reading (occupy) most of my spare time. 阅读占据我大部分空闲时间。 ⑵ He (occupy) an office on the 12th floor.他在12楼有一间办公室。 ⑶ Protesting students (occupy) the TV station.抗议的学生占领了电视台。 短语 P occupy oneself with/(in) doing sth 忙于做某事 P occupy oneself with /in sth 忙于某事 She occupied herself with routine office tasks.她忙于办公室的日常工作。 词汇拓展 P ① occupied adj. 忙于......的； 使用中的 be occupied (in) doing sth = be busy (in) doing sth be occupied with sth 忙于某事 = be busy with sth I have been occupied (write) my novel, so I have no time to accompany you to the match. P ② occupation n. 职业；占据；占领 6. distinguish vt.&vi. 区分；辨别；使出众 例句：It is hard to distinguish the two twins. 很难分清这对双胞胎。 短语 P distinguish A from B 把 A 与 B 区分开 P distinguish between A and B 辨别 A 和 B P distinguish oneself 表现出众 P distinguish oneself as/ to be ...... 作为......而出名 ⑴ It was hard to one twin the other. 很难分辨出一对孪生儿谁是谁。 ⑵ At what age are children able to right and wrong?儿童到什么年龄才能明辨是非？ ⑶ She has already as an athlete.作为运动员她已享有盛名。 ⑷ Many people in the fight against Hitler. 许多人在反对希特勒的战斗中表现突出。 词汇拓展 P ⑴ distinguished adj. 卓越的，杰出的；高贵的，尊贵的 be distinguished for sth. 因为......而出名=be famous for......=be known for...... be distinguished as......作为......而出名=be famous as......=be known as...... P ⑵ distinguishable adj. 区别得开的；可辨认的，可辨识的 P ⑶ distinction n. 区别；差别；荣誉 P ⑷ distinct adj. 明显的；截然不同的--- distinctly adv. 清楚地，明白地；明显地；非常，很 1 (2024·全国一卷)With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of_______ pages. 纸张之上，尽显手部的自然触感，亦伴随着各页独特的视觉空间布局。 2 (2022·全国二卷)So to try to change a （distinct）modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach. 为试图改变一种鲜明的现代行为，立法者与公共卫生专家正重新回归一种传统方法。 二、核心语法精讲 动词-ing作宾语和表语 动词-ing作宾语和表语时，分为两种形式：动名词和现在分词 动名词（v-ing）：本质是动词 + ing 充当名词性成分； 现在分词(v-ing)：相当于形容词 / 副词 1、 ving 作表语 1.位置 位于系动词后（be /become/seem 等）做表语，说明主语是什么或者主语的性质。 2.基本用法 ①动名词作表语（主语＝表语，可主语表语互换） 表示主语是某件事（一件行为活动） My hobby is reading. = Reading is my hobby. 我的爱好是阅读。 His job is teaching. = Teaching is his job. 他的工作是教书。 判断技巧：主表可以互换，说明是动名词作表语 ● v-ing（动名词）和 to do（不定式）作表语的区别 二者都可以放在 be 后作表语，有些情况下两种形式可以互换，含义差别不大。如： To see is to believe.眼见为实。= Seeing is believing. (两种形式都可以) To go to sleep early and to get up early is a good habit.=Going to sleep early and getting up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。 两者区别： ▲ v-ing（动名词）作表语：侧重泛指、习惯、经常性活动。 My hobby is collecting stamps. 我的爱好是集邮。（爱好，长期习惯） His job is teaching children. 他的工作是教孩子。（日常工作内容） 👉 特点：主语和表语可以互换 Collecting stamps is my hobby. ▲ to do（不定式）作表语：侧重具体、将来、有待去完成的目标、任务，主语通常是 dream, aim, goal等这类名词。 My dream is to travel around the world. 我的梦想是环游世界。（梦想，还未实现，要去做） Our aim is to help poor students. 我们的目标是帮助贫困学生。（要去达成的目标） 对比例句： My job is repairing cars.（日常工作，长期内容） My task today is to repair this car.（今天要完成的具体任务） ②现在分词作表语（形容词含义，主语和表语不能互换） The film is exciting. 这部电影令人激动。 ❌ Exciting is the film（不能互换） ● 现在分词 (v-ing) 做表语和过去分词 (v-ed) 作表语的区别 两者都相当于形容词，放在系动词后作表语，描述主语的特征、状态、感受，主语和表语不能互换。 ▲现在分词 v-ing：表示“令人…… 的”， 主语（事物 / 人）带给别人的感受、外在特质，外界产生的效果，表示主语发出这个感觉，使别人感到…… ▲过去分词 v-ed：表示“感到…… 的”，主语自身内心感受到的状态，主语是被动承受这个情绪。表示主语被外界影响，自己感到…… 例句对比 ※ exciting 令人激动的 /excited 感到激动的 The game is exciting. 这场比赛令人激动。（比赛带来刺激） I am excited. 我感到很激动。（我内心激动） ※ interesting 有趣的 /interested 感兴趣的 The book is interesting. 这本书很有趣。（书本身有意思） He is interested in history. 他对历史感兴趣。（他内心产生兴趣） ※surprising 令人惊讶的 /surprised 感到惊讶的 The news is surprising. 消息令人吃惊。 We are surprised at the news. 我们对这个消息感到吃惊。 ※tiring 令人疲惫的 /tired 感到疲惫的 The trip is tiring. 这次旅行很累人。 I feel tired. 我感觉累。 ※disappointing 令人失望的 /disappointed 感到失望的 The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。 They were disappointed. 他们感到失望。 ⚠️高频易错：主语是人，也可以用ing！ 不是 “物用ing，人用ed” 这么死板，要看逻辑含义。 He is boring. 他这个人很无趣。（= 他让别人觉得无聊，描述人的特质 → doing） He is bored. 他感到无聊。（= 他自己内心觉得无聊 → done） She is frightening. 她这个人让人害怕。（她带给别人恐惧感） She is frightened. 她感到害怕。（她自己内心恐惧） ✔判断标准：看逻辑，不看是人还是物； 主语造成这种感觉用v-ing;主语感受到这种感觉用v-ed。 二、ving 作宾语 动名词做宾语，现在分词不能做宾语。 1.位置：放在及物动词 / 介词后面，作宾语，代表一件事情。 2.基本用法（常考动词的固定搭配） （1）动词后面直接加 ving（不能接to do） 常见动词： enjoy, finish, mind, practise, suggest, avoid, consider, imagine, risk, miss, admit, dislike, escape 例句： I enjoy listening to music. 我喜欢听音乐。 He finished writing the report. 他写完了报告。 Would you mind opening the window? 介意开窗吗？ （2）介词后面必须接 ving 介词：in /on/at /of/about /for/without /besides等。 短语（介词结尾的短语）：be good at, be interested in, give up, look forward to, pay attention to，look forward to He is good at swimming. 他擅长游泳。 I look forward to seeing you. 我期待见到你。 She left without saying goodbye. 她没道别就走了。 （3）既可接 doing 也可 to do，含义不同（高频考点） 动词 doing to do remember 记得做过…（已做） 记得要去做…（未做） forget 忘记做过…（已做） 忘记要做…（未做） stop 停止正在做的事 停下来，去做另一件事 try 尝试做（试一试） 努力 / 设法去做 regret 后悔做了某事 遗憾要去做某事 例句： I remember closing the door. 我记得关过门了（已关） I remember to close the door. 我记得要去关门（还没关） 📝记忆口诀 系动词后是表语，主表互换动名词； 动词介词后作宾，固定搭配记分明； to 若结尾要注意，分清to do和介词 语法专练： 用所给词的正确形式填空。 1.（2026·全国一卷）Before _____________ (head) home, they fill their shopping bags with fresh fruit and vegetables from local farmers, at prices significantly cheaper than those found in supermarkets. 2.（2026·全国二卷） At the end of the lesson, I feel wide awake, despite it still (be) early at 8 am. It’s time for my dan tian (meet) another life force: coffee. 3.（2025·全国一卷）“The exhibition brings together Go culture, cutting-edge technology and contemporary art,” says Tu. “We hope (present)the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context, and initiate dialogues with minimalist art, conceptual art and expressionism.” 4.（2024·全国一卷题）These sepals (萼片) open on warm days to give the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. The design features ten steel “'sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium(铝). In cold weather, the structure stays (close) to protect the plants. 5.（2021·全国二卷）I was so________ (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half. 6.（2020·全国一卷）They represent the earth (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 7.（2019·全国二卷）A 90-year-old has been awarded "Woman Of The Year" for （be）Britain's oldest full-time employee — still working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which she opened with her late husband Les. 8.（2018·全国一卷）According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years longer than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ____________ (die) early by running. 9.（2018·全国三卷） I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel (challenge). 10.（2017·全国一卷）Fast food is full of fat and salt; by   (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. 11.（2017·全国二卷） It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top. 12.（2017·全国三卷）But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her education. 三、单元写作清单 一、话题分析 1. 核心话题 本单元写作核心为肢体语言（Body Language），属于人际交往与跨文化交际类话题，常以“描述肢体动作、分析肢体语言含义、对比中外肢体语言差异、谈论肢体语言的重要性”为写作核心，是高中英语高频应用文、议论文写作话题。 2. 考查题型与写作要求 常考题型：短文描述、观点议论文、书信建议、现象分析文 核心考查点：精准描写面部表情、肢体动作；区分不同场景肢体语言的意义；体现跨文化交际差异；阐述肢体语言在沟通中的作用 得分关键：拒绝简单动词堆砌，使用高级动作描写词汇；逻辑清晰，有现象、有分析、有总结；贴合文化语境，规避交际误区 3. 写作核心立意 肢体语言是无声的语言，是人际沟通的重要载体，不同文化肢体语言存在差异，正确使用肢体语言能够促进交流、消除隔阂、传递真诚，不当的肢体动作会造成误解、影响交际。 2、 万能写作框架 三段式框架 第一段：开篇引入（点明地位） 总述肢体语言的核心地位，点明它是人际、跨文化交流中不可或缺的无声沟通方式。 第二段：主体详述（特色+差异） 阐述不同肢体动作的不同含义，区分积极与消极肢体语言的作用；补充肢体语言存在文化差异，不当使用会造成沟通误解（写作优先使用单元分词句型）。 第三段：结尾升华（价值+呼吁） 总结肢体语言的沟通价值，强调掌握得体肢体语言的重要性，呼吁合理运用肢体语言，规避误解、维系良好人际关系。 三、高分写作素材 1. 核心高分词汇 ●积极肢体动作 _____________________________________ 保持坚定的眼神交流 _____________________________________ 露出真诚/灿烂的笑容 _____________________________________ 轻轻点头 _____________________________________ 昂首挺胸，站姿端正 _____________________________________ 坚定地握手 _____________________________________微微前倾身体（表示专注倾听） ●消极肢体动作（紧张、抗拒、不悦） _____________________________________回避眼神交流 _____________________________________ 交叉双臂 _____________________________________微微皱眉 _____________________________________ 用力摇头 _____________________________________ 摆弄手指（焦躁不安） _____________________________________ 羞愧地低下头 ●抽象核心词汇 _____________________________________ 非语言交流 _____________________________________ 传递情绪 _____________________________________ 消除误解 _____________________________________ 跨文化交流 _____________________________________得体的/不得体的 _____________________________________ 反映内心想法 2. 万能高分句型 Body language is ____________________ one's inner world. 肢体语言是人的内心镜子。 A simple gesture can __________________________________________. 无声的手势胜过千言万语。 Different body movements ________________________ different moods and attitudes. 不同的肢体动作对应不同的情绪与态度。 What we act silently often___________________________________________ than what we say. 我们无声的举动往往比言语更令人印象深刻。 Improper body language may___________________unnecessary confusion in communication. 不得体的肢体语言会引发不必要的沟通困惑。 3. 满分升华金句 True communication________ not only_____ sincere words but also______ proper body language. 真正的沟通，不仅在于真诚的言语，更在于得体的肢体语言。 Mastering body language is ______________ harmonious interpersonal relationships. 掌握肢体语言是维系和谐人际关系的关键。 四、必背范文 范文一： The Power of Body Language Body language is an important part of communication. It includes all kinds of body movements, facial expressions and eye contact. Though it has no words, it can show our real feelings clearly. In our daily life, we use body language all the time. When we agree with others, we usually nod our heads and smile. If we are interested in a talk, we will lean forward and listen carefully. However, if we feel bored or nervous, we may avoid looking at others or fidget with our hands. What’s more, body language is different in different cultures. For example, some gestures that mean welcome in China may have different meanings in Western countries. In short, body language plays an important role in interpersonal communication. We should learn to use proper body language in different situations to avoid misunderstanding and make our communication more effective. 范文二： Silent Language That Speaks Louder As an essential part of non-verbal communication, body language serves as a silent bridge connecting people’s hearts. It subtly reflects our inner emotions, attitudes and intentions, often delivering more authentic messages than verbal language. Every subtle body movement carries unique meanings. A sincere smile and steady eye contact are universally regarded as symbols of kindness and credibility, helping to shorten the distance between strangers. Leaning forward slightly while listening shows respect and concentration, which always leaves a favorable impression on others. On the contrary, crossing arms, frowning or avoiding eye contact usually indicates defensiveness, anxiety or disagreement. Furthermore, body language bears distinct cultural characteristics. The same gesture may convey totally opposite meanings in different cultural backgrounds, which is likely to cause cross-cultural misunderstanding if we lack relevant knowledge. From my perspective, mastering appropriate body language is a vital social skill. It enables us to express ourselves accurately, build harmonious interpersonal relationships and achieve successful communication in both daily life and cross-cultural exchanges. 易错点01 break down / break up 【错因辨析】 1. break down ①(机器、车辆) 出故障，坏掉 My car broke down on the way. 我的车在路上抛锚了。 ②(身体、精神) 垮掉 He broke down after longtime stress. 长期压力下他身体垮了。 ③(谈判、关系) 失败，破裂 Talks between the two sides broke down. 双方谈判破裂。 ④分解；拆分 Over time, the protein in the eggshell breaks down into its constituent amino acids.  随着时间的推移,蛋壳中的蛋白质分解成其构成成分氨基酸。 ⑤情绪失控大哭 She broke down and cried. 她控制不住哭了起来。 ⑥ 砸倒 (门、障碍物) An unruly mob broke down police barricades and stormed the courtroom.  一群无法无天的暴徒捣毁了警障冲进了法庭。 ⑦ 破除 (障碍、偏见等)  Women's sports are breaking down the barriers in previously male-dominated domains.  女子体育运动正在打破障碍进入一些先前由男子占主导地位的领域。 2. break up (1).粉碎；破碎 The ship broke up on the rocks.船触礁撞碎了。 (2).结束 Their marriage has broken up.他们的婚姻已经破裂。 (3).散开；解散 The meeting broke up at eleven o'clock.会议在十一点散会。 (4).（学校）期终放假 When do you break up for Christmas?你们什么时候放假过圣诞节？ (5).变得虚弱；垮掉 He was breaking up under the strain.过度的劳累使他快要垮了。 (6).捧腹大笑 Woody Allen makes me just break up.伍迪•艾伦令我几乎笑破肚皮。 (7) .(情侣、夫妻) 分手；（关系）破裂 They broke up last month. 他们上个月分手了。 【对点训练】 用break down /break up填空。 1. （2017·全国一卷)When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to_________________________ the still every time you need a drink. 2. （2025·全国二卷)Volunteering can be the first step in_______________ prejudice. 3. Their relationship finally ____________ because of frequent arguments. 4. The peace talks ____________ and no agreement was signed. 5. My bike ____________ on my way to school yesterday. 6. After hearing the bad news, she ____________ and burst into tears. 7. The police came to ____________ the angry crowd. 8. We should try our best to ____________ cultural barriers. 9. They ____________ two years ago, but they are still good friends. 10. If the machine ____________, please turn it off at once. 易错点02 by contrast / by comparison 【错因辨析】 1. by contrast 👉侧重反差、对立，差异大，截然相反（强调两者的不同、反差） A 是这样，相比之下B 完全不一样。 例句： She is very outgoing. By contrast, her sister is quiet. 她很外向。相比之下，她妹妹很内向。 （性格反差明显） Tom is quite optimistic. By contrast, his brother is always pessimistic. 汤姆很乐观。相比之下，他的兄弟总是很悲观。（By contrast 强烈反差） Some cultures value direct eye contact. By contrast, avoiding eye contact shows respect in other cultures. 有些文化看重直接眼神交流。相比之下，在另一些文化中回避目光才代表尊重。（强烈反差→by contrast） 2. by comparison 👉侧重客观参照对比，多比较程度、数量、大小等差距，不一定是截然对立；常常拿 A 作为参照，说明 B 在某方面程度不一样。可以放句首，也可以放句末。 例句： This city’s traffic is heavy, but by comparison, our town is peaceful.（by comparison 客观参照） Gestures are often easy to understand. By comparison, some facial expressions are harder to interpret. 手势通常容易理解。相较而言，有些面部表情更难解读。（客观对照→by comparison） 【对点训练】 用by contrast 和by comparison 填空。 1.Most birds fly south in winter. ____________, some stay in the north. 2.The house is large, but , the apartment is much smaller. 3.The task is difficult for me. ____________, it is quite easy for my deskmate. 4.The winter here is mild. ____________, winters in the north are much colder. 5.Human bodies react quickly to danger. ____________, plants respond to threats much more slowly. 易错点03 when引导宾语从句 / when引导时间状语从句/when引导定语从句 【错因辨析】 1.when 时间状语从句 功能：修饰主句谓语，交代 “主句动作发生在什么时间” 翻译：当…… 时 位置：可放句首、句中；动词后面不缺成分 例句1 When he came back, we began our discussion. 当他回来的时候，我们开始了讨论。 ▲去掉从句：We began our discussion.（主句完整）→状语从句 例句2 I was reading when the telephone rang. 电话铃响的时候我正在看书。 ▲去掉从句：I was reading.（主句完整）→状语从句 ▲时态小考点：when 引导时间状语从句，常考主将从现。 I will tell you when he arrives. 他到的时候我会告诉你。（状语从句：当…… 时候） 2.when 宾语从句 功能：放在及物动词 / 介词之后，充当宾语； 翻译：什么时候 ，去掉这个从句，主句动词缺少宾语，句子残缺。 例句1 I don’t know when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候会回来。 ▲去掉从句：I don’t know.（语义不完整，know 后面缺内容）→宾语从句 例句2 Please tell me when the meeting will start. 请告诉我会议什么时候开始。 tell sb sth，when 从句作直接宾语。 ⚠️极易混淆的一句话（高考高频） ① I will tell you when he arrives. 当他到的时候，我会告诉你。 👉when 状语从句：when = 当……；从句用一般现在表将来 ② I will tell you when he will arrive. 我会告诉你他什么时候会到。 👉when 宾语从句：when = 什么时候；从句该用将来就用将来 3.when引导定语从句 when是关系副词 ，修饰前面表示时间的名词（先行词），翻译：“…… 的时候” 核心判定 —— 定语从句 when ▲前面必须有表示时间的先行词（time, day, moment, year, period 等） when = 介词 + which（on which /in which），在从句中作时间状语。 例句 I still remember the day when we first met. 我还记得我们初次见面的那一天。 👉先行词：the day（时间名词）；when = on which ⚠删掉 when 从句，主句：I still remember the day. 语法完整，但the day 这个名词缺少修饰限定。 区别小结： 从句类型 核心标志 when 含义 关键判断点 时间状语从句 无时间先行词；when 独立引导从句 当…… 时候 去掉从句，主句完整；主将从现，从句不用 will 宾语从句 放在动词 / 介词后面作宾语 什么时候 去掉从句，主句句意残缺；从句可使用 will 定语从句 前面有时间类先行词(day/time/year…)；when = 介词 + which …… 的（那个时候） when 用来修饰前面的名词；可替换为 on/in which 【对点训练】 判断是宾语从句，定语从句还是时间状语从句,并翻译成汉语。 1. （2021·全国一卷)The staff is friendly and helpful, providing you with a map of the city when you arrive. 2. (2023·全国一卷) It might be the time when you helped a friend with their homework. 3. (2021·全国一卷)But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. 4. (2021·全国一卷)Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. 5. (2024·全国一卷)He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. 6. (2023·全国一卷)When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. 7. (2021·全国二卷)Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools. 8. （2017·全国二卷)It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available. 一、默写重点单词 1.______________________n. 愤怒；怒气；vt. 使生气；激怒 2._____________________ adj. 可靠的；可信赖的 3._____________________ adj. 轻微的；略微的；细小的 4._____________________ n. 教师；教育工作者；教育家 5._____________________ n. 趋势；倾向 6._____________________ n. 焦虑；担心；害怕 7._____________________ adj. 难堪的；尴尬的 8._____________________ adj. 羞愧；惭愧 9._____________________ adj. 合适的；恰当的 10._____________________ n. 手势；姿势；姿态 11._____________________ vt. 当场看到；目击；见证；n. 目击者；证人 12._____________________ n. 评价；评定 13._____________________ n. 发生的事情；严重事件；冲突 14._____________________adv. 几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚 15._____________________ adv. 只是；仅仅；只不过 16._____________________ n. 矛盾；冲突；vi. 冲突；抵触 17._____________________ vi. 干预；介入 18._____________________n. 隔阂；障碍 19._____________________ adj. 内部的；里面的 20._____________________ vt. 表现；表达；说明；证明 二、词汇运用 1.The expressions on people’s faces _______________(变化) with their moods. 2.I don’t________________ ________(赞同) his rude behaviour in public. 3.More young people _______________(雇佣) in this hightech company since last year. 4.The two gestures _______________(不同) greatly in meaning though they look alike. 5.Quite a few citizens are _______________(支持) of the new public rules. 6.You need to get some _______________(可靠的) data before carrying out the survey. 7.She _______________(放低) her head, avoiding direct eye contact with strangers. 8.It is impolite _______________(盯着看) at others for a long time. 9.It is difficult for children _______________(区分) right from wrong sometimes. 10. Lack of communication may cause great _______________(焦虑) among teenagers. 11.He has made several _______________(调整) to his gestures in crosscultural communication. 12.Experts are required _______________(评估) the influence of body language. 13.His smile _______________(暗示) that he was satisfied with the result. 14.When I called him, he _______________(忙于) with preparing for the coming speech. 15.How would you _______________(作出反应) to such a strange gesture? 16.After plenty of practice, he _______________(最终) mastered the skills of nonverbal communication. 三、重点句型 1.我们可以通过观察肢体语言读懂他人的情绪。(by doing ) We can read others’ emotions________________________________ their body language. 2.在和外国人交流时，你应当留意手势的文化差异。（while doing） ___________________________________________, you should pay attention to cultural differences in gestures. 3.当你感到孤独时，没有什么比和家人谈心更好。（there is nothing better than doing） When you feel lonely, ______________________________________________________your family. 4.虽然手势在日常生活中十分常见，但它们在不同文化中含义不一样。（while 让步状语从句） ________________________________________ in daily life, they have different meanings in different cultures. 四、课文语法填空 Words are important in daily communication, but the way people stand, hold their arms and move their hands also conveys their true inner feelings and attitudes. Body language, 1.______________ (include) facial expressions, eye movements and physical gestures, plays a vital role in cross-cultural communication, which is often 2._______________ (power) than spoken words and cannot be easily hidden. Some basic gestures share the same meaning worldwide and need no extra explanation. Placing hands together on the side of the head with eyes 3._________________ (close) means “sleep”. Moving hands in circles over the stomach after meals shows that someone is full and satisfied. Among all body language, smiling is the most universal expression, 4.__________________ can express happiness, warmth and friendliness in every corner of the world. However, many gestures vary 5._____________ (great) across cultures and can cause misunderstanding. The familiar “OK” gesture has totally different meanings. In Japan, it stands for money, while in France, people regard it as zero. Worse still, it 6.__________________ (consider) rude in Brazil and Germany. There are also obvious cultural 7._________________(differ) in eye contact, one of the most important forms of non-verbal communication. In Middle Eastern countries, eye contact between men 8._____________ women is usually not permitted in public. In Japan, looking down while 9._______________(talk) shows sincere respect for elders and strangers. By contrast, in Western countries, maintaining gentle and steady eye contact is a sign of sincerity, confidence and full attention during communication. Body language is 10.____________ essential and irreplaceable part of daily communication. Since cultural differences exist everywhere in global communication, we should learn to observe and recognize diverse body language to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding. Only by respecting different cultural customs and communication habits can we communicate with people from all over the world smoothly and build better interpersonal relationships. 五、阅读理解 A Body language is an essential part of communication and can be just as important as our spoken language. Body language can be both conscious and unconscious actions, so it is important to make sure your body is sending the same messages as your words to ensure good communication. These actions can strengthen the verbal messages you’re sending or they can lead to mistrust and confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding. Body language can make interacting with others and expressing yourself much easier, but it can also introduce new challenges. Some nonverbal signs unintentionally communicate parts of us that we don’t want others to know. For example, bad posture or fidgeting (坐立不安的) may communicate lack of confidence, something we may not intend others to know. But body language can strengthen our verbal messages and solidify what we are telling others. Making eye contact or taking notes while someone is speaking can communicate genuine (真正的) interest. Without these signs, teachers may not be able to assess a student’s understanding. When you’re speaking sincerely, it’s natural for your body language to respond to your words through gestures or facial expressions. We also use gestures in conversations to tell stories or describe objects often using hand signals to show how big or small something is. These are largely unconscious, naturally occurring forms of body language. It can be difficult to communicate confidence in your actions when you may not feel it internally. When you display confident body language, such as good posture or eye contact, even if you’re making a conscious effort, studies have shown that it can make you feel more confident. When speaking to others, practice controlling the impulse (冲动) to fidget and planting your feet confidently to increase self-esteem. 1．What will your body language tell if it can’t go with your speech? A．Probable disbelief. B．A dull speech. C．An unclear condition. D．True meaning behind words. 2．Why does the author give some examples in Paragraph 2? A．To show body language can help us all the time. B．To tell body language can show the true side of us. C．To explain how challenging it is to read body language. D．To tell teachers how to judge a student’s understanding. 3．What can we know from the last two paragraphs? A．Hand signals are essential ways to make us understood. B．Naturally occurring forms of body language make us confident. C．Proper body language can help us a lot in gaining confidence. D．When speaking to others, try your best to hide your body language. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Communicating with Body Language B．Understanding Others by Body Language C．Being Smart in Showing Your Body Language D．Getting to Know Your Friends Through Body Language B Suppose you are out shopping and come across a friend who starts telling you a story that seems to be dragging on and on. You want to seem interested, so you offer the occasional “Oh” or “I see”. To your surprise, though, this person angrily stops in his tracks and says, “Sorry if I’m boring you!” Where did this come from? Clearly, your body language must have betrayed (出卖) you. The idea that verbal (口头的) and nonverbal messages can conflict was the inspiration for a recently published study from Yale University’s Lucylle Armentano. As part of her study of communication in relationships, Armentano’s research also examined communication channels in people meeting for the first time. To test the role of a mismatch between verbal messages and nonverbal messages on emotional communication, Armentano and her partner created experimental conditions to see what happens when someone asks for help from strangers. The research team created videotapes of a Yale student expressing nervousness in his words, with gestures, or both. The gestures included running his hands through his hair, grabbing his arms, and facially expressing uneasiness. The key question was whether the other participants, another 82 Yale students, would believe the student and provide the help he was requesting. They needed to give their responses. Turning to the findings, those nonverbal cues for nervousness had a greater impact on helping behavior than the verbal cues. Surprisingly, helping behavior was the highest when verbal expressions of nervousness were low but nonverbal cues were high. Recognizing that your body language can outweigh your words means that you need to be mindful of what your body is doing when you’re interacting with others. Generally, when someone is speaking to you, you want to look like you’re interested. Not only should you maintain eye contact, but you should keep your body still and face toward that person. If you’re not trying to look interested, it may be more polite to say you have to be somewhere else. 5．What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The obvious advantages of body language. B．A situation where body language is a must. C．The proper way to interact with old friends. D．An example of a mismatch between verbal and nonverbal expressions. 6．What were the 82 Yale students asked to do? A．Respond to the student’s request. B．Identify the types of body language. C．Express nervousness in their words. D．Try to win the nervous student’s trust. 7．What played a more important role in helping the student win kindness? A．His gestures of nervousness. B．His sincere verbal expressions. C．His positive attitude to nervousness. D．His good manners in front of others. 8．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．Make a prediction. B．Offer some advice. C．Present some facts. D．Give some warnings. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Body Language 词汇 一、阅读词汇 单词 1. appropriate adj. 合适的；恰当的 2. gesture n. 手势；姿势；姿态 3. witness vt. 当场看到；目击；见证；n. 目击者；证人 4. assessment n. 评价；评定 5. assess vt. 评估；评价 6. incident n. 发生的事情；严重事件；冲突 7. imply vt. 意味着；暗示 8. barely adv. 几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚 9. occupy vt. 占据；占用 10. react vi.（对……）起反应；回应；（对食物等）有不良反应 11. bother vi. & vt. 费心；麻烦；因…… 操心；n. 麻烦；不便 12. merely adv. 只是；仅仅；只不过 13. conflict n. 矛盾；冲突；vi. 冲突；抵触 14. weep vi. & vt. 哭泣；流泪 15. inquire vi. & vt. 询问；打听 16. ultimately adv. 最终；最后 17. intervene vi. 干预；介入 18. component n. 组成部分；零件 19. tone n. 语气；腔调；口吻 20. barrier n. 隔阂；障碍 21. fake adj. 假装的；假的；冒充的 22. trial n. & v. 审讯；审判；试验；试用 23. twin adj. 双胞胎之一的；孪生之一的；n. 孪生之一；双胞胎之一 24. nonverbal adj. 不涉及言语的；非言语的 25. internal adj. 内部的；里面的 26. slump vi. 垂头弯腰地走（或坐等） 27. pose n. 故作姿态；（为画像、拍照等摆的）姿势；vi. 摆好姿势；vt. 造成（威胁、问题等） 28. bend vt. & vi.（使）弯曲；倾斜；偏向 29. reveal vt. 揭示；显示；露出 30. clarify vt. 使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清 31. tick vt. 给（试卷、问题等）打钩号；vi.（钟表）发出嘀嗒声；n. 钩号 32. chin n. 下巴 33. ceiling n. 天花板；上限 34. distract vt. 分散（注意力）；使分心 35. perceive vt. 察觉；看待；理解 36. chest n. 胸部；胸膛 37. interaction n. 交流；相互影响 38. demonstrate vt. 表现；表达；说明；证明 39. identical adj. 相同的 40. interpret vt. 把…… 理解（解释）为；vi. & vt. 口译 41. cheek n. 面颊；脸颊 42. bow vi. 鞠躬；点头；vt. 低（头）；n. 弓；蝴蝶结 43. waist n. 腰；腰部 短语 1. straighten up 直起来；整理；收拾整齐 2. make inferences 推理；推断 3. by comparison （与……）相比较 4. by contrast （短语）相比之下 2、 写作词汇： 单词 1. vary vi.（根据情况）变化；改变 2. approve vi. 赞成；同意；vt. 批准；通过 3. employ vt. 使用；应用；雇用 4. differ vi. 相异；不同于 5. favour vt. 较喜欢；选择；有利于；n. 帮助；恩惠；赞同 6. anger n. 愤怒；怒气；vt. 使生气；激怒 7. reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的 8. slight adj. 轻微的；略微的；细小的 9. slightly adv. 略微；稍微 10. educator n. 教师；教育工作者；教育家 11. tendency n. 趋势；倾向 12. lower vt. 把…… 放低；降低；减少；adj. 下面的；下方的；较小的 13. stare vi. 盯着看；凝视；n. 凝视 14. distinguish vi. & vt. 区分；辨别 15. anxiety n. 焦虑；担心；害怕 16. embarrassed adj. 难堪的；尴尬的 17. ashamed adj. 羞愧；惭愧 18. adjust vt. 调整；调节；vi. & vt. 适应；（使）习惯 短语 1. break down 消除；分解；打破 2. in other words 换句话说；也就是说 3. call on （短暂地）访问；要求（某人讲话等）；正式邀请 4. at work 有某种影响；在工作 5. approve of 赞成，赞同 6. in favor of ...... 赞成 7. a world of ...... 一群... ; 大量的 8. tend to do sth倾向于做某事；往往做某事 9. intend to do sth打算做某事 10. end up doing sth 最终做某事 3、 词汇变形： 1. interaction n. 交流；相互影响 → interact vi. 交流；相互作用 → interactive adj. 互动的 2. vary vi.(根据情况) 变化；改变 → various adj. 各种各样的 → variety n. 多样化 → variable adj. 多变的 3. appropriate adj. 合适的；恰当的 → appropriately adv. 适当地 → inappropriate adj. 不恰当的 4. approve vi. 赞成；同意 vt. 批准；通过 → approval n. 赞成；批准 → disapproval n. 不赞成 5. demonstrate vt. 表现；表达；说明；证明 → demonstration n. 示范；证明 → demonstrative adj. 说明性的 6. employ vt. 使用；应用；雇用 → employment n. 就业；雇用→ unemployment n.失业, 失业率, 失业状况, 失业人数→ employer n. 雇主 → employee n. 雇员 7. identical adj. 相同的 → identically adv. 同样地 → identity n. 身份；同一性 8. interpret vt. 把…… 理解（解释）为 vi.&vt. 口译 → interpretation n. 解释；口译 → interpreter n. 口译员 9. differ vi. 相异；不同于 → different adj. 不同的 → difference n. 差别 → differently adv. 不同地 10. favour (AmE -vor) vt. 较喜欢；选择；有利于 n. 帮助；恩惠；赞同 → favourable adj. 有利的 → favourite adj. 最喜欢的 11. anger n. 愤怒；怒气 vt. 使生气；激怒 → angry adj. 生气的 → angrily adv. 生气地 12. reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的 → rely vi. 依靠；依赖 → reliability n. 可靠性 → unreliable adj. 不可靠的 13. trial n.&v. 审讯；审判；试验；试用 → try v. 尝试；审判 14. slight adj. 轻微的；略微的；细小的 → slightly adv. 略微；稍微 15. nonverbal adj. 不涉及言语的；非言语的 → verbal adj. 言语的；口头的 16. assessment n. 评价；评定 → assess vt. 评估；评价 17. internal adj. 内部的；里面的 → internally adv. 在内部 → external adj. 外部的（反义词） 18. reveal vt. 揭示；显示；露出 → revelation n. 被揭示的真相；启示 19. clarify vt. 使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清 → clarification n. 澄清；阐明 20. educator n. 教师；教育工作者；教育家 → educate vt. 教育 → education n. 教育 → educational adj. 教育的 21. tendency n. 趋势；倾向 → tend vi. 倾向；往往会 22. lower vt. 把…… 放低；降低；减少 adj. 下面的；下方的；较小的 → low adj. 低的 23. imply vt. 意味着；暗示 → implication n. 暗示；含意 24. barely adv. 几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚 → bare adj. 赤裸的；仅仅的 25. occupy vt. 占据；占用 → occupation n. 职业；占领 → occupied adj. 被占用的 26. distract vt. 分散（注意力）；使分心 → distraction n. 分心的事 → distracted adj. 注意力不集中的 → distracting adj. 令人分心的 27. perceive vt. 察觉；看待；理解 → perception n. 感知；看法 → perceptive adj. 洞察力强的 28. distinguish vi.&vt. 区分；辨别 → distinction n. 区别；差别 → distinct adj. 明显不同的 → distinctive adj. 独特的 29. anxiety n. 焦虑；担心；害怕 → anxious adj. 焦虑的 → anxiously adv. 焦虑地 30. embarrassed adj. 难堪的；尴尬的 → embarrass vt. 使尴尬 → embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的 → embarrassment n. 尴尬 31. ashamed adj. 羞愧；惭愧 → shame n. 羞愧 v. 使羞愧 → shameful adj. 可耻的 → shameless adj. 无耻的 32. merely adv. 只是；仅仅；只不过 → mere adj. 仅仅的；只不过的 33. bother vi.&vt. 费心；麻烦；因…… 操心 n. 麻烦；不便 → bothersome adj. 麻烦的 34. weep vi.&vt.(wept, wept) 哭泣；流泪 → weepy adj. 爱哭的 35. inquire (=enquire) vi.&vt. 询问；打听 → inquiry (enquiry) n. 询问；调查 → inquiring adj. 爱打听的 36. ultimately adv. 最终；最后 → ultimate adj. 最终的；根本的 37. adjust vt. 调整；调节；适应 → adjustment n. 调整；适应 → adjustable adj. 可调节的 38. intervene vi. 干预；介入 → intervention n. 干预；介入 39. react vi.(对……) 起反应；回应 → reaction n. 反应 → reactive adj. 反应的 四、熟词生义 1.geture 熟义：n.手势；姿态；姿势 生义：举动；行为；表示 例句：（2025全国一卷）She offered to bake a batch of biscuits, hoping these small, warm gestures could start to mend what I'd broken.她主动提出烤一批饼干，希望这些小小的、温暖的举动能开始修复我弄坏的东西。 （2024全国二卷）If it's OK with you, I can pay you then, with an additional 10 euros as a gesture of my gratitude.如果你觉得可以的话，我可以付你钱，另外再给你10欧元以表示我的感激之情。 2.favour 熟义：v.较喜欢；选择；有利于；优惠；偏袒 生义：v.外貌像，长得像（父母或长辈） 例句：She definitely favours her father.她酷似她父亲。 3. tick 熟义：v. 给...打对勾；发出嘀嗒声; n. 钩号 生义：一会儿；一瞬间；一刹那；片刻 例句：Hang on a tick! 等一会，别挂断电话！ I'll be with you in two ticks. 我马上就来。 4. lower 熟义：vt.把......放低；降低；减少&adj.下面的；下方的；较小的 生义：vt. 变昏暗 例句：When heavy clouds covered the sky, the daylight lowered rapidly, making it hard for travellers to follow the mountain path without flashlights. 乌云遮蔽天空，日光迅速变暗，旅行者没有手电筒就很难看清山间小路。 5. bend 熟义：vt.&vi.(使)弯曲；倾斜；偏向 生义：拐弯处 例句：(2021・全国甲卷) Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. 南岸位于泰晤士河的东侧弯道处，是英国滑板运动的中心——在这里，滑板与地面的持续碰撞会令你的头部感到耳鸣。 6. chest 熟义：n.胸部；胸膛 生义： 大箱子 例句：(2020・新高考 Ⅱ 卷) Then one Christmas I received a surprise gift—a large, beautifully made wooden chest.后来有一年圣诞节，我收到了一份惊喜礼物——一个制作精美的大木箱。 写作 句型 1. We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by watching their body language. 通过观察男孩的语言，我们可以了解很多关于他们在想什么。 by doing...... “通过做......”,by是介词，后接动名词，在句中做方式状语。 (2025全国二卷)School can keep those dreams alive by giving kids a way to learn and grow. 学校可以通过给孩子们提供学习和成长的途径来保持这些梦想。 (2025全国一卷)My wife and I wanted to share our new home with family and friends by hosting a small gathering in the early summer. 我和妻子想在初夏举办一个小型聚会，与家人和朋友分享我们的新家。 2. Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means “sleep”. 把双手放在一起，放在头的一侧，闭上眼睛意味着“睡觉”。 句中while closing...... 是连词+doing的用法，是状语从句的省略：while (you are) closing your eyes 规则：状语从句主语和主句主语一致 + 含 be 动词，可省略主语 + be，保留分词。本句中的逻辑主语是you。 （2026全国一卷）While eating and enjoying street performances, they chat with each other and share stories of their daily lives. （2026全国二卷）Bent over my laptop while sitting on the bed in the corner of my room, I suddenly felt a pounding headache, and had to lie down. 我坐在房间角落的床上，弯着腰看笔记本电脑，突然感到一阵剧烈的头痛，不得不躺下。 3. And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.若我们感到情绪低落或孤独，没有什么比看到好友的微笑更美好的了。 there is nothing better than + 名词 / 动名词 (doing)：没有比…… 更好的了 better than 形容词比较级作后置定语，修饰 nothing； than 后面接动名词 seeing（than 是介词，后接名词 /doing） 句式本质：否定词 + 比较级 = 最高级含义 nothing better than… = …is the best …（…… 是最好的） There is nothing better than taking a walk in the park on a sunny day. 没有什么比晴天在公园散步更好的了。 There is nothing better than communicating with family members. 没有什么比和家人沟通更好的了。 4. While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled. 虽然很容易察觉学生是否感兴趣、感到厌烦或分心，但有时却很难判断学生是否正面临困扰。while 译为“虽然；尽管”，连词，引导让步状语从句，位于句首。 While it is easy to make friends, it is much harder to keep friendship. 交朋友容易，但维系友谊要难得多。 语法 动词-ing 作宾语和表语 写作 对肢体语言的描写 一、知识点精讲 1.（2020-2026年考查五次）vary vt.&vi. (使) 变化；改变；不同 Opinions vary on this question. 对于这个问题，人们看法各不相同。 【短语】 · vary from…to… 从…… 到…… 不等 · vary in sth 在某方面存在差异 · vary with 随…… 而变化 ⑴ (2026・全国一卷) The exact dates and frequency of daji vary from region to region. 太极的确切日期和频率因地区而异。 ⑵ (2026・全国二卷) Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next? 为何不同乐器之间的数值会存在如此微小的差异？ ⑶ (2021・全国乙卷) Styles of dance vary from culture to culture. 舞蹈风格因文化而异。 【词汇拓展】 · ⑴various adj. 各种各样的；多种多样的 (2017-2026年考查三次) Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center. 请访问 pacificsciencecenter.org，了解您可以支持太平洋科学中心的多种方式。 · ⑵variety n. 多样性；种类 (2017-2026年考查十三次) a variety of 各种各样的 =varieties of ① (2026・全国二卷) Shanghai Taste also serves a variety of chef’s specials, beef with rice cakes, and more. 上海Taste还提供多种主厨特选菜品、牛肉配米糕等更多美食。 ②(2024・全国一卷) The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. 其原因涉及多种因素，包括注意力下降、娱乐化心态以及在浏览数字内容时倾向于同时进行多项任务。 ③ (2023·全国一卷) We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. 我们提供种类繁多的最新自行车，涵盖各类车型，包括配备脚刹的入门级自行车、配备手刹及变速装置的自行车、配备儿童安全座椅的自行车以及儿童专用自行车。 ④ (2023·全国二卷) Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. 黄石国家公园在全园区范围内及全年期间，均提供多种护林员导览项目。 · ⑶variation n. 变化；变动 2. approve vi. 赞成；同意 vt. 批准；通过 I told my mother I wanted to leave school but she didn't approve. 我告诉母亲我不想继续上学，但是母亲不同意。 短语 P approve of sb/sth 赞成某人/某事；同意某人/某事 P approve of (sb./one’s ) doing sth 赞成某人做某事；同意某人做某事 P approve sth 批准；通过（计划、方案） ⑴ Most citizens approve of the new policy. 大多数市民支持这项新政策。 ⑵ She doesn't approve of me leaving school this year. 她不同意我今年离校。 ⑶ My parents don’t approve of my staying out late. 父母不赞成我晚归。 ⑷ The committee unanimously approved the plan.委员会一致通过了计划。 词汇拓展 P ⑴ approval n. 赞成；认可；批准 She desperately wanted to win her father's approval. 她急不可待地想赢得父亲的赞同。 I can't agree to anything without my partner's approval. 没有合伙人的认可我什么也不能答应。 P ⑵ approved adj. 得到正式认可的 (2018·全国二卷)Visit Warner Bros Studio, shop stop to buy picnic, stay overnight in an approved Youth Hostel in Streatley-on -Thames,...... 参观华纳兄弟工作室，停下来买野餐，在泰晤士河畔斯特雷特利的一家经批准的青年旅馆过夜，. P ③disapprove vi. 不赞成；反对 --- disapproval n. 反对 3. (2019-2026年考查三次）employ vt. 雇佣；使用；利用 ⑴ The factory employs over 500 workers. 这家工厂雇佣 500 多名工人。 ⑵ How many people does the company employ?这个公司雇用了多少人？ ⑶（2019·全国一卷）Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.追踪北极熊数量的现代方法直到20世纪80年代中期才开始使用 短语 P employ sb (as…) 雇佣某人 (担任……) P be employed in doing sth 忙于做某事 ⑴ (2019·全国 Ⅰ 卷) Many farmers employ new technology to improve production. 许多农民运用新技术提高产量。 ⑵ For the past three years he has been employed as a firefighter.三年来他一直受雇当消防员。 ⑶ She was employed in making a list of all the jobs to be done.她忙着把要做的所有工作列一个清单。 词汇拓展 P ⑴ employer n. 雇主；老板 (2021·全国一卷)The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. 这一普及运动最积极的方面在于，雇主、教育工作者以及所有关注促进社会福祉的群体均对情感问题给予了前所未有的、且极为迫切的关注。 P ⑵ employee n. 雇员；员工 (2017-2024年考查四次) ①（2024·全国二卷) BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. BMF 员工在日常生活中践行可持续发展理念 ②（2020·全国二卷）It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work. 据报道，部分西方国家有76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号。 P ⑶ employment n. 就业；工作 --- unemployment n. 失业 （2019·全国一卷) If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible（符合条件）for this program, which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training. 4. （2019-2024年考查两次）favour (美 favor) n. 喜爱；恩惠；帮忙 vt. 喜爱；偏袒；有助于；有利于 ⑴ Many countries favour a presidential system of government.很多国家选择总统制政府。 ⑵ The treaty seems to favour the US.这个条约似乎偏向美国。 ⑶ Could you do me a favour and pick up Sam from school today?今天你能帮我个忙去学校接萨姆吗？ ⑷（2019·全国一卷) Which program favors the disabled? 哪些项目更有利于残障人士？ ⑸（2024·全国一卷)Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. 此外，这些数据存在偏差，且对某些地区、时间段及物种具有偏向性。 短语 P do sb a favour 帮某人忙 P in favour of 支持；赞同 P in one’s favour 对某人有利 P favour doing sth ⑴ She was willing to bend the rules in Mary's favour.她愿意放宽规定以有利于玛丽。 ⑵ There were 247 votes in favour of the motion and 152 against.有247票赞成（动议），152票反对。 ⑶ Could you do me a favour and pick up Sam from school today?今天你能帮我个忙去学校接萨姆吗？ ⑷ In order to win the support of voters, no politicians favoured cutting public spending. 词汇拓展 ⑴ favourable (美：favorable(高考常用) ) adj. 有利的；赞同的 (2017-2021年考查两次) ①（2021·全国一卷)What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. ②（2017·全国二卷) What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car? A. Cautious B. Favorable. C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving. ⑵ favourite adj./n. 最喜欢的 (人 / 物)（2018-2026年考查八次） ①（2026·全国一卷) I smiled, “I definitely do not know all these words,” I said. “But that’s why this is one of my favorite books.” 我微笑着说：“我肯定不认识所有这些词。”“但这就是为什么这本书是我最喜欢的书之一。” ②（2024·全国一卷)These plants included modern Western favourites (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. 这些植物包括现代西方人的最爱，如迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。 ③（2024·全国二卷)I liked traveling in France, but when it came to picking my favorite spot to settle, Italy was the clear winner. 我喜欢在法国旅行，但当谈到选择定居地时，意大利无疑是最佳之选。 5. occupy vt. 占据 (时间 / 空间)；占领；使忙于 例句： ⑴ Reading occupies most of my spare time. 阅读占据我大部分空闲时间。 ⑵ He occupies an office on the 12th floor.他在12楼有一间办公室。 ⑶ Protesting students occupied the TV station.抗议的学生占领了电视台。 短语 P occupy oneself with/(in) doing sth 忙于做某事 P occupy oneself with /in sth 忙于某事 She occupied herself with routine office tasks.她忙于办公室的日常工作。 词汇拓展 P ① occupied adj. 忙于......的； 使用中的 be occupied (in) doing sth =be busy (in) doing sth be occupied with sth 忙于某事=be busy with sth I have been occupied writing (write) my novel, so I have no time to accompany you to the match. P ② occupation n. 职业；占据；占领 6. distinguish vt.&vi. 区分；辨别；使出众 例句：It is hard to distinguish the two twins. 很难分清这对双胞胎。 短语 P distinguish A from B 把 A 与 B 区分开 P distinguish between A and B 辨别 A 和 B P distinguish oneself 表现出众 P distinguish oneself as/ to be ...... 作为......而出名 ⑴ It was hard to distinguish one twin from the other. 很难分辨出一对孪生儿谁是谁。 ⑵ At what age are children able to distinguish between right and wrong?儿童到什么年龄才能明辨是非？ ⑶ She has already distinguished herself as an athlete.作为运动员她已享有盛名。 ⑷ Many people distinguished themselves in the fight against Hitler.许多人在反对希特勒的战斗中表现突出。 词汇拓展 P ⑴ distinguished adj. 卓越的，杰出的；高贵的，尊贵的 be distinguished for sth. 因为......而出名 =be famous for......=be known for...... be distinguished as......作为......而出名=be famous as......=be known as...... P ⑵ distinguishable adj. 区别得开的；可辨认的，可辨识的 P ⑶ distinction n. 区别；差别；荣誉 P ⑷ distinct adj. 明显的；截然不同的--- distinctly adv. 清楚地，明白地；明显地；非常，很 1 (2024·全国一卷)With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. 纸张之上，尽显手部的自然触感，亦伴随着各页独特的视觉空间布局。 2 (2022·全国二卷)So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach. 为试图改变一种鲜明的现代行为，立法者与公共卫生专家正重新回归一种传统方法。 二、核心语法精讲 动词-ing作宾语和表语 动词-ing作宾语和表语时，分为两种形式：动名词和现在分词 动名词（v-ing）：本质是动词 + ing 充当名词性成分； 现在分词(v-ing)：相当于形容词 / 副词 1、 ving 作表语 1.位置 位于系动词后（be /become/seem 等）做表语，说明主语是什么或者主语的性质。 2.基本用法 ①动名词作表语（主语＝表语，可主语表语互换） 表示主语是某件事（一件行为活动） My hobby is reading. = Reading is my hobby. 我的爱好是阅读。 His job is teaching. = Teaching is his job. 他的工作是教书。 判断技巧：主表可以互换，说明是动名词作表语 ● v-ing（动名词）和 to do（不定式）作表语的区别 二者都可以放在 be 后作表语，有些情况下两种形式可以互换，含义差别不大。如： To see is to believe.眼见为实。= Seeing is believing. (两种形式都可以) To go to sleep early and to get up early is a good habit.=Going to sleep early and getting up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。 两者区别： ▲ v-ing（动名词）作表语：侧重泛指、习惯、经常性活动。 My hobby is collecting stamps. 我的爱好是集邮。（爱好，长期习惯） His job is teaching children. 他的工作是教孩子。（日常工作内容） 👉 特点：主语和表语可以互换 Collecting stamps is my hobby. ▲ to do（不定式）作表语：侧重具体、将来、有待去完成的目标、任务，主语通常是 dream, aim, goal等这类名词。 My dream is to travel around the world. 我的梦想是环游世界。（梦想，还未实现，要去做） Our aim is to help poor students. 我们的目标是帮助贫困学生。（要去达成的目标） 对比例句： My job is repairing cars.（日常工作，长期内容） My task today is to repair this car.（今天要完成的具体任务） ②现在分词作表语（形容词含义，主语和表语不能互换） The film is exciting. 这部电影令人激动。 ❌ Exciting is the film（不能互换） ● 现在分词 (v-ing) 做表语和过去分词 (v-ed) 作表语的区别 两者都相当于形容词，放在系动词后作表语，描述主语的特征、状态、感受，主语和表语不能互换。 ▲现在分词 v-ing：表示“令人…… 的”， 主语（事物 / 人）带给别人的感受、外在特质，外界产生的效果，表示主语发出这个感觉，使别人感到…… ▲过去分词 v-ed：表示“感到…… 的”，主语自身内心感受到的状态，主语是被动承受这个情绪。表示主语被外界影响，自己感到…… 例句对比 ※ exciting 令人激动的 /excited 感到激动的 The game is exciting. 这场比赛令人激动。（比赛带来刺激） I am excited. 我感到很激动。（我内心激动） ※ interesting 有趣的 /interested 感兴趣的 The book is interesting. 这本书很有趣。（书本身有意思） He is interested in history. 他对历史感兴趣。（他内心产生兴趣） ※surprising 令人惊讶的 /surprised 感到惊讶的 The news is surprising. 消息令人吃惊。 We are surprised at the news. 我们对这个消息感到吃惊。 ※tiring 令人疲惫的 /tired 感到疲惫的 The trip is tiring. 这次旅行很累人。 I feel tired. 我感觉累。 ※disappointing 令人失望的 /disappointed 感到失望的 The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。 They were disappointed. 他们感到失望。 ⚠️高频易错：主语是人，也可以用ing！ 不是 “物用ing，人用ed” 这么死板，要看逻辑含义。 He is boring. 他这个人很无趣。（= 他让别人觉得无聊，描述人的特质 → doing） He is bored. 他感到无聊。（= 他自己内心觉得无聊 → done） She is frightening. 她这个人让人害怕。（她带给别人恐惧感） She is frightened. 她感到害怕。（她自己内心恐惧） ✔判断标准：看逻辑，不看是人还是物； 主语造成这种感觉用v-ing;主语感受到这种感觉用v-ed。 二、ving 作宾语 动名词做宾语，现在分词不能做宾语。 1.位置：放在及物动词 / 介词后面，作宾语，代表一件事情。 2.基本用法（常考动词的固定搭配） （1）动词后面直接加 ving（不能接to do） 常见动词： enjoy, finish, mind, practise, suggest, avoid, consider, imagine, risk, miss, admit, dislike, escape 例句： I enjoy listening to music. 我喜欢听音乐。 He finished writing the report. 他写完了报告。 Would you mind opening the window? 介意开窗吗？ （2）介词后面必须接 ving 介词：in /on/at /of/about /for/without /besides等。 短语（介词结尾的短语）：be good at, be interested in, give up, look forward to, pay attention to，look forward to He is good at swimming. 他擅长游泳。 I look forward to seeing you. 我期待见到你。 She left without saying goodbye. 她没道别就走了。 （3）既可接 doing 也可 to do，含义不同（高频考点） 动词 doing to do remember 记得做过…（已做） 记得要去做…（未做） forget 忘记做过…（已做） 忘记要做…（未做） stop 停止正在做的事 停下来，去做另一件事 try 尝试做（试一试） 努力 / 设法去做 regret 后悔做了某事 遗憾要去做某事 例句： I remember closing the door. 我记得关过门了（已关） I remember to close the door. 我记得要去关门（还没关） 📝记忆口诀 系动词后是表语，主表互换动名词； 动词介词后作宾，固定搭配记分明； to 若结尾要注意，分清to do和介词 语法专练： 用所给词的正确形式填空。 1.（2026·全国一卷）Before _____________ (head) home, they fill their shopping bags with fresh fruit and vegetables from local farmers, at prices significantly cheaper than those found in supermarkets. 2.（2026·全国二卷） At the end of the lesson, I feel wide awake, despite it still (be) early at 8 am. It’s time for my dan tian (meet) another life force: coffee. 3.（2025·全国一卷）“The exhibition brings together Go culture, cutting-edge technology and contemporary art,” says Tu. “We hope (present)the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context, and initiate dialogues with minimalist art, conceptual art and expressionism.” 4.（2024·全国一卷题）These sepals (萼片) open on warm days to give the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. The design features ten steel “'sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium(铝). In cold weather, the structure stays (close) to protect the plants. 5.（2021·全国二卷）I was so________ (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half. 6.（2020·全国一卷）They represent the earth (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 7.（2019·全国二卷）A 90-year-old has been awarded "Woman Of The Year" for （be）Britain's oldest full-time employee — still working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which she opened with her late husband Les. 8.（2018·全国一卷）According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years longer than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ____________ (die) early by running. 9.（2018·全国三卷） I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel (challenge). 10.（2017·全国一卷）Fast food is full of fat and salt; by   (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. 11.（2017·全国二卷） It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top. 12.（2017·全国三卷）But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her education. 【答案】 1. heading 2.being ；to meet 3.to present 4.closed 5.excited 6.coming 7.being 8.to see; dying 9.looking; challenged 10.eating 11.laying 12. to prove 【详解】 1..heading考查非谓语动词。Before为介词，后接-ing形式作宾语，故填heading。heading home 意为“回家"。2.第一空being考查非谓语动词。空白处位于介词despite之后，应用动名词，故填being。代词it为其逻辑主语，此处构成动名词的复合结构作介词despite 的宾语。 第二空to meet 考查非谓语动词。it is time for sb/sth to do sth 是定搭配，意为“是某人/某物该做某事的时候了”，故填to meet。 3,to present 考查非谓语动词。hope to do sth是固定搭配，故空白处填to present. 4.closed此处考查词性转换。stays“保持”是系动词，后接过去分词形容词作表语，表示被动，故填closed，意为“关闭的” 5.excited考查非谓语动词。句意：当他给我回信时，我很兴奋。该空作was之后的表语，用形容词，修饰人，用v+ed形式的过去分词做表语，所以填excited。 6.coming谓语动词represent的宾语是带逻辑主语的动名词短语，the earth是动名词coming的逻辑主语。 .being 考查非谓语动词，动名词做宾语, 介词后应用动词的-ing形式作宾语。 7..being 考查非谓语动词，动名词做宾语, 介词后应用动词的-ing形式作宾语。 8.第一空是to see 考查非谓语动词，不定式做目的状语。 根据句意“要见到效果，你不必快跑或长时间地跑”，to see作目的状语。 第二空是dying 考查非谓语动词，动名词做宾语，介词后应用die的动名词形式dying。 9.第一空是looking 考查非谓语动词(动名词) avoid后接动名词作宾语。avoid doing sth意为“避免做某事”，第二空是challenged 考查非谓语动词(过去分词) 主语he与challenge (对......挑战)为被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。 10.eating 考查非谓语动词 (动名词) “by + 动名词” 作方式状语。此处意为 “吃大量的快餐，人们将摄入超过他们饮食所需的更多的盐和油脂”。 11.laying 考查非谓语动词（动名词） include后接动名词做宾语，本句中and连接三个并列的动名词短语（digging up the road, laying the track，building a strong roof over the top）作include的宾语。 12.to prove 考查非谓语动词 (动词不定式) want to do sth 意为 “想要做某事”，动词不定式作宾语。 三、单元写作清单 一、话题分析 1. 核心话题 本单元写作核心为肢体语言（Body Language），属于人际交往与跨文化交际类话题，常以“描述肢体动作、分析肢体语言含义、对比中外肢体语言差异、谈论肢体语言的重要性”为写作核心，是高中英语高频应用文、议论文写作话题。 2. 考查题型与写作要求 常考题型：短文描述、观点议论文、书信建议、现象分析文 核心考查点：精准描写面部表情、肢体动作；区分不同场景肢体语言的意义；体现跨文化交际差异；阐述肢体语言在沟通中的作用 得分关键：拒绝简单动词堆砌，使用高级动作描写词汇；逻辑清晰，有现象、有分析、有总结；贴合文化语境，规避交际误区 3. 写作核心立意 肢体语言是无声的语言，是人际沟通的重要载体，不同文化肢体语言存在差异，正确使用肢体语言能够促进交流、消除隔阂、传递真诚，不当的肢体动作会造成误解、影响交际。 2、 万能写作框架 三段式框架 第一段：开篇引入（点明地位） 总述肢体语言的核心地位，点明它是人际、跨文化交流中不可或缺的无声沟通方式。 第二段：主体详述（特色+差异） 阐述不同肢体动作的不同含义，区分积极与消极肢体语言的作用；补充肢体语言存在文化差异，不当使用会造成沟通误解（写作优先使用单元分词句型）。 第三段：结尾升华（价值+呼吁） 总结肢体语言的沟通价值，强调掌握得体肢体语言的重要性，呼吁合理运用肢体语言，规避误解、维系良好人际关系。 三、高分写作素材 1. 核心高分词汇 ✅积极肢体动作 make steady eye contact 保持坚定的眼神交流 wear a sincere/broad smile 露出真诚/灿烂的笑容 nod one's head slightly 轻轻点头 stand straight and hold one's head high 昂首挺胸，站姿端正 shake hands firmly 坚定地握手 lean forward slightly 微微前倾身体（表示专注倾听） ✅ 消极肢体动作（紧张、抗拒、不悦） avoid eye contact 回避眼神交流 cross one's arms over one's chest 交叉双臂 frown slightly 微微皱眉 shake one's head violently 用力摇头 fidget with one's fingers 摆弄手指（焦躁不安） lower one's head in shame 羞愧地低下头 ✅ 抽象核心词汇 non-verbal communication 非语言交流 convey/express emotions 传递情绪 eliminate misunderstanding 消除误解 cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 appropriate/inappropriate 得体的/不得体的 reflect one's inner feelings 反映内心想法 2. 万能高分句型 Body language is a mirror of one's inner world. 肢体语言是人的内心镜子。 A simple gesture can speak louder than words. 无声的手势胜过千言万语。 Different body movements correspond to different moods and attitudes. 不同的肢体动作对应不同的情绪与态度。 What we act silently often leaves a deeper impression than what we say. 我们无声的举动往往比言语更令人印象深刻。 Improper body language may lead to unnecessary confusion in communication. 不得体的肢体语言会引发不必要的沟通困惑。 3. 满分升华金句 True communication lies not only in sincere words but also in proper body language. 真正的沟通，不仅在于真诚的言语，更在于得体的肢体语言。 Mastering body language is a key to harmonious interpersonal relationships. 掌握肢体语言是维系和谐人际关系的关键。 四、必背范文 范文一： The Power of Body Language Body language is an important part of communication. It includes all kinds of body movements, facial expressions and eye contact. Though it has no words, it can show our real feelings clearly. In our daily life, we use body language all the time. When we agree with others, we usually nod our heads and smile. If we are interested in a talk, we will lean forward and listen carefully. However, if we feel bored or nervous, we may avoid looking at others or fidget with our hands. What’s more, body language is different in different cultures. For example, some gestures that mean welcome in China may have different meanings in Western countries. In short, body language plays an important role in interpersonal communication. We should learn to use proper body language in different situations to avoid misunderstanding and make our communication more effective. 范文二： Silent Language That Speaks Louder As an essential part of non-verbal communication, body language serves as a silent bridge connecting people’s hearts. It subtly reflects our inner emotions, attitudes and intentions, often delivering more authentic messages than verbal language. Every subtle body movement carries unique meanings. A sincere smile and steady eye contact are universally regarded as symbols of kindness and credibility, helping to shorten the distance between strangers. Leaning forward slightly while listening shows respect and concentration, which always leaves a favorable impression on others. On the contrary, crossing arms, frowning or avoiding eye contact usually indicates defensiveness, anxiety or disagreement. Furthermore, body language bears distinct cultural characteristics. The same gesture may convey totally opposite meanings in different cultural backgrounds, which is likely to cause cross-cultural misunderstanding if we lack relevant knowledge. From my perspective, mastering appropriate body language is a vital social skill. It enables us to express ourselves accurately, build harmonious interpersonal relationships and achieve successful communication in both daily life and cross-cultural exchanges. 易错点01 break down / break up 【错因辨析】 1. break down ①(机器、车辆) 出故障，坏掉 My car broke down on the way. 我的车在路上抛锚了。 ②(身体、精神) 垮掉 He broke down after longtime stress. 长期压力下他身体垮了。 ③(谈判、关系) 失败，破裂 Talks between the two sides broke down. 双方谈判破裂。 ④分解；拆分 Over time, the protein in the eggshell breaks down into its constituent amino acids.  随着时间的推移,蛋壳中的蛋白质分解成其构成成分氨基酸。 ⑤情绪失控大哭 She broke down and cried. 她控制不住哭了起来。 ⑥ 砸倒 (门、障碍物) An unruly mob broke down police barricades and stormed the courtroom.  一群无法无天的暴徒捣毁了警障冲进了法庭。 ⑦ 破除 (障碍、偏见等)  Women's sports are breaking down the barriers in previously male-dominated domains.  女子体育运动正在打破障碍进入一些先前由男子占主导地位的领域。 2. break up (1).粉碎；破碎 The ship broke up on the rocks.船触礁撞碎了。 (2).结束 Their marriage has broken up.他们的婚姻已经破裂。 (3).散开；解散 The meeting broke up at eleven o'clock.会议在十一点散会。 (4).（学校）期终放假 When do you break up for Christmas?你们什么时候放假过圣诞节？ (5).变得虚弱；垮掉 He was breaking up under the strain.过度的劳累使他快要垮了。 (6).捧腹大笑 Woody Allen makes me just break up.伍迪•艾伦令我几乎笑破肚皮。 (7) .(情侣、夫妻) 分手；（关系）破裂 They broke up last month. 他们上个月分手了。 【对点训练】 用break down /break up填空。 1. （2017·全国一卷)When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to_________________________ the still every time you need a drink. 2. （2025·全国二卷)Volunteering can be the first step in_______________ prejudice. 3. Their relationship finally ____________ because of frequent arguments. 4. The peace talks ____________ and no agreement was signed. 5. My bike ____________ on my way to school yesterday. 6. After hearing the bad news, she ____________ and burst into tears. 7. The police came to ____________ the angry crowd. 8. We should try our best to ____________ cultural barriers. 9. They ____________ two years ago, but they are still good friends. 10. If the machine ____________, please turn it off at once. 【答案】1.break down 2.breaking down 3.broke up 4.broke down 5.broke down 6.broke down 7.break up 8.break down 9.broke up 10.breaks down 【解析】 1.break down 解析： have to 后接动词原形。break down 此处表示 “拆开、拆解”。句意：容器满了之后，你可以通过管子吸出饮料，不必每次喝水都把蒸馏装置拆开。 2.breaking down 解析：介词 in 后面接动名词 doing；break down prejudice 固定搭配 “消除偏见”。句意：做志愿工作可以是消除偏见的第一步。 3.broke up 解析：描述过去发生，用一般过去时。break up 指（恋人 / 伴侣）关系破裂、分手。句意：由于频繁争吵，他们最终分道扬镳。 4.broke down 解析：一般过去时；break down 专指谈判、会谈失败、破裂。句意：和平谈判破裂，没有达成任何协议。 5.broke down 解析：yesterday 一般过去时；break down （交通工具）出故障、抛锚。句意：昨天上学路上我的自行车坏了。 6.broke down 解析：一般过去时；break down 表示（情绪）失控、崩溃。句意：听到噩耗，她情绪崩溃大哭起来。 7.break up 解析：to 不定式后用动词原形；break up 驱散（人群）。句意：警察赶来驱散愤怒的人群。 8.break down 解析：to 不定式后用动词原形；break down barriers 固定搭配：打破障碍。句意：我们应当尽全力打破文化壁垒。 9.broke up 解析：two years ago 一般过去时；break up（情侣）分手。句意：他们两年前分手，但依旧是好朋友。 10.breaks down 解析：if 引导条件状语从句，主将从现；主语 the machine 单数，谓语用三单。break down（机器）出故障。句意：如果机器发生故障，请立刻关闭它。 易错点02 by contrast / by comparison 【错因辨析】 1. by contrast 👉侧重反差、对立，差异大，截然相反（强调两者的不同、反差） A 是这样，相比之下B 完全不一样。 例句： She is very outgoing. By contrast, her sister is quiet. 她很外向。相比之下，她妹妹很内向。 （性格反差明显） Tom is quite optimistic. By contrast, his brother is always pessimistic. 汤姆很乐观。相比之下，他的兄弟总是很悲观。（By contrast 强烈反差） Some cultures value direct eye contact. By contrast, avoiding eye contact shows respect in other cultures. 有些文化看重直接眼神交流。相比之下，在另一些文化中回避目光才代表尊重。（强烈反差→by contrast） 2. by comparison 👉侧重放在一起比较，可以比不同，也可以比相似；偏客观对照，不一定强烈对立，常常用来指出程度上的差别。 把 A 和 B 放在一起做参照对比。 例句： This city’s traffic is heavy, but by comparison, our town is peaceful.（by comparison 客观参照） Gestures are often easy to understand. By comparison, some facial expressions are harder to interpret. 手势通常容易理解。相较而言，有些面部表情更难解读。（客观对照→by comparison） 【对点训练】 用by contrast 和by comparison 填空。 1.Most birds fly south in winter. ____________, some stay in the north. 2.The house is large, but , the apartment is much smaller. 3.The task is difficult for me. ____________, it is quite easy for my deskmate. 4.The winter here is mild. ____________, winters in the north are much colder. 5.Human bodies react quickly to danger. ____________, plants respond to threats much more slowly. 【答案】1.By contrast 2.By comparison 3.By contrast 4.By comparison 5.By comparison 【详解】 1.By contrast解析：大部分鸟类南飞，而有些留在北方，是截然相反的两种行为，反差强烈。 句意：大多数鸟类冬天飞往南方。相比之下，有一些留在北方。 2.By comparison 解析：客观尺寸对比，不一定是截然对立。 句意：这套房子很大，但相较而言，那套公寓要小得多。 3.By contrast 解析：对我很难，但对同桌很容易，情况完全相反，强烈反差。 句意：这个任务对我来说很难。相比之下，对我的同桌却相当简单。 4.By comparison 解析：客观对比南北方冬天寒冷程度，突出程度差异，不是非黑即白的对立。 句意：这里的冬天很温和。相较而言，北方的冬天要冷得多。 5.By comparison 解析：客观对比人和植物应对危险反应速度，只是速度快慢的程度差别。 句意：人类身体对危险反应迅速。相较而言，植物对威胁的反应要慢得多。 易错点03 when引导宾语从句 / when引导时间状语从句/when引导定语从句 【错因辨析】 1.when 时间状语从句 功能：修饰主句谓语，交代 “主句动作发生在什么时间” 翻译：当…… 时 位置：可放句首、句中；动词后面不缺成分 例句1 When he came back, we began our discussion. 当他回来的时候，我们开始了讨论。 ▲去掉从句：We began our discussion.（主句完整）→状语从句 例句2 I was reading when the telephone rang. 电话铃响的时候我正在看书。 ▲去掉从句：I was reading.（主句完整）→状语从句 ▲时态小考点：when 引导时间状语从句，常考主将从现。 I will tell you when he arrives. 他到的时候我会告诉你。（状语从句：当…… 时候） 2.when 宾语从句 功能：放在及物动词 / 介词之后，充当宾语； 翻译：什么时候 ，去掉这个从句，主句动词缺少宾语，句子残缺。 例句1 I don’t know when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候会回来。 ▲去掉从句：I don’t know.（语义不完整，know 后面缺内容）→宾语从句 例句2 Please tell me when the meeting will start. 请告诉我会议什么时候开始。 tell sb sth，when 从句作直接宾语。 ⚠️极易混淆的一句话（高考高频） ① I will tell you when he arrives. 当他到的时候，我会告诉你。 👉when 状语从句：when = 当……；从句用一般现在表将来 ② I will tell you when he will arrive. 我会告诉你他什么时候会到。 👉when 宾语从句：when = 什么时候；从句该用将来就用将来 3.when引导定语从句 when是关系副词 ，修饰前面表示时间的名词（先行词），翻译：“…… 的时候” 核心判定 —— 定语从句 when ▲前面必须有表示时间的先行词（time, day, moment, year, period 等） when = 介词 + which（on which /in which），在从句中作时间状语。 例句 I still remember the day when we first met. 我还记得我们初次见面的那一天。 👉先行词：the day（时间名词）；when = on which ⚠删掉 when 从句，主句：I still remember the day. 语法完整，但the day 这个名词缺少修饰限定。 区别小结： 从句类型 核心标志 when 含义 关键判断点 时间状语从句 无时间先行词；when 独立引导从句 当…… 时候 去掉从句，主句完整；主将从现，从句不用 will 宾语从句 放在动词 / 介词后面作宾语 什么时候 去掉从句，主句句意残缺；从句可使用 will 定语从句 前面有时间类先行词(day/time/year…)；when = 介词 + which …… 的（那个时候） when 用来修饰前面的名词；可替换为 on/in which 【对点训练】 判断是宾语从句，定语从句还是时间状语从句,并翻译成汉语。 1. （2021·全国一卷)The staff is friendly and helpful, providing you with a map of the city when you arrive. 2. (2023·全国一卷) It might be the time when you helped a friend with their homework. 3. (2021·全国一卷)But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. 4. (2021·全国一卷)Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. 5. (2024·全国一卷)He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. 6. (2023·全国一卷)When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. 7. (2021·全国二卷)Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools. 8. （2017·全国二卷)It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available. 【答案】 1.时间状语从句 翻译：工作人员友好且乐于助人，在你抵达时会为你提供一张城市地图。 2.定语从句 翻译：那或许就是你帮朋友辅导作业的那段时光。 3. 定语从句 翻译：但是和所有演出一样，总会出现事情出差错的时刻。 4. 时间状语从句 翻译：尽管如此，当这个活动季结束时，我们大多数志愿者都会松一口气。 5. 定语从句 翻译：20 年前，在他遭受剧烈背痛的那段时期，他开始对替代疗法产生兴趣。 6. 时间状语从句 翻译：约翰・托德小时候，喜欢探索家周边的树林，观察大自然如何解决种种难题。 7. 定语从句 翻译：在学校艺术教育地位不断被削弱的这样一个时期，安德里亚这个汇集各领域艺术家与儿童直接接触的出色项目格外受欢迎。 8. 宾语从句 翻译：你要让他们知道你什么时候有空，这一点很重要。 【详解】 1.when 意为 “当…… 的时候”；无时间先行词，从句交代动作发生时间；去掉 when 从句，主句语义完整；时间状语从句，主将从现，从句用一般现在时表将来。 2.先行词为the time（时间名词）；when 为关系副词，可替换为 in which，修饰 the time。 3. 先行词moments（时刻，时间名词）；when 是关系副词，可替换为 at which，限定 moments。 4. when 意为 “当…… 时候”；无先行词，交代主句动作发生时间；去掉从句主句完整。 5. 先行词为20 years ago（表时间）；when=in which，修饰前面的时间；易错：不是状语从句，when 修饰前面的时间名词，限定是哪一个 20 年前。 6. when 意为 “当…… 的时候”，置于句首，无先行词，交代主句动作时间；去掉从句，主句完整。 7. 先行词a time（时期）；when=in which，修饰 a time，典型定语从句考题。 8. when 从句作 know 的宾语；when 翻译为什么时候；从句使用 will，表将来；去掉从句后 you let them know语义残缺，缺少知道的内容。 一、默写重点单词 1.______________________n. 愤怒；怒气；vt. 使生气；激怒 2._____________________ adj. 可靠的；可信赖的 3._____________________ adj. 轻微的；略微的；细小的 4._____________________ n. 教师；教育工作者；教育家 5._____________________ n. 趋势；倾向 6._____________________ n. 焦虑；担心；害怕 7._____________________ adj. 难堪的；尴尬的 8._____________________ adj. 羞愧；惭愧 9._____________________ adj. 合适的；恰当的 10._____________________ n. 手势；姿势；姿态 11._____________________ vt. 当场看到；目击；见证；n. 目击者；证人 12._____________________ n. 评价；评定 13._____________________ n. 发生的事情；严重事件；冲突 14._____________________adv. 几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚 15._____________________ adv. 只是；仅仅；只不过 16._____________________ n. 矛盾；冲突；vi. 冲突；抵触 17._____________________ vi. 干预；介入 18._____________________n. 隔阂；障碍 19._____________________ adj. 内部的；里面的 20._____________________ vt. 表现；表达；说明；证明 【答案】 1. anger 2.reliable 3.slight 4.educator 5.tendency 6.anxiety 7.embarrassed 8.ashamed 9.appropriate 10.gesture 11.witness 12.assessment 13.incident 14.barely 15.merely 16.conflict 17.intervene 18.barrier 19.internal 20.demonstrate 二、词汇运用 1.The expressions on people’s faces _______________(变化) with their moods. 2.I don’t________________ ________(赞同) his rude behaviour in public. 3.More young people _______________(雇佣) in this hightech company since last year. 4.The two gestures _______________(不同) greatly in meaning though they look alike. 5.Quite a few citizens are _______________(支持) of the new public rules. 6.You need to get some _______________(可靠的) data before carrying out the survey. 7.She _______________(放低) her head, avoiding direct eye contact with strangers. 8.It is impolite _______________(盯着看) at others for a long time. 9.It is difficult for children _______________(区分) right from wrong sometimes. 10. Lack of communication may cause great _______________(焦虑) among teenagers. 11.He has made several _______________(调整) to his gestures in crosscultural communication. 12.Experts are required _______________(评估) the influence of body language. 13.His smile _______________(暗示) that he was satisfied with the result. 14.When I called him, he _______________(忙于) with preparing for the coming speech. 15.How would you _______________(作出反应) to such a strange gesture? 16.After plenty of practice, he _______________(最终) mastered the skills of nonverbal communication. 【答案】 1.vary 2.approve of 3.have been employed 4.differ 5.in favour of 6.reliable 7.lowered 8.to stare 9.to distinguish 10.anxiety 11.adjustments 12.to assess 13.implied 14.was occupied 15.react 16.ultimately 三、重点句型 1.我们可以通过观察肢体语言读懂他人的情绪。(by doing ) We can read others’ emotions________________________________ their body language. 2.在和外国人交流时，你应当留意手势的文化差异。（while doing） ___________________________________________, you should pay attention to cultural differences in gestures. 3.当你感到孤独时，没有什么比和家人谈心更好。（there is nothing better than doing） When you feel lonely, ______________________________________________________your family. 4.虽然手势在日常生活中十分常见，但它们在不同文化中含义不一样。（while 让步状语从句） ________________________________________ in daily life, they have different meanings in different cultures. 【答案】 1.by observing 2.While communicating with foreigners 3. there is nothing better than chatting with 4.While gestures are very common 四、课文语法填空 Words are important in daily communication, but the way people stand, hold their arms and move their hands also conveys their true inner feelings and attitudes. Body language, 1.______________ (include) facial expressions, eye movements and physical gestures, plays a vital role in cross-cultural communication, which is often 2._______________ (power) than spoken words and cannot be easily hidden. Some basic gestures share the same meaning worldwide and need no extra explanation. Placing hands together on the side of the head with eyes 3._________________ (close) means “sleep”. Moving hands in circles over the stomach after meals shows that someone is full and satisfied. Among all body language, smiling is the most universal expression, 4.__________________ can express happiness, warmth and friendliness in every corner of the world. However, many gestures vary 5._____________ (great) across cultures and can cause misunderstanding. The familiar “OK” gesture has totally different meanings. In Japan, it stands for money, while in France, people regard it as zero. Worse still, it 6.__________________ (consider) rude in Brazil and Germany. There are also obvious cultural 7._________________(differ) in eye contact, one of the most important forms of non-verbal communication. In Middle Eastern countries, eye contact between men 8._____________ women is usually not permitted in public. In Japan, looking down while 9._______________(talk) shows sincere respect for elders and strangers. By contrast, in Western countries, maintaining gentle and steady eye contact is a sign of sincerity, confidence and full attention during communication. Body language is 10.____________ essential and irreplaceable part of daily communication. Since cultural differences exist everywhere in global communication, we should learn to observe and recognize diverse body language to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding. Only by respecting different cultural customs and communication habits can we communicate with people from all over the world smoothly and build better interpersonal relationships. 【答案】 1.including 2.more powerful 3.closed 4.which 5.greatly 6.is considered 7.differences 8.and 9.talking 10.an 【详解】 1.including 解析：介词 including 意为 “包括”，后面直接接列举的名词；including + 名词作插入语。句意：肢体语言，包括面部表情、眼球转动以及肢体手势，在跨文化交流中起到重要作用。 2.more powerful 解析：后面有比较级标志词than，powerful 是多音节形容词，比较级加 more。句意：它往往比口头语言更有力量，且难以隐藏。 3.closed 解析：with 复合结构：with + 宾语 (eyes) + 形容词。closed 形容词，“闭着的”，描述眼睛的状态。close 作形容词表示 “近的”，不能表示 “闭合的”。 4.which 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词 expression（物），从句缺主语，用 which，不能用 that。 5.greatly 解析：修饰动词 vary 要用副词。great 的副词形式 greatly，意为 “很大程度上”。vary greatly 差异很大。 6.is considered 解析：被动语态。it（OK 手势）和 consider 是被动关系；全文一般现在时。be considered + adj. 被认为……。句意：更糟糕的是，在巴西和德国，它被视作无礼的。 7.differences 解析：cultural 形容词后接名词；谓语 are 提示主语为复数。differ 动词→difference 名词，复数 differences。cultural differences 文化差异。 8.and 解析：固定搭配 between A and B “在 A 和 B 之间”。between men and women 男女之间。 9.talking 解析：状语从句省略：while (sb is) talking。当从句主语和主句主语一致，且含有 be 动词，省略主语和 be，保留现在分词 talking。 10.an 解析：part 是可数名词单数；essential 以元音音素开头，用不定冠词 an。an essential part 一个必不可少的部分。 五、阅读理解 A Body language is an essential part of communication and can be just as important as our spoken language. Body language can be both conscious and unconscious actions, so it is important to make sure your body is sending the same messages as your words to ensure good communication. These actions can strengthen the verbal messages you’re sending or they can lead to mistrust and confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding. Body language can make interacting with others and expressing yourself much easier, but it can also introduce new challenges. Some nonverbal signs unintentionally communicate parts of us that we don’t want others to know. For example, bad posture or fidgeting (坐立不安的) may communicate lack of confidence, something we may not intend others to know. But body language can strengthen our verbal messages and solidify what we are telling others. Making eye contact or taking notes while someone is speaking can communicate genuine (真正的) interest. Without these signs, teachers may not be able to assess a student’s understanding. When you’re speaking sincerely, it’s natural for your body language to respond to your words through gestures or facial expressions. We also use gestures in conversations to tell stories or describe objects often using hand signals to show how big or small something is. These are largely unconscious, naturally occurring forms of body language. It can be difficult to communicate confidence in your actions when you may not feel it internally. When you display confident body language, such as good posture or eye contact, even if you’re making a conscious effort, studies have shown that it can make you feel more confident. When speaking to others, practice controlling the impulse (冲动) to fidget and planting your feet confidently to increase self-esteem. 1．What will your body language tell if it can’t go with your speech? A．Probable disbelief. B．A dull speech. C．An unclear condition. D．True meaning behind words. 2．Why does the author give some examples in Paragraph 2? A．To show body language can help us all the time. B．To tell body language can show the true side of us. C．To explain how challenging it is to read body language. D．To tell teachers how to judge a student’s understanding. 3．What can we know from the last two paragraphs? A．Hand signals are essential ways to make us understood. B．Naturally occurring forms of body language make us confident. C．Proper body language can help us a lot in gaining confidence. D．When speaking to others, try your best to hide your body language. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Communicating with Body Language B．Understanding Others by Body Language C．Being Smart in Showing Your Body Language D．Getting to Know Your Friends Through Body Language 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。全文说明肢体语言在我们生活中的作用。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“These actions can strengthen the verbal messages you’re sending or they can lead to mistrust and confusion—signs of poor communication and misunderstanding. (这些行为可能会强化你发送的口头信息，也可能导致不信任或困惑——沟通不畅和误解的迹象。)”可知，如果肢体语言与我们语言不一致，就有可能传递不信任或者困惑的信息。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“Some nonverbal signs unintentionally communicate parts of us that we don’t want others to know. For example, bad posture or fidgeting (坐立不安的) may communicate lack of confidence, something we may not intend others to know. (一些非语言符号无意中传达了我们自己不想让别人知道的部分。例如，不良的姿势或坐立不安可能会传达出缺乏自信，这是我们可能不想让别人知道的。)”可以推断出，作者举例说明有些非语言性的符号能展现我们真实的一面。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“When you’re speaking sincerely, it’s natural for your body language to respond to your words through gestures or facial expressions. We also use gestures in conversations to tell stories or describe objects often using hand signals to show how big or small something is. These are largely unconscious, naturally occurring forms of body language. (当你真诚地说话时，你的肢体语言会通过手势或面部表情来回应你的话，这是很自然的。我们在谈话中也会用手势来讲故事或描述物体，通常用手势来显示物体的大小。这些大多是无意识的、自然发生的肢体语言。)”以及最后一段“It can be difficult to communicate confidence in your actions when you may not feel it internally. When you display confident body language, such as good posture or eye contact, even if you’re making a conscious effort, studies have shown that it can make you feel more confident. When speaking to others, practice controlling the impulse (冲动) to fidget and planting your feet confidently to increase self-esteem. (当你可能没有内在感觉时，很难对自己的行为表达信心。研究表明，当你表现出自信的肢体语言时，比如良好的姿势或眼神交流，即使你在有意识地努力，也会让你感到更加自信。在与他人交谈时，练习控制烦躁的冲动，自信地站稳脚跟，以增强自尊。)”可知，作者讲述的合适的肢体语言能让我们展现自信的一面可推断，合适的身体语言能在自信中帮助我们。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章第一段“Body language is an essential part of communication and can be just as important as our spoken language. Body language can be both conscious and unconscious actions, so it is important to make sure your body is sending the same messages as your words to ensure good communication. These actions can strengthen the verbal messages you’re sending or they can lead to mistrust and confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding. (肢体语言是交际的重要组成部分，与口语交流同样重要。肢体语言可以是有意识的，也可以是无意识的，所以确保你的身体发出的信息与你的言语相同，以确保良好的沟通是很重要的。这些行为可能会强化你发送的口头信息，也可能导致不信任或困惑——沟通不畅和误解的迹象。)”可知，文章讲述了身体语言在帮助我们沟通上的作用。所以A项“Communicating with Body Language (用肢体语言交流)”符合语境。故选A项。 B Suppose you are out shopping and come across a friend who starts telling you a story that seems to be dragging on and on. You want to seem interested, so you offer the occasional “Oh” or “I see”. To your surprise, though, this person angrily stops in his tracks and says, “Sorry if I’m boring you!” Where did this come from? Clearly, your body language must have betrayed (出卖) you. The idea that verbal (口头的) and nonverbal messages can conflict was the inspiration for a recently published study from Yale University’s Lucylle Armentano. As part of her study of communication in relationships, Armentano’s research also examined communication channels in people meeting for the first time. To test the role of a mismatch between verbal messages and nonverbal messages on emotional communication, Armentano and her partner created experimental conditions to see what happens when someone asks for help from strangers. The research team created videotapes of a Yale student expressing nervousness in his words, with gestures, or both. The gestures included running his hands through his hair, grabbing his arms, and facially expressing uneasiness. The key question was whether the other participants, another 82 Yale students, would believe the student and provide the help he was requesting. They needed to give their responses. Turning to the findings, those nonverbal cues for nervousness had a greater impact on helping behavior than the verbal cues. Surprisingly, helping behavior was the highest when verbal expressions of nervousness were low but nonverbal cues were high. Recognizing that your body language can outweigh your words means that you need to be mindful of what your body is doing when you’re interacting with others. Generally, when someone is speaking to you, you want to look like you’re interested. Not only should you maintain eye contact, but you should keep your body still and face toward that person. If you’re not trying to look interested, it may be more polite to say you have to be somewhere else. 5．What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The obvious advantages of body language. B．A situation where body language is a must. C．The proper way to interact with old friends. D．An example of a mismatch between verbal and nonverbal expressions. 6．What were the 82 Yale students asked to do? A．Respond to the student’s request. B．Identify the types of body language. C．Express nervousness in their words. D．Try to win the nervous student’s trust. 7．What played a more important role in helping the student win kindness? A．His gestures of nervousness. B．His sincere verbal expressions. C．His positive attitude to nervousness. D．His good manners in front of others. 8．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．Make a prediction. B．Offer some advice. C．Present some facts. D．Give some warnings. 【答案】 5．D 6．A 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是耶鲁大学的Lucylle Armentano最近发表了一份研究报告，研究表明与人互动时，你的肢体语言可以胜过你的口头语言。 【详解】 5．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“You want to seem interested, so you offer the occasional “Oh” or “I see”. To your surprise, though, this person angrily stops in his tracks and says, “Sorry if I’m boring you!”(你想让对方觉得你很感兴趣，所以你偶尔会说“哦”或“我明白了”。然而，令你惊讶的是，这个人生气地停下脚步，说：“对不起，如果我让你感到无聊了！”)”可知，第一段主要讲的是一个语言和非语言表达不匹配的例子。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The key question was whether the other participants, another 82 Yale students, would believe the student and provide the help he was requesting. They needed to give their responses.(关键问题是，其他参与者，即另外82名耶鲁学生，是否会相信这位学生，并提供他所要求的帮助。他们需要做出回应。)”可知，82名耶鲁学生被要求回应学生的要求。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据文章第四段的“Surprisingly, helping behavior was the highest when verbal expressions of nervousness were low but nonverbal cues were high.(令人惊讶的是，当语言表达紧张程度低而非语言暗示紧张程度高时，帮助行为是最高的。)”可知，在帮助学生赢得善意方面，他表达紧张的手势起了更重要的作用。故选A。 8．推理判断题。通读文章最后一段，尤其是根据该段中的第一句“Recognizing that your body language can outweigh your words means that you need to be mindful of what your body is doing when you’re interacting with others.(意识到你的肢体语言比你的语言更重要，这意味着当你与他人互动时，你需要注意你的身体在做什么。)”可知，本段作者主要给出了一些建议。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $