02 必修二 Unit 2 Let's celebrate! -2025年新高考英语一轮总复习筑基培优方案（外研版2019）

必修第二册 Unit 2 Let's celebrate! 知识背诵清单通关练 （第一关）重点单词精选精背储备能量+核心词汇之转换词形词性 （第二关）重点短语再现背诵及研磨记忆巩固 （第三关）梳理核心词汇之转换词形词性及情境研磨记忆巩固 （第四关）基本句型模仿背诵及巩固情境研磨记忆巩固 （第五关）必备重点语法精讲精练 （第一关）重点单词精选精背储备能量 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. harvest n. 收成 2．regardless adv. 不管，不顾 3．fantasy n. 幻想，想象 4．novel n. (长篇)小说 5．limitless adj. 无限的 6．handwritten n. 手写的 7．warning n. 警告，警示，告诫 8．starving adj. 挨饿的，即将饿死的 9．indicate v. 表明，显示 10．request n. 请求，要求 11．wave v. 挥手，招手 12．admit v. (不情愿地)承认 13．effort n. 力气，精力 14．loss n. 失去，丧失 15．retired adj. 退休的 16．exist v. 存在，实际上有 17．nationality n. 国籍；民族 18．interact v. 互动 19．joy n. 欢欣，愉快，喜悦 20．fancy adj. 花哨的，别致的 21．dessert n. (饭后的)甜食，甜品，甜点 22．embrace v. 欣然接受，乐意采纳(新思想、意见等) 23．adult n. 成人，成年人 24．process n. (为达到某目标的)过程，进程 25．overseas adv. 在海外，在外国 26．global adj. 全球的，全世界的 27．citizen n. 公民，市民 核心词汇之转换词形词性 1.honour v. 向 ……表示敬意→honourable adj. 可敬的 2．decoration n. 装饰物→decorate vt. 装饰，布置，美化 3．freedom n. 自由，自由权利→free adj. 自由的→freely adv. 自由地，不受限制地，畅通地 4．participate v. 参加，参与→participation n. 参加→participant n. 参与者，参加者 5．inequality n. (社会上的)不平等→equal adj. 平等的→equally adv. 平等地→equality n. 平等，相等 6．regular adj. 频繁的，经常的→regularly adv. 经常；有规律地 7．complain v. 抱怨，不满，发牢骚→complaint n. 抱怨 8．attract v. 吸引，引起……的兴趣→attractive adj. 吸引人的，有魅力的→attraction n. 吸引力；具有吸引力的事物或人 9．competition n. 比赛，竞赛→compete vi. 比赛，竞争→competitive adj. 竞争性的→competitor n. 竞争者；对手 10．formal adj. 正式的→(反义词) informal adj. 非正式的 11．host n. 东道主，主人→hostess n. 女主人 12．occasion n. 场合，时刻→occasional adj. 偶尔的，偶然的→occasionally adv. 偶尔，间或 （第二关）重点短语再现背诵及研磨记忆巩固 1．take place 发生；举办 2．in memory of 为了纪念 3．regardless of 不管，不顾 4．be made into 被制成…… 5．be based on 以……为基础 6．regard ... as ... 把……视作…… 7．be addressed to sb 写信给某人 8．complain about ... 抱怨…… 9．stop sb (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事 10．instead of 代替，而不是 11．wrap ... up (用纸、布等)把……包起来 12．all over the world 遍及全世界 13．replace ... with ... 用……替代…… 14．put up 挂起，建造，张贴 15．be dressed as ... 穿着……的衣服，打扮成…… 16．check out (因某人或某事有趣或吸引人而)查看，观看，看一看 17．decorate ... with ... 用……装点…… 18．on time 按时 19．depend on 依靠……，依赖…… 20．pay attention to 注意 21．be keen on 喜爱，热衷于 22．no less than (对某一数目之大表示惊奇)多达 23．refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事 24．have nothing to do with ... 和……无关 25．in one's opinion 在某人看来 26．look forward to 盼望 27．not only ... but (also) ... 不但……而且…… 28．sell out 售完，卖光 29．interact with sb 和某人互动 第三关）梳理核心词汇之转换词形词性及情境研磨记忆巩固 ① honour v. 向……表示敬意(教材P13) 　单句语法填空 ①(朗文当代)The stadium was named in honour ________ the club's first chairman. ②(2020·江苏高考)Zhang Zhongjing has been honored ________ a master doctor since the Eastern Han Dynasty. ③(朗文当代)I felt very ________ (honour) to be included in the team. ④(朗文当代)A special dinner will be held ________ her honour. 答案：①of　②as　③honoured　④in 　句型转换 ⑤(剑桥高阶)We are honoured to have you here tonight. →We ________________________ you here tonight. →It ________________________ you here tonight. 答案：⑤have the honour of having; is our honour to have ② participate v. 参加，参与(教材P13) [名师点津]　participate是不及物动词，常与in搭配，其同义短语是join in, take part in。 　单句语法填空 ①(牛津高阶)Union leaders called for the active ________ (participate) of all members in the day of protest. ②(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)In the first experiment, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly (表面上) participate ________ a study about movie viewership. 答案：①participation　②in 　句型转换 ③(中国日报)China has promised to take an active part in cooperation initiatives to keep vaccine supply chains stable and safe. →China has promised to ________________ cooperation initiatives to keep vaccine supply chains stable and safe. 答案：③participate/join actively in ③ complain v. 抱怨，不满，发牢骚(教材P15) 　单句语法填空 ①(中国日报)Many app users have been complaining ________ the biggest lie they have ever been told is to select a condition in an app saying: “I have read all the information and I agree\”． ②(中国日报)E－commerce platforms and express delivery companies must strengthen cooperation to meet the varied demands of customers, giving them fewer reasons to complain ________ the services. 答案：①that　②about 　一句多译 ③我写此信意在投诉你们宾馆的服务。 I am now writing ________________ the service of your hotel. ＝I am now writing ________________________ the service of your hotel. 答案：③to complain about; to make a complaint about ④ request n. 请求，要求(教材P17) 　单句语法填空 ①(朗文当代)All club members are requested ________ (attend) the annual meeting. ②Our teacher made ________ request that we (should) be well prepared for the exam. ③He explained the meaning of the word again ________ my request. 答案：①to attend　②a　③at 　句型转换 ④(剑桥高阶)Visitors are requested not to walk on the grass. →____________________ visitors shouldn't walk on the grass. 答案：④It is requested that ⑤ attract v. 吸引，引起……的兴趣(教材P18) 　单句语法填空 ①(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)It's this strange form that makes race walking such an ________ (attract) activity, however. ②(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes is located just a 10－minute walk from the central city station and it's close to all of the city's main ________ (attract). ③(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)A few years later, still attracted ________ the country, Tom Bissell returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea. 答案：①attractive　②attractions　③to 　单句表达 ④(2019·浙江高考)幼鸟常常被温暖的路面所吸引，并被车辆所杀死。 Young birds __________________________________________________________________ and get killed by the traffic. 答案：④are often attracted to the warm road surface ⑥ admit v. (不情愿地)承认(教材P20) 　单句语法填空 ①Much to my relief, my son was eventually admitted ________ a key university. ②(剑桥高阶)The new law was generally admitted ________ (be) difficult to enforce. ③(剑桥高阶)I felt he would see my giving up now as an ________ (admit) that I was wrong. 答案：①to/into　②to be　③admission 　一句多译 ④(牛津高阶)他承认偷了那辆汽车。 He admitted ____________________. (－ing 短语作宾语) ＝He admitted ________________________. (宾语从句作宾语) 答案：④having stolen the car; that he had stolen the car ⑦ effort n. 力气，精力(教材P20) 　单句语法填空 ①The little boat rolled down the river ________ effort with the wind behind it. ②(中国日报)China has spared no effort ________ (assist) other countries to combat the pandemic through providing medical equipment and supplies as well as COVID－19 vaccines. ③More efforts, as reported, ________ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply­side structural reform. 答案：①without　②to assist　③will be made 　单句表达 ④(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)虽然昆士兰铁路公司尽一切努力确保列车按计划运行，但无法保证列车之间或列车服务与公共汽车服务之间的连接。 While Queensland Rail ________________________________ trains run as scheduled, there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services. 答案：④makes every effort/an effort/efforts to ensure ⑧ exist v. 存在，实际上有(教材P22) [名师点津]　exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。 　单句语法填空 ①(2019·江苏高考)Scientists are trying their best to save the species from going out of ________ (exist). ②(剑桥高阶)No one can be expected to exist ________ such a low salary. ③(2020·江苏高考)After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed ________ his world. ④(剑桥高阶)Modern cosmology believes the Universe to have come ________ existence about fifteen billion years ago. 答案：①existence　②on　③in　④into 　单句表达 ⑤(中国日报)目前没有任何证据表明这种病毒的实验室来源。 ________________________________ such a laboratory origin of the virus. 答案：⑤There currently exists zero evidence for ① in memory of 纪念(教材P13) 　选词填空 (in terms of/in memory of/in honour of/in view of)①(2019·江苏高考)With a large brain, human beings beat other beings ________________ intelligence. ②(中国日报)________________ the wealth of information available in the digital world, many people consider reading books to be old－fashioned. ③(柯林斯词典)The foundation is holding a dinner ________ something or other. ④(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T－shirt ________________ Earhart's final flight. 答案：①in terms of　②In view of　③in honour of ④in memory of 　单句表达 ⑤(中国日报)中国人民银行决定维持有利于实体经济的“合理”货币政策立场。 The People's Bank of China's decide to maintain a “reasonable” monetary policy position ________________________． 答案：⑤in favor of the real economy ② regardless of 不管，不顾(教材P13) 　单句语法填空 ①The keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless ________ whether someone gets the password right. 答案：①of 　单句表达 ②不管他正确与否，我们都得服从他的决定。 ________________ whether he is right or wrong, we have to abide by his decisions. ③(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)尽管关于情商的流行观点远远超出了研究所能合理支持的范围，但宣传的总体效果是利大于弊。 ____________ popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 答案：②Regardless of　③Although/Though/Despite/In spite of ③ be keen on 喜爱，热衷于(教材P20) [名师点津]　“渴望”的表达法荟萃： wish for/hope for sth be dying for sth long to do sth/for sth be anxious to do sth/for sth be eager to do sth/for sth 　单句语法填空 ①(剑桥高阶)My flatmates want to have a party, but I'm not keen ________ the idea. ②(剑桥高阶)They were very keen ________ (start) work as soon as possible. ③(剑桥高阶)The chairman is keen ________ the company should expand its product range. 答案：①on　②to start　③that 　一句多译 ④约翰告诉我，他不太想去参加明天的聚会。 John told me that he wasn't so ____________ going to tomorrow's party. ＝John told me that he wasn't so ____________ go to tomorrow's party. 答案：④keen on; keen to ① “do/does/did＋动词原形”结构 The letters did, however, change as Tolkien's children got older ... (教材P15)不过，随着托尔金的孩子们逐渐长大，信的内容也发生了变化…… (1)如果强调谓语动词，不能用强调句型，而要在动词原形前加助动词do，does或did，表示“的确，确实，真的”。 (2)这种强调结构只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式，且没有疑问和否定形式。 (3)在祈使句中使用“do＋动词原形”形式，往往不表示命令，而表示强烈的请求，有时表达更加客气的语气。 　单句语法填空 ①I ________ want to change the situation, but I don't know how. ②If he ________ decide to come, please let me know. ③My children ________ enjoy themselves while playing on the beach last Sunday. 答案：①do　②does　③did 　单句表达 ④过马路时一定要小心。 When crossing the street, ____________ careful. ⑤有了勇气和毅力，我确实进步很快。 With bravery and perseverance, I ________________________． 答案：④do be　⑤did make rapid progress ② not only ... but (also) ... 不仅……而且…… It was not only for the delicious food that we seldom got to eat, but for the opportunity to have our whole family gathered together.(教材P21)这不仅是因为我们很少吃到美味的食物，还因为有机会让我们全家人聚在一起。 (1)not only ... but also ... 用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，意为“不仅……而且……”；其中的also有时可以省略。 (2)not only ... but also ... 连接两个句子，且not only位于句首时， not only后面的句子要用部分倒装。 (3)not only ... but also ... 连接的两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致，即遵循就近原则。 　单句语法填空 ①Not only you but also he ________ (donate) money to these homeless people. ②(2020·江苏高考)He not only did well as a student ________ also became an accomplished public speaker. 答案：①donates　②but 　单句表达 ③所以，不管你是谁，谢谢你随意的善举，这不仅帮助我母亲摆脱困境，也让她感到很开心。 So, whoever you are, thank you for the random act of kindness that ________________________________________________． 答案：③not only helped my mother out, but made her day too （第四关）基本句型模仿背诵及巩固情境研磨记忆巩固 1．I didn't vote ________ her because she always seems to be in a fog. 答案：for 2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, ________ (indicate) that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination. 答案：indicating 3．(2020·北京高考)People who ________ (regular) practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. 答案：regularly 4．(中国日报)Born into a family of serfs, Tsedan Drolma remembered the harsh living environment, ________ (starve) days, endless work and whippings from a young age. 答案：starving 5．I am ________ a loss how to communicate with the Chinese students because I have some difficulties in speaking Chinese. 答案：at 6．At first, Alice didn't study well, but she ended up topping in our class ________ great effort. 答案：with 7．(牛津高阶)A back injury prevented active ________ (participate) in any sports for a while. 答案：participation 8．(剑桥高阶)We requested that the next meeting ________ (hold) on a Friday. 答案：(should) be held 9．News came from the school office that Wang Lin had been admitted ________ Peking University. 答案：to/into 10．(牛津高阶)He complained ________ the waiter that his meal was cold. 答案：to Ⅱ.选词填空 complain about; be addressed to; be keen on; in memory of; have nothing to dowith; depend on; regardless of; sell out; as well as; regard ... as ... 1．(牛津高阶)We've ____________ of milk but we'll be getting some more in later. 答案：sold out 2．(2021·全国乙卷)For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, ____________ updated information from official stadium websites. 答案：as well as 3．(柯林斯词典)The object of great interest at the temple was a large marble tower built ________ Buddha. 答案：in memory of 4．(剑桥高阶)Lots of people have ____________ the noise. 答案：complained about 5．(牛津高阶)The chances of a full recovery will ____________ the severity of her injuries. 答案：depend on 6．The letter ____________ Tom. Please help me send it to him. 答案：is addressed to 7．(中国日报)As long as an athlete does his or her best, he or she should be encouraged and praised ____________ whether he or she wins or loses. 答案：regardless of 8．(中国日报)If the Great Barrier Reef ____________ endangered, Australia will lose billions of dollars each year in tourism revenue from the World Heritage site. 答案：is regarded as 9．(中国日报)The manager of the coffee house noticed a group of customers ____________ a certain type of takeaway coffee cup. 答案：were keen on 10．(中国日报)“We didn't meet our expectations or achieve our goals. It ____________ the players, and I take full responsibility，\” said the coach. 答案：has nothing to do with Ⅲ.单句表达 1．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)罗马对于旅行者来说是一个价格昂贵的旅行地，这也是很多旅行者选择住在旅社的原因。 Rome can be pricey for travelers, ________________ many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社). 答案：which is why 2．(2020·北京高考)当我们回去吃晚饭时，我们不仅会搜索喷泉周围的区域，还会找到警察，问他们背包是否被归还。 Not only ________________ the area around the fountain when we went back for dinner, but we would also find the police and ask them if the backpack had been turned in. 答案：would we search 3．暑假作业全部写完了，我感到十分轻松，可以做我想做的事情了。 ______________________________________________， I feel very relaxed and can do what I would like to do. 答案：With all my summer vacation homework finished 4．(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)除了观看展品以外，参观者还可以玩电脑模拟并想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者穿越雨林。 ________________________， visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 答案：As well as looking at exhibits 5．昨天小丽的确在动物园见到了你姐姐。 Xiao Li __________ your sister in the zoo yesterday. 答案：did meet （第五关）必备重点语法精讲精练 定语从句 高考真题练悟 单句语法填空 1．Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.[2022·浙江卷1月] 2．That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ________ are only good for one use.[2022·北京卷] 3．On the 1，100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.[2022·全国甲卷] 4．BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.[2021·浙江卷1月] 5．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.[2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ] [感悟]　语法填空二谨记 1．确定定语从句关系词的解题要领：根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。 2．关系词应遵循“缺什么，补什么”的原则 (1)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who； (2)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom； (3)如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which； (4)如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，用when或where；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that或which； (5)在“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句中如果先行词指人，用whom；如果先行词指物，则用which。 考点多维突破 在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句 (一)who, whom, whose引导的定语从句 1.who和whom指人 (1)who在定语从句中作主语或宾语； (2) whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。 (3)在口语中可用who代替whom。 On behalf of those who feel like making progress in English, I sincerely invite you to deliver a speech in our English program at 7 pm on Friday.代表那些想在英语上取得进步的人，我真诚地邀请你周五晚上7点在我们的英语节目中发表演讲。[2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ] The student who/whom you talked to just now is my best friend. 你刚才谈话的那个学生是我最好的朋友。 2.whose既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whose 前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。 My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. 我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他走遍了全世界。 He lives in a house，whose window is broken. 他住在一所房子里，房子的窗户坏了。 (二)that/which/as引导的定语从句 1．只用that引导定语从句的情况 (1)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。 If I run into anything that might interest you, I'll send it your way. (2)先行词被the only, any, few, no, very等修饰时。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. (3)先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。 That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city. (4)先行词既有人也有物时。 My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 2．只用which引导定语从句的情况 (1)先行词为物，引导非限制性定语从句时 David had a brain disease，which prevented him from walking or running like other children. 大卫患有脑部疾病，这使他不能像其他孩子一样行走或奔跑。[2022·新高考卷Ⅰ读后续写] (2)先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时 I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved. 我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。 (3)引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念时 A small percentage of students learn through reading books and looking through websites, which make up 18% and 12%.小部分学生通过阅读书籍和浏览网站来学习，分别占18%和12%。[2022·全国乙卷书面表达] 3．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等 意思上 这一点 正如……，正像……的那样 She married again，which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料不及的。 She married again，as we expected. 正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。 即学即练 单句语法填空 1．After each cycle of trading, companies ________ have leftover carbon allowances (限额) can sell them to others.[2023·嘉兴市高三基础测试] 2．The letter was one of the earliest documents on record ________ mentioned tofu in the West.[2023·南京六校高三联合调研] 3．What makes something a sport? Traditional definitions usually included some physical activities ________ show athletic ability or strength.[2023·丽水、湖州、衢州市质量检测] 4．The character “three” is shaped like a book, ________ represents the long historical tradition of Rong Bao Zhai.[2023·湖南省高三联考] 5．Instead of an economy of the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one ________ transforms waste into a usable resource.[2023·青岛市高三调研] 考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句 先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time, day, year等。 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词：park, place, country, house等。 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which 表示理由的名词：the reason。 why 作原因状语 ＝for which 【名师指津】 (1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point, situation, case, stage等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。 (2)先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。 (3)当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，可用that, in which或省略关系词这三种形式。 ①He lived in a time when the blind couldn't get much education.在他生活的那个时代，盲人是接受不了什么教育的。 ②I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend，where we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. 我和朋友一起登上了山顶，在山顶上我们欣赏到了湖光美景。 ③I have come to the point where/at which I can't stand him.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步。 ④I'm writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 我写信是想向你解释我上次没去听你讲课的原因。 即学即练 单句语法填空 1．The reason ________ this traditional flatbread happening to be popular among the ethnic groups here lies in its being easy to bake, store and transport.[2023·湖南省第二次合检测] 2．Wherever you go in Xinjiang, whether north or south of the Tianshan Mountains, you'll notice small stands ________some crispy and delicious nang is sold.[2023·湖南省第二次合检测] 3．The government has also introduced a new proposal in order to limit the amount of after-school education kids can attend, especially during holidays and festivals, ________ kids should be having fun. [2023·郴州市第一次质量监测] 高考真题练悟 1．答案与解析：who/that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，先行词为指代人的a small but growing minority of academics，应用who/that。 2．答案与解析：which　定语从句关系词。分析该句结构可知，此处为“代词＋of＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，空处指代空前的“cups, bottles, and bags”，作介词of的宾语，故用which。 3．答案与解析：who　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，关系词在从句中充当主语，应用who。 4．答案与解析：that/which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是tool，关系词在从句中作主语，故用that/which。 5．答案与解析：that　考查定语从句。先行词“the species”指物，并且其前有all修饰，故此处应用关系代词that。 考点多维突破 考点一 即学即练 1．答案与解析：that/which　定语从句。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，该空引导定语从句修饰先行词companies，先行词指物，该空在定语从句中作主语，故应填that/which。 2．答案与解析：that　定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句且在从句中作主语，先行词指物，且因为先行词中含有形容词最高级，故空处只能填关系代词that。 3．答案与解析：which/that　定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是表示物的名词短语physical activities，关系词在从句中作主语，所以空处填which/that。 4．答案与解析：which　定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，且空处在定语从句中作主语，指代主句“The character ‘three’ is shaped like a book”，故填which。 5．答案与解析：that　定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词one，且在从句中作主语，所以填that。one为不定代词，其后定语从句不宜用which引导。 考点二 即学即练 1．答案与解析：why　考查定语从句。句意：这种传统的大饼之所以能在这里的少数民族中流行，是因为它易于烘烤、储存和运输。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作原因状语，表示“由于这个原因”，应使用关系副词why引导该定语从句。 2．答案与解析：where　考查定语从句。句意：在新疆，无论你走到哪里，无论是在天山的北边还是南边，你都会看到一些卖酥脆可口的馕的小摊。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词stands，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，表示“在这些小摊上”，应使用关系副词where引导该定语从句。 3．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。句意：政府还提出了一项新的建议，以限制孩子们可以参加的课外教育的数量，特别是在假期和节日期间，孩子们本应该享受乐趣。分析句子可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是holidays and festivals，在从句中作时间状语，要用关系副词when引导。 $$必修第二册 Unit 2 Let's celebrate! 知识背诵清单通关练 （第一关）重点单词精选精背储备能量+核心词汇之转换词形词性 （第二关）重点短语再现背诵及研磨记忆巩固 （第三关）梳理核心词汇之转换词形词性及情境研磨记忆巩固 （第四关）基本句型模仿背诵及巩固情境研磨记忆巩固 （第五关）必备重点语法精讲精练 （第一关）重点单词精选精背储备能量 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. n. 收成 2． adv. 不管，不顾 3． n. 幻想，想象 4． n. (长篇)小说 5． adj. 无限的 6． n. 手写的 7． n. 警告，警示，告诫 8． adj. 挨饿的，即将饿死的 9． v. 表明，显示 10． n. 请求，要求 11． v. 挥手，招手 12． v. (不情愿地)承认 13． n. 力气，精力 14． n. 失去，丧失 15． adj. 退休的 16． v. 存在，实际上有 17． n. 国籍；民族 18． v. 互动 19． n. 欢欣，愉快，喜悦 20． adj. 花哨的，别致的 21． n. (饭后的)甜食，甜品，甜点 22． v. 欣然接受，乐意采纳(新思想、意见等) 23． n. 成人，成年人 24． n. (为达到某目标的)过程，进程 25． adv. 在海外，在外国 26． adj. 全球的，全世界的 27． n. 公民，市民 核心词汇之转换词形词性 1. v. 向 ……表示敬意→ adj. 可敬的 2． n. 装饰物→ vt. 装饰，布置，美化 3． n. 自由，自由权利→ adj. 自由的 → adv. 自由地，不受限制地，畅通地 4． v. 参加，参与→ n. 参加→ n. 参与者，参加者 5． n. (社会上的)不平等→ adj. 平等的 → adv. 平等地→ n. 平等，相等 6． adj. 频繁的，经常的→ adv. 经常；有规律地 7． v. 抱怨，不满，发牢骚→ n. 抱怨 8． v. 吸引，引起……的兴趣→ adj. 吸引人的，有魅力的 → n. 吸引力；具有吸引力的事物或人 9． n. 比赛，竞赛→ vi. 比赛，竞争 → adj. 竞争性的→ n. 竞争者；对手 10． adj. 正式的→(反义词) adj. 非正式的 11． n. 东道主，主人→ n. 女主人 12． n. 场合，时刻→ adj. 偶尔的，偶然的 → adv. 偶尔，间或 （第二关）重点短语再现背诵及研磨记忆巩固 1． 发生；举办 2． 为了纪念 3． 不管，不顾 4． 被制成…… 5． 以……为基础 6． 把……视作…… 7． 写信给某人 8． 抱怨…… 9． 阻止某人做某事 10． 代替，而不是 11． (用纸、布等)把……包起来 12． 遍及全世界 13． . 用……替代…… 14． 挂起，建造，张贴 15． .. 穿着……的衣服，打扮成…… 16． (因某人或某事有趣或吸引人而)查看，观看，看一看 17． . 用……装点…… 18． 按时 19． 依靠……，依赖…… 20． 注意 21． 喜爱，热衷于 22． (对某一数目之大表示惊奇)多达 23． 拒绝做某事 24． ... 和……无关 25． 在某人看来 26． 盼望 27． . 不但……而且…… 28． 售完，卖光 29． 和某人互动 第三关）梳理核心词汇之转换词形词性及情境研磨记忆巩固 ① honour v. 向……表示敬意(教材P13) 　单句语法填空 ①(朗文当代)The stadium was named in honour ________ the club's first chairman. ②(2020·江苏高考)Zhang Zhongjing has been honored ________ a master doctor since the Eastern Han Dynasty. ③(朗文当代)I felt very ________ (honour) to be included in the team. ④(朗文当代)A special dinner will be held ________ her honour. 　句型转换 ⑤(剑桥高阶)We are honoured to have you here tonight. →We ________________________ you here tonight. →It ________________________ you here tonight. ② participate v. 参加，参与(教材P13) [名师点津]　participate是不及物动词，常与in搭配，其同义短语是join in, take part in。 　单句语法填空 ①(牛津高阶)Union leaders called for the active ________ (participate) of all members in the day of protest. ②(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)In the first experiment, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly (表面上) participate ________ a study about movie viewership. 　句型转换 ③(中国日报)China has promised to take an active part in cooperation initiatives to keep vaccine supply chains stable and safe. →China has promised to ________________ cooperation initiatives to keep vaccine supply chains stable and safe. ③ complain v. 抱怨，不满，发牢骚(教材P15) 　单句语法填空 ①(中国日报)Many app users have been complaining ________ the biggest lie they have ever been told is to select a condition in an app saying: “I have read all the information and I agree\”． ②(中国日报)E－commerce platforms and express delivery companies must strengthen cooperation to meet the varied demands of customers, giving them fewer reasons to complain ________ the services. 　一句多译 ③我写此信意在投诉你们宾馆的服务。 I am now writing ________________ the service of your hotel. ＝I am now writing ________________________ the service of your hotel. ④ request n. 请求，要求(教材P17) 　单句语法填空 ①(朗文当代)All club members are requested ________ (attend) the annual meeting. ②Our teacher made ________ request that we (should) be well prepared for the exam. ③He explained the meaning of the word again ________ my request. 　句型转换 ④(剑桥高阶)Visitors are requested not to walk on the grass. →____________________ visitors shouldn't walk on the grass. ⑤ attract v. 吸引，引起……的兴趣(教材P18) 　单句语法填空 ①(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)It's this strange form that makes race walking such an ________ (attract) activity, however. ②(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes is located just a 10－minute walk from the central city station and it's close to all of the city's main ________ (attract). ③(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)A few years later, still attracted ________ the country, Tom Bissell returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea. 　单句表达 ④(2019·浙江高考)幼鸟常常被温暖的路面所吸引，并被车辆所杀死。 Young birds __________________________________________________________________ and get killed by the traffic. ⑥ admit v. (不情愿地)承认(教材P20) 　单句语法填空 ①Much to my relief, my son was eventually admitted ________ a key university. ②(剑桥高阶)The new law was generally admitted ________ (be) difficult to enforce. ③(剑桥高阶)I felt he would see my giving up now as an ________ (admit) that I was wrong. 　一句多译 ④(牛津高阶)他承认偷了那辆汽车。 He admitted ____________________. (－ing 短语作宾语) ＝He admitted ________________________. (宾语从句作宾语) ⑦ effort n. 力气，精力(教材P20) 　单句语法填空 ①The little boat rolled down the river ________ effort with the wind behind it. ②(中国日报)China has spared no effort ________ (assist) other countries to combat the pandemic through providing medical equipment and supplies as well as COVID－19 vaccines. ③More efforts, as reported, ________ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply­side structural reform. 　单句表达 ④(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)虽然昆士兰铁路公司尽一切努力确保列车按计划运行，但无法保证列车之间或列车服务与公共汽车服务之间的连接。 While Queensland Rail ________________________________ trains run as scheduled, there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services. ⑧ exist v. 存在，实际上有(教材P22) [名师点津]　exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。 　单句语法填空 ①(2019·江苏高考)Scientists are trying their best to save the species from going out of ________ (exist). ②(剑桥高阶)No one can be expected to exist ________ such a low salary. ③(2020·江苏高考)After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed ________ his world. ④(剑桥高阶)Modern cosmology believes the Universe to have come ________ existence about fifteen billion years ago. 　单句表达 ⑤(中国日报)目前没有任何证据表明这种病毒的实验室来源。 ________________________________ such a laboratory origin of the virus. ① in memory of 纪念(教材P13) 　选词填空 (in terms of/in memory of/in honour of/in view of)①(2019·江苏高考)With a large brain, human beings beat other beings ________________ intelligence. ②(中国日报)________________ the wealth of information available in the digital world, many people consider reading books to be old－fashioned. ③(柯林斯词典)The foundation is holding a dinner ________ something or other. ④(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T－shirt ________________ Earhart's final flight. 　单句表达 ⑤(中国日报)中国人民银行决定维持有利于实体经济的“合理”货币政策立场。 The People's Bank of China's decide to maintain a “reasonable” monetary policy position ________________________． ② regardless of 不管，不顾(教材P13) 　单句语法填空 ①The keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless ________ whether someone gets the password right. 　单句表达 ②不管他正确与否，我们都得服从他的决定。 ________________ whether he is right or wrong, we have to abide by his decisions. ③(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)尽管关于情商的流行观点远远超出了研究所能合理支持的范围，但宣传的总体效果是利大于弊。 ____________ popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. ③ be keen on 喜爱，热衷于(教材P20) [名师点津]　“渴望”的表达法荟萃： wish for/hope for sth be dying for sth long to do sth/for sth be anxious to do sth/for sth be eager to do sth/for sth 　单句语法填空 ①(剑桥高阶)My flatmates want to have a party, but I'm not keen ________ the idea. ②(剑桥高阶)They were very keen ________ (start) work as soon as possible. ③(剑桥高阶)The chairman is keen ________ the company should expand its product range. 　一句多译 ④约翰告诉我，他不太想去参加明天的聚会。 John told me that he wasn't so ____________ going to tomorrow's party. ＝John told me that he wasn't so ____________ go to tomorrow's party. ① “do/does/did＋动词原形”结构 The letters did, however, change as Tolkien's children got older ... (教材P15)不过，随着托尔金的孩子们逐渐长大，信的内容也发生了变化…… (1)如果强调谓语动词，不能用强调句型，而要在动词原形前加助动词do，does或did，表示“的确，确实，真的”。 (2)这种强调结构只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式，且没有疑问和否定形式。 (3)在祈使句中使用“do＋动词原形”形式，往往不表示命令，而表示强烈的请求，有时表达更加客气的语气。 　单句语法填空 ①I ________ want to change the situation, but I don't know how. ②If he ________ decide to come, please let me know. ③My children ________ enjoy themselves while playing on the beach last Sunday. 　单句表达 ④过马路时一定要小心。 When crossing the street, ____________ careful. ⑤有了勇气和毅力，我确实进步很快。 With bravery and perseverance, I ________________________． ② not only ... but (also) ... 不仅……而且…… It was not only for the delicious food that we seldom got to eat, but for the opportunity to have our whole family gathered together.(教材P21)这不仅是因为我们很少吃到美味的食物，还因为有机会让我们全家人聚在一起。 (1)not only ... but also ... 用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，意为“不仅……而且……”；其中的also有时可以省略。 (2)not only ... but also ... 连接两个句子，且not only位于句首时， not only后面的句子要用部分倒装。 (3)not only ... but also ... 连接的两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致，即遵循就近原则。 　单句语法填空 ①Not only you but also he ________ (donate) money to these homeless people. ②(2020·江苏高考)He not only did well as a student ________ also became an accomplished public speaker. 　单句表达 ③所以，不管你是谁，谢谢你随意的善举，这不仅帮助我母亲摆脱困境，也让她感到很开心。 So, whoever you are, thank you for the random act of kindness that ________________________________________________． （第四关）基本句型模仿背诵及巩固情境研磨记忆巩固 1．I didn't vote ________ her because she always seems to be in a fog. 2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, ________ (indicate) that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination. 3．(2020·北京高考)People who ________ (regular) practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. 4．(中国日报)Born into a family of serfs, Tsedan Drolma remembered the harsh living environment, ________ (starve) days, endless work and whippings from a young age. 5．I am ________ a loss how to communicate with the Chinese students because I have some difficulties in speaking Chinese. 6．At first, Alice didn't study well, but she ended up topping in our class ________ great effort. 7．(牛津高阶)A back injury prevented active ________ (participate) in any sports for a while. 8．(剑桥高阶)We requested that the next meeting ________ (hold) on a Friday. 9．News came from the school office that Wang Lin had been admitted ________ Peking University. 10．(牛津高阶)He complained ________ the waiter that his meal was cold. Ⅱ.选词填空 complain about; be addressed to; be keen on; in memory of; have nothing to dowith; depend on; regardless of; sell out; as well as; regard ... as ... 1．(牛津高阶)We've ____________ of milk but we'll be getting some more in later. 2．(2021·全国乙卷)For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, ____________ updated information from official stadium websites. 3．(柯林斯词典)The object of great interest at the temple was a large marble tower built ________ Buddha. 4．(剑桥高阶)Lots of people have ____________ the noise. 5．(牛津高阶)The chances of a full recovery will ____________ the severity of her injuries. 6．The letter ____________ Tom. Please help me send it to him. 7．(中国日报)As long as an athlete does his or her best, he or she should be encouraged and praised ____________ whether he or she wins or loses. 8．(中国日报)If the Great Barrier Reef ____________ endangered, Australia will lose billions of dollars each year in tourism revenue from the World Heritage site. 9．(中国日报)The manager of the coffee house noticed a group of customers ____________ a certain type of takeaway coffee cup. 10．(中国日报)“We didn't meet our expectations or achieve our goals. It ____________ the players, and I take full responsibility，\” said the coach. Ⅲ.单句表达 1．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)罗马对于旅行者来说是一个价格昂贵的旅行地，这也是很多旅行者选择住在旅社的原因。 Rome can be pricey for travelers, ________________ many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社). 2．(2020·北京高考)当我们回去吃晚饭时，我们不仅会搜索喷泉周围的区域，还会找到警察，问他们背包是否被归还。 Not only ________________ the area around the fountain when we went back for dinner, but we would also find the police and ask them if the backpack had been turned in. 3．暑假作业全部写完了，我感到十分轻松，可以做我想做的事情了。 ______________________________________________， I feel very relaxed and can do what I would like to do. 4．(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)除了观看展品以外，参观者还可以玩电脑模拟并想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者穿越雨林。 ________________________， visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 5．昨天小丽的确在动物园见到了你姐姐。 Xiao Li __________ your sister in the zoo yesterday. （第五关）必备重点语法精讲精练 定语从句 高考真题练悟 单句语法填空 1．Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.[2022·浙江卷1月] 2．That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ________ are only good for one use.[2022·北京卷] 3．On the 1，100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.[2022·全国甲卷] 4．BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.[2021·浙江卷1月] 5．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.[2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ] [感悟]　语法填空二谨记 1．确定定语从句关系词的解题要领：根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。 2．关系词应遵循“缺什么，补什么”的原则 (1)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who； (2)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom； (3)如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which； (4)如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，用when或where；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that或which； (5)在“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句中如果先行词指人，用whom；如果先行词指物，则用which。 考点多维突破 在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句 (一)who, whom, whose引导的定语从句 1.who和whom指人 (1)who在定语从句中作主语或宾语； (2) whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。 (3)在口语中可用who代替whom。 On behalf of those who feel like making progress in English, I sincerely invite you to deliver a speech in our English program at 7 pm on Friday.代表那些想在英语上取得进步的人，我真诚地邀请你周五晚上7点在我们的英语节目中发表演讲。[2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ] The student who/whom you talked to just now is my best friend. 你刚才谈话的那个学生是我最好的朋友。 2.whose既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whose 前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。 My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. 我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他走遍了全世界。 He lives in a house，whose window is broken. 他住在一所房子里，房子的窗户坏了。 (二)that/which/as引导的定语从句 1．只用that引导定语从句的情况 (1)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。 If I run into anything that might interest you, I'll send it your way. (2)先行词被the only, any, few, no, very等修饰时。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. (3)先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。 That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city. (4)先行词既有人也有物时。 My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 2．只用which引导定语从句的情况 (1)先行词为物，引导非限制性定语从句时 David had a brain disease，which prevented him from walking or running like other children. 大卫患有脑部疾病，这使他不能像其他孩子一样行走或奔跑。[2022·新高考卷Ⅰ读后续写] (2)先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时 I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved. 我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。 (3)引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念时 A small percentage of students learn through reading books and looking through websites, which make up 18% and 12%.小部分学生通过阅读书籍和浏览网站来学习，分别占18%和12%。[2022·全国乙卷书面表达] 3．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等 意思上 这一点 正如……，正像……的那样 She married again，which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料不及的。 She married again，as we expected. 正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。 即学即练 单句语法填空 1．After each cycle of trading, companies ________ have leftover carbon allowances (限额) can sell them to others.[2023·嘉兴市高三基础测试] 2．The letter was one of the earliest documents on record ________ mentioned tofu in the West.[2023·南京六校高三联合调研] 3．What makes something a sport? Traditional definitions usually included some physical activities ________ show athletic ability or strength.[2023·丽水、湖州、衢州市质量检测] 4．The character “three” is shaped like a book, ________ represents the long historical tradition of Rong Bao Zhai.[2023·湖南省高三联考] 5．Instead of an economy of the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one ________ transforms waste into a usable resource.[2023·青岛市高三调研] 考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句 先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time, day, year等。 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词：park, place, country, house等。 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which 表示理由的名词：the reason。 why 作原因状语 ＝for which 【名师指津】 (1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point, situation, case, stage等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。 (2)先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。 (3)当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，可用that, in which或省略关系词这三种形式。 ①He lived in a time when the blind couldn't get much education.在他生活的那个时代，盲人是接受不了什么教育的。 ②I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend，where we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. 我和朋友一起登上了山顶，在山顶上我们欣赏到了湖光美景。 ③I have come to the point where/at which I can't stand him.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步。 ④I'm writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 我写信是想向你解释我上次没去听你讲课的原因。 即学即练 单句语法填空 1．The reason ________ this traditional flatbread happening to be popular among the ethnic groups here lies in its being easy to bake, store and transport.[2023·湖南省第二次合检测] 2．Wherever you go in Xinjiang, whether north or south of the Tianshan Mountains, you'll notice small stands ________some crispy and delicious nang is sold.[2023·湖南省第二次合检测] 3．The government has also introduced a new proposal in order to limit the amount of after-school education kids can attend, especially during holidays and festivals, ________ kids should be having fun. [2023·郴州市第一次质量监测] $$