专题05：动词不定式（初高考点差异及衔接） -2024年初升高英语无忧衔接（上海专用）

专题05：动词不定式（初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 主要学习动词不定式的基本用法，如作为主语、宾语、表语、定语等，以及一些常见的固定搭配。 高中要求 高中阶段，学生需要掌握更复杂的语法结构，包括不定式作状语、复合结构中的使用，以及不定式的时态和语态变化。 【初中考点聚焦】 1. 基本形式：掌握动词不定式的基本形式，即to + 动词原形。 2. 作主语：了解不定式可以作为句子的主语。 3. 作宾语：掌握某些动词后面可以跟不定式作为宾语，如want, need, ask等。 4. 作表语：了解不定式可以作为表语，用来说明主语的内容或特征。 5. 作定语：掌握不定式作为定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词后面。 6. 作状语：了解不定式可以作为目的状语或结果状语。 7. 固定搭配：掌握一些常见的动词与不定式搭配的用法，如try to do, decide to do等。 8. 否定形式：了解不定式的否定形式是在to前面加上not。 【高中考点聚焦】 考纲解读 1. 复合结构：掌握不定式在复合句中作为宾语补足语的用法。 2. 时态和语态：理解不定式的时态和语态变化，如一般式、进行式、完成式等。 3. 作状语：深入理解不定式作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等的用法。 4. 作定语：掌握不定式作为定语时，修饰人和物的区别。 5. 作主语和宾语的复杂结构：理解不定式在复杂句型中作为主语或宾语的用法。 6. 非谓语动词的比较：比较不定式、动名词和现在分词在语态、时态和功能上的不同。 7. 省略形式：掌握在某些情况下不定式可以省略to的用法。 8. 特殊句型：掌握一些特殊句型中不定式的使用，如It's time to do sth., would rather do sth.等。 9. 高级写作：在写作中灵活运用不定式，表达复杂的观点和论据。 10. 阅读理解：在阅读理解中识别和理解不定式的用法，以及它在句子中的作用。 考点清单 动词不定式（to do） ▇ 非谓语动词的成分表 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ × × 分词 × × √ √ √ √ 1. 作主语 不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面，这样可以避免句子“头重脚轻”，是句子结构平衡。 e.g. It is dangerous to play with fire. (=To play with fire is dangerous.) 我们可以得出这样的一个句型：It is +adj.+to do sth. 另外，“Wh-+不定式”也可以作主语。 e.g. When to leave hasn’t been decided yet. 2. 作宾语 不定式作宾语，说得更直接一些，就是哪些词后面可以接不定式。 (1)..以下动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语： ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fall, help, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等。如：He refused to lend me his bicycle. (2).下列动词后接不定式或-ing形式作宾语均可，意思相差甚微。 begin, start, like, love, continue, prefer, hate等。如： I like watching TV, but I don’t like to watch TV this evening. 注意：like doing表示习惯性动作，like to do表示具体动作。 (3).在及物动词tell, advise, show, teach, learn, know, decide等词之后，常接“疑问词(how, what, whether, where, when, who等)+不定式”构成的不定式短语作宾语。但why后面接不带to的不定式。如： He showed us how to do the work. (=He showed us how we should do the work.) I don’t know what to do. (=I don’t know what I should do.) We must decide whether to go or not. Can you tell me why do it? (4).介词之后一般不接不定式，但可以接“疑问词+不定式”构成的不定式短语。如： Marx gave some advise on how to learn English. 但but, expect之后可跟不定式作宾语（主要用于否定句）；当前面的句子中有实义动词do及其他变化形式时，不定式符号“to”要省略。如： They could do nothing but give in. The enemy had no choice but to give in. 3. 作表语 系动词后面就是表语，也就是我们所说过的“主系表”结构。 e.g.To see is to believe. My task is to teach English. 4. 作定语 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面要由相应的介词。如： The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time或place或way时，不定式后面的介词可以省略。如： He had no place to live. (1)..不定式表将来 The car to be bought is for his sister. (2).用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，而且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。如： He is the best man to do this job. The last one to arrive pays the meal 5. 作状语 不定式作状语时，常见的有目的状语、结果状语、原因状语。 (1).目的状语 不定式作目的状语的情况比较多，如果强调目的性，不定式前还可以加in order to或so as to，构成in order to do 或so as to do结构。in order to do结构作目的状语时，可以放在句首或句中。而so as to do结构只能放在句中。 e.g. He went to Beijing to/in order to/so as to see his friends. Bob took down my telephone number so as not to/in order not to forget it. (2).结果状语 不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中：so...as to; such...as to; too...to; only to do, ...enough to等。 e.g. I’m not so stupid as to write it down. Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left. I’m too tired to stay up longer. (3).原因状语 形容词作表语时，后面可以接不定式作原因状语，用来说明产生某种情绪的原因。可以用于这类结构的常见形容词有：happy, surprised, ready, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, delighted, pleased等。 e.g. You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday. (4).条件状语 动词不定式有时也可以表示条件，一般置于句首，否定不定式表示条件多置于句尾，这时谓语动词常含有will, shall, should, would, can, must等。 To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world. 6. 作补语 补语可以分成宾补和主补。用来补充说明宾语或主语的状态。 (1)..接带to的不定式作补语：advidse, allow, ask, beg, caysem encourage, except, forbid, force, get, like, intend, love, order, persuade, prefer, remind, require, teach, tell, want, wish, wait for, call on, depend on等。 e.g. The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. （宾补） You are not allowed to smoke here. （主补） 注意：think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove, appoint, judge等，后面常用“to be”作补语。 People considered him to be a great leader. (2).不带to的不定式作宾补 动词不定式在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。例如： Please listen to me sing the song again．请听我把这首歌再唱一遍。 You can't let the boy stand in the sun．你不能让那孩子站在太阳底下。 They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree. 注意：感官动词后既可跟省略to的不定式作宾补，也可跟现在分词作宾补。其区别是：前者强调动作的全过程或经常性；后者则强调动作在进行（片断）。试比较： I heard her sing．我听见她唱了歌。 I heard her singing．我听见她在唱歌。 　 (3).带to或不带to的不定式作宾补 在动词help后可以跟带to的不定式作宾补，也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补。例如： He often helps me（to）clean the room．他经常帮助我打扫房间。 另外，不定式也可以作独立成分，表示说话人的态度。如： To tell the truth, this all Greek to me.说实话，我对此一窍不通。 To make a long story short, he became bankrupt.简单的说，他破产了。 To be true, we can do it well.当然，我们能做好。 ▇ 时态和语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing × 完成进行式 to have been doing × 不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的 1.一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。 They made plans to live in Paris. 他们计划住在巴黎。（to live 发生在 made plans之后） 2. “to be done”表示将来，常作定语。而且不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者。 The school building to be finished is for our teacher. 要被建造的大楼是给我们老师使用的。 The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 医生建议让房间透透气。 3. “to have done”表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，而且和主语（通常指人）是主动关系。 He is said to have finished this novel. 据说他写完了这部小说。 4. “to have been done”从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，而且和主语（通常指物，也可以指人）是被动关系。 This building is said to have been built. 据说这个建筑被竣工了。 She is happy to have been admitted to a famous university. 她被一所著名大学录取了，很开心。 5.“to be doing”表示两个动作同时发生，不太强调先后顺序。 When I came in, Mr. Li happened to be talking with others. 当我进来的时候，Mr. Li碰巧和别人聊天呢。 6. “to have been doing”表示表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。 I am happy to have been working here. 我很开心在这里工作。 ♣ 不定式的主动形式表达被动含义 另外，在“主语+系动词+表语（adj.）+to do”结构中，句子的主语和动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系，而且形容词表示主语的特征或形式。这时，需要用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。该结构常见的形容词有：easy, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。如： This question is asy to answer. This book is difficult to understand. 若句子的主语并非不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式则必须用被动式。 ★ 比较： I have a lot of letters to type . （我有很多信件要打印：I will type the letter） I have a lot of letters to be typed. （意思为： I get sb. to type the letter） 一、判断下列句子中,不定式所充当的成分 1.He asked his secretary to pass him the paper. 2.It is dangerous to swim in this river. 3.We haven’t decided where to go. 4.My task is to teach English. 5.I am so busy. I have a lot of work to do. 6.To make a good impression, you should act politely and naturally. 二、翻译句子（使用不定式） 1.他想出国，目的是研究深造。（further） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2.要得到更多的奖励，我们应该专心做好自己的事情。（devote） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3.他父母警告他不要在街上玩耍。（warn） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 4.干嘛不去看场电影放松一下自己？（relax） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 5.`解除病人的痛苦是医生的职责。（relieve） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 一、语法填空 1．My mother often tells me （not read）in bed. （所给词的适当形式填空） 2．Tom kept silent about the accident so as (not lose) his job. (所给词的适当形式填空） 3．The driver, who was (blame) for the accident, hadn’t been driving carefully.（所给词的适当形式填空） 4．I don’t have anything suitable (wear) for the party. (所给词的适当形式填空) 5．To my relief, I had my father (repair) my bike yesterday. (所给词的适当形式填空) 6．All we have to do for our students is (aid) them in learning English with a comparative method. (所给词的适当形式填空) 7．The well­designed gallery houses 2,000 works of modern art and is worthy (visit). （所给词的适当形式填空） 8．The festivals is (hold) next Friday. (所给词的适当形式填空) 9．He has become the first American scientist (award) a Nobel prize. (所给词的适当形式填空) 10．It is essential for the figures (update) on a regular basis, which is important for our research. (所给词的适当形式填空) 11．The problem (refer) to at the meeting tomorrow is about environmental pollution. (所给词的适当形式填空) 12．They are believed (start) off in the late Qing Dynasty as a way for boatmen to keep warm. (所给词的适当形式填空) 13．Little Jack is reported (kill) in an car accident. (所给词的适当形式填空) 14．The novel is said (translate) into several languages. (所给词的适当形式填空) 15．We rushed to the airport only (tell) that the plane had just taken off. (所给词的适当形式填空) 16．I think these problems are easy (work)out, so you don’t have to ask the teacher for help. (所给词的适当形式填空) 17．They were disappointed (find) their limited resources were running out. (所给词的适当形式填空) 18．It took us about three hours (go) to the Summer Palace on foot yesterday. (所给词的适当形式填空) 19．Don’t hesitate (tell) your parents how you love and miss them. (所给词的适当形式填空) 20．After a spacecraft is launched, what we should do first is (make)sure it goes in the right orbit. (所给词的适当形式填空) 二、完成句子 21．为了加快进程，研究团队设计了一个新的实验。 the process, the research team designed a new experiment. 22．Jack’s father has retired from the company. Now Jack (要接受主管公司). (根据汉语提示完成句子) 23．我们应该采取实际行动使自己适应新环境。(adjust) We are supposed to take practical action to the new environment. 24．瓦斯科·达·伽马(1460－1524)是一名葡萄牙探险家，也是第一个从海上到达印度的欧洲人。[the＋序数词(＋n.)＋to do] Vasco da Gama(1460－1524) was a Portuguese explorer and by sea. 25．怎样保护脆弱的生态环境是最令人关注的问题。(疑问词＋动词不定式) was among the top concerns. 26．据说，亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗在印度参观过这样的一棵树。(be said to have done...) Alexander the Great and Marco Polo such a tree in India. 27．我很荣幸地通知你，在这次比赛中你获得第一名。(inform) I have the honour you have won the first prize in the competition. 28．But I didn’t have the chance   (给他拍照) (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 29．我想跟你分享一些你在中国如何注意餐桌礼仪的建议。 I’d like to share with you some suggestions on in China. 30．我匆忙赶到王教授家，可是却发现他外出了。 I hurried to Professor Wang’s house, . 三、阅读理解 【上海进才中学2022--2023学年高一上学期期中考试】 When I was a puppy, I entertained you and made you laugh. You called me your child, and despite a number of chewed shoes and a couple of murdered pillows, I became your best friend. Whenever I was “bad”, you’d shake your finger at me and ask “How could you?”—but then you rolled me over for a belly (腹部) rub. I remember those nights of rubbing you in bed and listening to your secret dreams, and I believed that life could not be any more perfect. Gradually, you began spending more time at work and on your career, and more time searching for a human mate. She, now your wife, is not a “dog person”—still I welcomed her into our home, tried to show her affection, and obeyed her. I was happy because you were happy. Then the human babies came along and I shared your excitement. I was fascinated by the pinkness, how they smelled, and I wanted to mother them, too. Only she and you worried that I might hurt them, and I spent most of my time in another room. There had been a time, when others asked you if you had a dog, that you produced a photo of me from your wallet and told them stories about me. These past few years, you just answered “yes” and changed the subject. I had gone from being “your dog” to “just a dog”. Now, you have a new career opportunity in another city, and you and they will be moving to another apartment that does not allow pets. You’ve made the right decision for your “family”, but there was a time when I was your only family. People in the animal shelter are attentive to me, but I lost my appetite. At first whenever anyone passed, I rushed to the front, hoping it was you—that this was all a bad dream or I hoped it would at least be someone who cared, anyone who might save me. 36. How did the dog’s owner treat the puppy when it was at a younger age? A. He entertained the puppy with jokes and gestures. B. He treated the puppy as if it were a family member. C. He disciplined the puppy when it made a mess. D. He kept the puppy at a distance for the chewed shoes. 37. Why was the puppy excluded from the room after the babies were born? A. The puppy was tempted by the babies’ pinkness and sweet smell. B. The puppy poses a serious danger to the health and well-being of babies. C. The couple were concerned that the babies would be in danger. D. The master envied the natural affection between the babies and the puppy. 38. What can we infer from the last 3 paragraphs? A. It was hard for the puppy to accept the fact that it was ignored. B. The master had a mixed feeling for the advancement in career. C. The puppy felt relieved for the master’s establishment of a new family. D. It was urgent for the master to give up the puppy and move to another city. 39. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A. A Good Heart to Lean on B. New Member of the Family C. The Words of an Abandoned Dog D. Animal Shelter: the Last Home for Puppies 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05：动词不定式（初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 主要学习动词不定式的基本用法，如作为主语、宾语、表语、定语等，以及一些常见的固定搭配。 高中要求 高中阶段，学生需要掌握更复杂的语法结构，包括不定式作状语、复合结构中的使用，以及不定式的时态和语态变化。 【初中考点聚焦】 1. 基本形式：掌握动词不定式的基本形式，即to + 动词原形。 2. 作主语：了解不定式可以作为句子的主语。 3. 作宾语：掌握某些动词后面可以跟不定式作为宾语，如want, need, ask等。 4. 作表语：了解不定式可以作为表语，用来说明主语的内容或特征。 5. 作定语：掌握不定式作为定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词后面。 6. 作状语：了解不定式可以作为目的状语或结果状语。 7. 固定搭配：掌握一些常见的动词与不定式搭配的用法，如try to do, decide to do等。 8. 否定形式：了解不定式的否定形式是在to前面加上not。 【高中考点聚焦】 考纲解读 1. 复合结构：掌握不定式在复合句中作为宾语补足语的用法。 2. 时态和语态：理解不定式的时态和语态变化，如一般式、进行式、完成式等。 3. 作状语：深入理解不定式作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等的用法。 4. 作定语：掌握不定式作为定语时，修饰人和物的区别。 5. 作主语和宾语的复杂结构：理解不定式在复杂句型中作为主语或宾语的用法。 6. 非谓语动词的比较：比较不定式、动名词和现在分词在语态、时态和功能上的不同。 7. 省略形式：掌握在某些情况下不定式可以省略to的用法。 8. 特殊句型：掌握一些特殊句型中不定式的使用，如It's time to do sth., would rather do sth.等。 9. 高级写作：在写作中灵活运用不定式，表达复杂的观点和论据。 10. 阅读理解：在阅读理解中识别和理解不定式的用法，以及它在句子中的作用。 考点清单 动词不定式（to do） ▇ 非谓语动词的成分表 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ × × 分词 × × √ √ √ √ 1. 作主语 不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面，这样可以避免句子“头重脚轻”，是句子结构平衡。 e.g. It is dangerous to play with fire. (=To play with fire is dangerous.) 我们可以得出这样的一个句型：It is +adj.+to do sth. 另外，“Wh-+不定式”也可以作主语。 e.g. When to leave hasn’t been decided yet. 2. 作宾语 不定式作宾语，说得更直接一些，就是哪些词后面可以接不定式。 (1)..以下动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语： ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fall, help, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等。如：He refused to lend me his bicycle. (2).下列动词后接不定式或-ing形式作宾语均可，意思相差甚微。 begin, start, like, love, continue, prefer, hate等。如： I like watching TV, but I don’t like to watch TV this evening. 注意：like doing表示习惯性动作，like to do表示具体动作。 (3).在及物动词tell, advise, show, teach, learn, know, decide等词之后，常接“疑问词(how, what, whether, where, when, who等)+不定式”构成的不定式短语作宾语。但why后面接不带to的不定式。如： He showed us how to do the work. (=He showed us how we should do the work.) I don’t know what to do. (=I don’t know what I should do.) We must decide whether to go or not. Can you tell me why do it? (4).介词之后一般不接不定式，但可以接“疑问词+不定式”构成的不定式短语。如： Marx gave some advise on how to learn English. 但but, expect之后可跟不定式作宾语（主要用于否定句）；当前面的句子中有实义动词do及其他变化形式时，不定式符号“to”要省略。如： They could do nothing but give in. The enemy had no choice but to give in. 3. 作表语 系动词后面就是表语，也就是我们所说过的“主系表”结构。 e.g.To see is to believe. My task is to teach English. 4. 作定语 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面要由相应的介词。如： The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time或place或way时，不定式后面的介词可以省略。如： He had no place to live. (1)..不定式表将来 The car to be bought is for his sister. (2).用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，而且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。如： He is the best man to do this job. The last one to arrive pays the meal 5. 作状语 不定式作状语时，常见的有目的状语、结果状语、原因状语。 (1).目的状语 不定式作目的状语的情况比较多，如果强调目的性，不定式前还可以加in order to或so as to，构成in order to do 或so as to do结构。in order to do结构作目的状语时，可以放在句首或句中。而so as to do结构只能放在句中。 e.g. He went to Beijing to/in order to/so as to see his friends. Bob took down my telephone number so as not to/in order not to forget it. (2).结果状语 不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中：so...as to; such...as to; too...to; only to do, ...enough to等。 e.g. I’m not so stupid as to write it down. Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left. I’m too tired to stay up longer. (3).原因状语 形容词作表语时，后面可以接不定式作原因状语，用来说明产生某种情绪的原因。可以用于这类结构的常见形容词有：happy, surprised, ready, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, delighted, pleased等。 e.g. You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday. (4).条件状语 动词不定式有时也可以表示条件，一般置于句首，否定不定式表示条件多置于句尾，这时谓语动词常含有will, shall, should, would, can, must等。 To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world. 6. 作补语 补语可以分成宾补和主补。用来补充说明宾语或主语的状态。 (1)..接带to的不定式作补语：advidse, allow, ask, beg, caysem encourage, except, forbid, force, get, like, intend, love, order, persuade, prefer, remind, require, teach, tell, want, wish, wait for, call on, depend on等。 e.g. The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. （宾补） You are not allowed to smoke here. （主补） 注意：think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove, appoint, judge等，后面常用“to be”作补语。 People considered him to be a great leader. (2).不带to的不定式作宾补 动词不定式在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。例如： Please listen to me sing the song again．请听我把这首歌再唱一遍。 You can't let the boy stand in the sun．你不能让那孩子站在太阳底下。 They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree. 注意：感官动词后既可跟省略to的不定式作宾补，也可跟现在分词作宾补。其区别是：前者强调动作的全过程或经常性；后者则强调动作在进行（片断）。试比较： I heard her sing．我听见她唱了歌。 I heard her singing．我听见她在唱歌。 　 (3).带to或不带to的不定式作宾补 在动词help后可以跟带to的不定式作宾补，也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补。例如： He often helps me（to）clean the room．他经常帮助我打扫房间。 另外，不定式也可以作独立成分，表示说话人的态度。如： To tell the truth, this all Greek to me.说实话，我对此一窍不通。 To make a long story short, he became bankrupt.简单的说，他破产了。 To be true, we can do it well.当然，我们能做好。 ▇ 时态和语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing × 完成进行式 to have been doing × 不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的 1.一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。 They made plans to live in Paris. 他们计划住在巴黎。（to live 发生在 made plans之后） 2. “to be done”表示将来，常作定语。而且不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者。 The school building to be finished is for our teacher. 要被建造的大楼是给我们老师使用的。 The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 医生建议让房间透透气。 3. “to have done”表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，而且和主语（通常指人）是主动关系。 He is said to have finished this novel. 据说他写完了这部小说。 4. “to have been done”从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，而且和主语（通常指物，也可以指人）是被动关系。 This building is said to have been built. 据说这个建筑被竣工了。 She is happy to have been admitted to a famous university. 她被一所著名大学录取了，很开心。 5.“to be doing”表示两个动作同时发生，不太强调先后顺序。 When I came in, Mr. Li happened to be talking with others. 当我进来的时候，Mr. Li碰巧和别人聊天呢。 6. “to have been doing”表示表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。 I am happy to have been working here. 我很开心在这里工作。 ♣ 不定式的主动形式表达被动含义 另外，在“主语+系动词+表语（adj.）+to do”结构中，句子的主语和动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系，而且形容词表示主语的特征或形式。这时，需要用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。该结构常见的形容词有：easy, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。如： This question is asy to answer. This book is difficult to understand. 若句子的主语并非不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式则必须用被动式。 ★ 比较： I have a lot of letters to type . （我有很多信件要打印：I will type the letter） I have a lot of letters to be typed. （意思为： I get sb. to type the letter） 不定式总结： 1. 弄清楚不定式的成分特点； 2. 会判断不定式在句子中所充当的成分； 3. 注意带to的不定式和不带to的不定式使用条件的限定； 4. 不定式的时态和语态要看好动作发生的先后顺序。 5. 不定式常出现在语法填空题和翻译题中。 一、判断下列句子中,不定式所充当的成分 1.He asked his secretary to pass him the paper. 宾补 2.It is dangerous to swim in this river. 主语 3.We haven’t decided where to go. 宾语 4.My task is to teach English. 表语 5.I am so busy. I have a lot of work to do. 定语 6.To make a good impression, you should act politely and naturally. 状语 二、翻译句子（使用不定式） 1.他想出国，目的是研究深造。（further） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2.要得到更多的奖励，我们应该专心做好自己的事情。（devote） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3.他父母警告他不要在街上玩耍。（warn） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 4.干嘛不去看场电影放松一下自己？（relax） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 5.`解除病人的痛苦是医生的职责。（relieve） ______________________________________________________________________________________ 1.He wants to go abroad in order to/so as to go further study. 2.To get more rewards, we should devote to what we are doing well. 3.His parents wanred him not to play/against playing on the street. 4.Why don’t you/Why not go to the cinema to relax yourself? 5.It is a/the doctor’s responsibility to relieve patients of the pain. 一、语法填空 1．My mother often tells me （not read）in bed. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】not to read 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我妈妈经常告诉我不要躺在床上看书。句中tell sb not to do sth为固定短语，使用的是to do不定式的否定结构，作宾语补足语。故填not to read。 2．Tom kept silent about the accident so as (not lose) his job. (所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】not to lose 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。根据句意和所提示词可知，空处not to lose作目的状语。故填not to lose。 3．The driver, who was (blame) for the accident, hadn’t been driving carefully.（所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】to blame 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：事故的责任人是司机，他开车不小心。be to blame for sth.是固定短语，意为“对……应负责任；应该为某事负责任”。故填to blame。 4．I don’t have anything suitable (wear) for the party. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to wear 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：我没有适合参加聚会的衣服。(be) suitable to do sth.“适合做某事”。故填to wear。 5．To my relief, I had my father (repair) my bike yesterday. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】repair 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：让我松了一口气的是，昨天我让父亲修理了我的自行车。have sb. do sth.表示“让某人做某事”，repair“修理”用省略to的不定式，作宾补。故填repair。 6．All we have to do for our students is (aid) them in learning English with a comparative method. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】aid/to aid 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们为学生所要做的就是用比较的方法帮助他们学习英语。不定式形式作表语，说明主语内容，且主语部分含有to do，空处的不定式符号to可省略。故填aid/to aid。 7．The well­designed gallery houses 2,000 works of modern art and is worthy (visit). （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】to be visited 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：精心设计的美术馆收藏了2000件现代艺术作品，值得一游。be worthy to do“值得做”，visit和主语gallery之间是被动关系，故此处用动词不定式的被动式，故填to be visited。 8．The festivals is (hold) next Friday. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to be held 【详解】考查非谓语。句意：节日定于下周五举行。分析句子可知，这里考查非谓语，The festivals与hold为被动关系，再由next Friday可知，这里应用不定式被动语态作表语。故填to be held。 9．He has become the first American scientist (award) a Nobel prize. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to be awarded 【详解】考查不定式和被动语态。句意：他成为第一位获得诺贝尔奖的美国科学家。American scientist被序数词the first修饰，空格处用不定式作后置定语，科学家是被授予诺贝尔奖，因此空格处用不定式的被动语态to be done，故填to be awarded。 10．It is essential for the figures (update) on a regular basis, which is important for our research. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to be updated 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：定期更新数据是必要的，这对我们的研究很重要。根据“It is essential for the figures”可知，此处用固定句型It is essential for… to do sth.表示“让……做某事是必要的”，it是形式主语，真正的主语用不定式形式，且update和the figures逻辑上是被动关系，因此应用update的不定式被动语态。故填to be updated。 11．The problem (refer) to at the meeting tomorrow is about environmental pollution. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to be referred 【详解】考查不定式和被动语态。句意：明天会议要提到的问题是关于环境污染的。句中谓语是is，空格处用非谓语动词，problem和refer之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，由tomorrow可知，问题是明天被提到，因此空格处用不定式的被动语态to be referred，表示将来要进行的被动动作，故填to be referred。 12．They are believed (start) off in the late Qing Dynasty as a way for boatmen to keep warm. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to have started 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：它们被认为始于清朝晚期，是船工取暖的一种方式。根据空前的“are believed”为被动结构可推知，这里应是“be believed to do”结构，为固定用法，意为“被认为做某事”。同时结合时间“in the late Qing Dynasty”可知，所填动作在谓语动词之前发生，应是动词不定式的完成式：to have done。故填to have started。 13．Little Jack is reported (kill) in an car accident. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to have been killed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：据报道，小杰克死于一场车祸。be reported to do据报道……，kill“杀死”发生在谓语动作is reported之前，所以用不定式的完成式；Little Jack和kill之间是被动关系，用不定式的完成式的被动形式。故填to have been killed。 14．The novel is said (translate) into several languages. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to have been translated 【详解】考查动词不定式完成式的被动形式。句意：据说这部小说已被翻译成好几种语言。固定短语be said to do sth.意为“据说做某事”，结合空处前后内容可知，translate“翻译”的行为发生在said前面，故用动词不定式的完成式，且translate和The novel逻辑上是被动关系，故用动词不定式完成式的被动形式。故填to have been translated。 15．We rushed to the airport only (tell) that the plane had just taken off. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to be told 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：我们匆匆赶到机场，却被告知飞机刚刚起飞。此处为非谓语动词作状语，结合句意和only可知，此处为“only to do sth.”结构，表示意料之外的结果，所以此处使用动词不定式作结果状语，且tell与逻辑主语we之间为被动关系。故填to be told。 16．I think these problems are easy (work)out, so you don’t have to ask the teacher for help. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to work 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：我认为这些问题很容易解决，所以你不必向老师寻求帮助。在“be+性质形容词+to do”结构中，通常使用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义，作状语，其中常见的形容词有difficult，easy，hard，interesting，pleasant，nice等。problems与work out之间虽然为逻辑上的被动关系，但应使用不定式的主动式。故填to work。 17．They were disappointed (find) their limited resources were running out. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to find 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他们失望地发现有限的资源快用完了。be disappointed to do是固定短语，意为“对做某事感到失望”，因此空格处用不定式to find作原因状语。故填to find。 18．It took us about three hours (go) to the Summer Palace on foot yesterday. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to go 【详解】考查不定式。句意：昨天我们步行去颐和园花了大约三个小时。由句意空处应填to go，it作形式主语，不定式作真正的主语，固定句型It takes somebody some time to do something。故填to go。 19．Don’t hesitate (tell) your parents how you love and miss them. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to tell 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：不要犹豫，告诉你的父母你是多么爱他们，多么想念他们。根据谓语动词“hesitate”可知，空处应为非谓语动词形式，作宾语；动词短语hesitate to do sth表示“犹豫做某事”，符合句意。故填to tell。 20．After a spacecraft is launched, what we should do first is (make)sure it goes in the right orbit. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】make/to make 【详解】考查不定式。句意：航天器发射后，我们首先要做的就是确保它进入正确的轨道。主语从句后用不定式结构作表语，不定式to可以省略，故填to make或make。 二、完成句子 21．为了加快进程，研究团队设计了一个新的实验。 the process, the research team designed a new experiment. 【答案】To speed up 【详解】考查动词短语。表示“加快”短语为speed up，此处为不定式作目的状语，首字母大写。故填To speed up。 22．Jack’s father has retired from the company. Now Jack (要接受主管公司). (根据汉语提示完成句子) 【答案】is to take over the company 【详解】考查固定短语和时态。句意：杰克的父亲已经从公司退休了。现在杰克要接受主管公司。根据汉语提示，表示“按计划或安排要做某事”含义的表达为“be to do sth.”，因句子表示的是一个客观情况，可知谓语动词使用一般现在时，主语 Jack 是第三人称单数，所以 be 动词用 is；表示“主管，接管”含义的表达为take over；表示“公司”含义的表达为company，故填is to take over the company。 23．我们应该采取实际行动使自己适应新环境。(adjust) We are supposed to take practical action to the new environment. 【答案】adjust ourselves to 【详解】考查固定短语。根据句意可知，空处应填“使自己适应”，应用固定短语adjust oneself to，根据主语we可知，应用反身代词ourselves，表示“我们自己”，不定式符号to后接动词原形形式。故填adjust ourselves to。 24．瓦斯科·达·伽马(1460－1524)是一名葡萄牙探险家，也是第一个从海上到达印度的欧洲人。[the＋序数词(＋n.)＋to do] Vasco da Gama(1460－1524) was a Portuguese explorer and by sea. 【答案】the first European to reach India 【详解】考查非谓语动词。表示“第一个”应用the first；表示“欧洲人”应用European；表示“到达”应用reach，此处作后置定语，且修饰的名词European前有序数词限定，需用动词不定式；表示“印度”应用India。故填the first European to reach India。 25．怎样保护脆弱的生态环境是最令人关注的问题。(疑问词＋动词不定式) was among the top concerns. 【答案】How to protect the delicate ecosystem 【详解】考查“特殊疑问词+不定式”复合结构。“特殊疑问词+不定式”是一种常见复合结构，该结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和补足语；“怎样保护脆弱的生态环境”是句中作主语，可用“特殊疑问词+不定式”复合结构，结合句意用特殊疑问词how表示“怎样”，“保护脆弱的生态环境”用不定式to protect the delicate ecosystem；句首单词首字母大写。故填How to protect the delicate ecosystem。 26．据说，亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗在印度参观过这样的一棵树。(be said to have done...) Alexander the Great and Marco Polo such a tree in India. 【答案】were said to have visited 【详解】考查时态和非谓语动词。中英文对比，可知缺少“据说……参观过”，可以使用句型be said to have done...，句子描述过去发生的事情用一般过去时，be动词使用were ，“参观”是visit，“参观过”表示该动作发生在were said之前，所以用动词不定式的完成式符合题意。故答案为were said to have visited。 27．我很荣幸地通知你，在这次比赛中你获得第一名。(inform) I have the honour you have won the first prize in the competition. 【答案】to inform you that 【详解】考查动词不定式，动词固定结构。根据汉语提示，设空处对应“通知你”，同时结合空后为从句（从句意义完整，不缺成分）可知，这里用动词短语“inform sb. that…”，意为“告知/通知某人某事”，即“inform you that”。且空前结构为“have the honor to do…”，不定式结构作定语。因此，所填应是不定式形式，需在动词前加不定式符号“to”。故填to inform you that。 28．But I didn’t have the chance   (给他拍照) (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】to take a picture of him 【详解】考查固定短语和动词不定式。句意：但我没有机会给他拍照。根据句意，表示“给他拍照”应为take a picture of him，分析句子结构可知，此处非谓语动词短语作定语修饰名词chance，根据chance to do sth.意为“做某事的机会”可知，此处应为动词不定式形式作定语。故填to take a picture of him。 29．我想跟你分享一些你在中国如何注意餐桌礼仪的建议。 I’d like to share with you some suggestions on in China. 【答案】how to mind your table manners 【详解】考查“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构。此处使用“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构，作on的宾语，“如何”使用疑问副词how，“注意餐桌礼仪”译为动词短语mind your table manners，故填how to mind your table manners。 30．我匆忙赶到王教授家，可是却发现他外出了。 I hurried to Professor Wang’s house, . 【答案】only to find he was out 【详解】考查非谓语动词和宾语从句。表示“可是却”应用only to do，动词不定式作结果状语；表示“发现”应用find，位于动词不定式符号to后面，使用动词原形，find后面为省略that的宾语从句；表示“他”应用he；表示“外出”应用be out，结合“hurried”可知，使用一般过去时，主语为he，be动词用was。故填only to find he was out。 三、阅读理解 【上海进才中学2022--2023学年高一上学期期中考试】 When I was a puppy, I entertained you and made you laugh. You called me your child, and despite a number of chewed shoes and a couple of murdered pillows, I became your best friend. Whenever I was “bad”, you’d shake your finger at me and ask “How could you?”—but then you rolled me over for a belly (腹部) rub. I remember those nights of rubbing you in bed and listening to your secret dreams, and I believed that life could not be any more perfect. Gradually, you began spending more time at work and on your career, and more time searching for a human mate. She, now your wife, is not a “dog person”—still I welcomed her into our home, tried to show her affection, and obeyed her. I was happy because you were happy. Then the human babies came along and I shared your excitement. I was fascinated by the pinkness, how they smelled, and I wanted to mother them, too. Only she and you worried that I might hurt them, and I spent most of my time in another room. There had been a time, when others asked you if you had a dog, that you produced a photo of me from your wallet and told them stories about me. These past few years, you just answered “yes” and changed the subject. I had gone from being “your dog” to “just a dog”. Now, you have a new career opportunity in another city, and you and they will be moving to another apartment that does not allow pets. You’ve made the right decision for your “family”, but there was a time when I was your only family. People in the animal shelter are attentive to me, but I lost my appetite. At first whenever anyone passed, I rushed to the front, hoping it was you—that this was all a bad dream or I hoped it would at least be someone who cared, anyone who might save me. 36. How did the dog’s owner treat the puppy when it was at a younger age? A. He entertained the puppy with jokes and gestures. B. He treated the puppy as if it were a family member. C. He disciplined the puppy when it made a mess. D. He kept the puppy at a distance for the chewed shoes. 37. Why was the puppy excluded from the room after the babies were born? A. The puppy was tempted by the babies’ pinkness and sweet smell. B. The puppy poses a serious danger to the health and well-being of babies. C. The couple were concerned that the babies would be in danger. D. The master envied the natural affection between the babies and the puppy. 38. What can we infer from the last 3 paragraphs? A. It was hard for the puppy to accept the fact that it was ignored. B. The master had a mixed feeling for the advancement in career. C. The puppy felt relieved for the master’s establishment of a new family. D. It was urgent for the master to give up the puppy and move to another city. 39. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A. A Good Heart to Lean on B. New Member of the Family C. The Words of an Abandoned Dog D. Animal Shelter: the Last Home for Puppies 【答案】36. B 37. C 38. A 39. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。一只忠诚但被遗弃的狗在讲述自己从小到大和主人在一起的点点滴滴的故事，主人对小狗疼爱有加，工作之余陪着小狗一起进行室内训练，带着小狗一起去公园散步，骑车，吃冰激凌,慢慢地主人的工作越来越忙，小狗见证了主人娶妻生子的整个历程，分享主人的幸福和喜悦．如今，主人要去另外一个城市从事新的工作，他们要搬到一个不允许带宠物的公寓里去，小狗表现了对主人依依不舍的感情。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。由第一段“When I was a puppy, I entertained you and made you laugh. You called me your child, and despite a number of chewed shoes and a couple of murdered pillows, I became your best friend. Whenever I was “bad”, you’d shake your finger at me and ask “How could you?”—but then you rolled me over for a belly (腹部) rub”可知，当我还是一只小狗的时候，我的顽皮滑稽每每惹来你发笑，为你带来欢乐。你把我叫做你的孩子，虽然家里许多鞋子和一些靠枕都被我咬得残缺不全，我依然是你最好的朋友。无论什么时候我干了“坏”事，你总会对我摇摇手指说：“你怎么可以这样呢？”不过最后你都会原谅我，把我扑倒然后搓我的肚皮。所以通过小狗的回忆可以看出，小狗的主人在小狗年幼时把小狗当家人一样对待。故B选项正确。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。由第四段“Only she and you worried that I might hurt them, and I spent most of my time in another room.”可知，小狗的主人夫妇害怕他弄伤婴儿，所以整天把小狗关在另一间房间里。所以是因为这对夫妇担心孩子会有危险。故C选项正确。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。由第三段“There had been a time, when others asked you if you had a dog, that you produced a photo of me from your wallet and told them stories about me. These past few years, you just answered “yes” and changed the subject. I had gone from being “your dog” to “just a dog”.”可知，曾几何时，人们问起你家里有没有宠物时，你总是毫不迟疑地从包里掏出我的照片，向他们娓娓道出我的轶事。可是，近几年有人问起同一个问题，你却只是冷冷地回答“是”，随即就转向别的话题。我已经从“你的狗儿”变成只是“一条狗”了。所以通过小狗主人态度的对比，我们能从倒数三段中推断出小狗很难接受自己被忽视的事实。故A选项正确。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，一只忠诚但被遗弃的狗在讲述自己从小到大和主人在一起的点点滴滴的故事，主人对小狗疼爱有加，工作之余陪着小狗一起进行室内训练，带着小狗一起去公园散步，骑车，吃冰激凌，慢慢地主人的工作越来越忙，小狗见证了主人娶妻生子的整个历程，分享主人的幸福和喜悦．如今，主人要得另外一个城市从事新的工作，他们要搬到一个不允许带宠物的公寓里去，小狗表现了对主人依依不舍的感情。所以短文都是围绕着“一只被遗弃的狗说的话”而展开的。故短文的最佳标题为“一只被遗弃的狗说的话”。故C选项正确。 【点睛】通过对事物的对比或者比较是解决推理判断题的重要解题方法，通过对事物的对比，能够判断出事物的不同点，差距等，意在突出对方的优点或者缺点，或者判断出作者的态度，或者反映出一定的事实。 由第三段“There had been a time, when others asked you if you had a dog, that you produced a photo of me from your wallet and told them stories about me. These past few years, you just answered “yes” and changed the subject. I had gone from being “your dog” to “just a dog”.”可知，曾几何时，人们问起你家里有没有宠物时，你总是毫不迟疑地从包里掏出我的照片，向他们娓娓道出我的轶事。可是，近几年有人问起同一个问题，你却只是冷冷地回答“是”，随即就转向别的话题。我已经从“你的狗儿”变成只是“一条狗”了。所以通过小狗主人态度的对比，我们能从倒数三段中推断出小狗很难接受自己被忽视的事实。故小题3的正确选项为A选项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$