10选择性必修第三册重要语法突破讲义（定语从句、现在完成进行时、不定式）（人教版2019）-2024年高二英语培优提升暑假作业

10选择性必修第三册重要语法突破讲义 目录 Part one 定语从句精讲+语法训练 Part two 现在完成进行时精讲+语法训练 Part three 不定式精讲+语法训练 定语从句精讲 一、关系代词的用法 who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略；which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略；that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which；在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略；whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。 The person that/who tricked me was one of my classmates. 骗我的那个人是我的一个同学。 The old man (that/whom) the girl had tricked was my grandfather. 女孩欺骗的那位老人是我的爷爷。 The gold medal (that/which) she won has been given to her old school. 她曾经获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。 The woman (that/whom) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal. 我在报纸上读到的那位女士刚刚赢得了一枚金牌。 This is the person whose story surprised everybody. 就是这个人的故事让所有人吃了一惊。 [温馨提示] 1．宜用that不宜用which的情况 (1)当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词时。 All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做完了。 (2)当先行词被all，every，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。 Music is the only thing that interests me. 音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。 (3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most interesting story that I have ever read. 这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。 (4)当先行词中既有人又有物时。 She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most. 她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。 2．宜用which不宜用that的情况 (1)关系代词前有介词时。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。 (2)在非限制性定语从句中。 Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl? 你曾读过一个年轻女孩写的这本书吗？ 3．宜用who不宜用that的情况 (1)当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone等。 Anyone who does that must be mad. 谁那样做都一定是疯了。 (2)当先行词是人称代词I，you，he，they等时(常用于谚语中)。 He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。 (3)当先行词为指人的those时。 Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。 (4)在there be结构中，先行词指人时。 There is a young man who wants to see you. 有一个年轻人想见你。 4．whose指物时，常用下列结构来代替 The classroom whose door is broken can hold 40 students. ＝The classroom the door of which is broken can hold 40 students. ＝The classroom of which the door is broken can hold 40 students. 那间被弄坏了门的教室能容纳40个学生。 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词的指代及功能 关系副词 先行词 功能 when 表示时间的名词 时间状语 where 表示地点的名词 地点状语 why reason 原因状语 I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane. 我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。 I’d like to live in the house where there is plenty of sunshine. 我喜欢住在那个阳光充足的房子里。 Can you tell me the reason why you didn’t come to his birthday party? 你能告诉我你没参加他的生日宴会的原因吗？ [温馨提示] 表示时间、地点及原因的名词作先行词时，定语从句可用关系代词引导，也可用关系副词引导。若先行词在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词；若先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则应用关系代词。试比较： Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night? 你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？(when在从句中作状语) Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm? 你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？(that或which作spent的宾语) I don’t know the reason why he didn’t turn to his good friend for help yesterday. 我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。(why作原因状语) I won’t listen to the reason that/which you have given us. 我坚决不听你提供给我们的那个理由。(定语从句中缺少宾语，所以用which/that，不用why) 三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”；关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。 选用介词的依据： 1．根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。 Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous. 昨天我们参观了西湖，杭州因其而出名。(be famous for因……而出名) 2．根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。 This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(with camera用照相机) The boss in whose company Mr King worked heard about the accident. 金先生所工作的公司的老板听说了这起事故。(in the boss’ company) 3．根据句子的意思来选择。 The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的、离了它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。 4．表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。 I have about 10 books，half of which were written by Mo Yan. 我有大约10本书，其中一半是莫言写的。 [温馨提示] 在定语从句中，有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用，如look after，look for等不能把介词移至which或whom之前。 The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.(正) The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.(误) 四、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句做些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。 He is English，which I know from his accent. 他是英国人，我通过他的口音知道这一点。 I heard a terrible noise，which brought my heart into my mouth. 我听到了一个可怕的声音，这使我非常害怕。 [温馨提示] 关系代词as和which的区别 as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分内容，先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语；as和which都不可省略，有时两者可以互换。 He married her，as/which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 下列情况通常只用as而不用which： 当定语从句置于主句前面时，用as不用which。 As you see，the Chinese people are hard­working.(定语从句在句首) 你知道，中国人民是勤劳的。 注意下面句子的多种表达方法： 众所周知，月球每月绕地球转一圈。 五、使用定语从句的注意事项 1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。 Those who are over 45 won’t be permitted into the hall. 超过45岁的人不允许进入大厅。 [温馨提示] “one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French. 他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。 2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it) 这就是我们上星期天参观过的工厂。 语法训练 一、语法填空 1．The teacher didn’t know the reason she was late for school. before, started jumping out of the window. 3．The reason he was absent was quite complicated. 4．The upside is that you have reached a stage you can make your own decisions. 5．In an age mobile phones and the Internet are eating up most of our time and energy, one can understand how difficult it is to focus attention and energy on studies. 6．Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands became his second home. 7．The next question I found difficult to answer was put to me by Mary. 8．The girl to I lent my bike works in a hospital. 9．I have purchased all is necessary. 10．This is the cleverest man I have ever known. 11．This is the greatest challenge we’ve ever met with. 12．The nurse we talked about can speak English fluently. 13．The ship, the Europeans sailed to the American continent, was called the Mayflower. 14．Here are agents from America, some of are our old friends. 15．There are several teachers standing at the school gate, one of is my English teacher. 16．I have actively attended English lectures, from I have a good knowledge of British and American cultures. 17．The reason he explained to us was that he hadn’t read the book before. 18．His opinion often conflicts with his parents, is often the case with teenagers. 19．According to the Beijing 2022 Organizing Committee, more than 1 million people applied to serve as volunteers and nearly 20，000 were selected, most of are from colleges and universities in Beijing and Hebei Province. 20．According to official statistics, over 346 million Chinese people have participated in winter sports training, amateur or professional competitions, or winter sports leisure activities, surpassing the goal of 300 million the government set in 2015 Beijing won the Olympic bid. 21．I hope acupuncture, with help I recovered, will continue to bring health to other people. 22．Moreover, the majority are mainly the post-80s youth and 90s youth， don’t want to visit crowded tourist sites. 23．A national territorial (领土的) planning system will be guided by three “red lines”, one of will include about 103 million hectares of permanent farmland. 24．Shaanxi’s biang biang noodles were a comforting and beloved food among locals, for the back story and written character were common knowledge. 25．The association of red with good fortune is the reason the color red is important in weddings, New Years, and other important celebrations. 26．Beijing, the Summer Games were held in 2008, is the first city in the world to host both editions of the Olympic Games. 27． is known to us, body language can give away a lot about your mood. 28．Understanding, love and tolerance are the first three essentials come to an authentic friendship. 29．In addition, every student can be in harmony with foreign friends, makes it easy for you to get along with them. 30．The old man turned his business over to his younger son, made his elder son discouraged. 二、完成句子 31．In our class there are 50 students, (其中一半人戴眼镜) . （定语从句） 32． (正如你想的那样), there will be a variety of challenges in the future life. 33．The campaign can (提醒人们汽车对我们社会产生的危害). 34．He had a big quarrel with his boss, (这使得他被解雇了). 35． (你可以想象得到), every life is allowed to have freedom and dignity in this country. 36． (通常就是这样), she rarely takes part in activities. 37．The number of smokers， （正如报道的那样），has decreased by 17 percent in just one year. 38．He wrote a letter (在信中他解释了发生的事情) in the accident. 39．I would like to make friends with people their words (言行一致的). （动词短语、定语从句） 40． (我所想到的解决这个问题的方法) prove to be practical.(way) 现在完成进行时精讲 1．构成：have/has＋been＋现在分词 2．用法 (1)现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。这个时态多用于延续性动词，如live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等，并常和all this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently等时间状语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用(与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去)。 I have been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up. 我已经等了一个小时了，可他还没来。 How long have you been living here? 你在这里住了多久了？ (2)有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。这时现在完成进行时可用于瞬间动词。 He’s been shaving since last year. 他从去年开始就一直刮脸。 You have been saying for a year that you will study abroad.整整一年你都在说要出国学习。 3．现在完成进行时中时间状语的省略 现在完成进行时在上下文清楚时亦可不用时间状语。 这种现在完成进行时多指“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续，并往往含有一种直接的结果。 You’ve been working too hard. 你工作太辛苦了。(直接结果可能是你一定很累了) You’ve been smoking again. 你又抽烟了。(暗含结果是你身上有烟味) 4．现在完成进行时的感情色彩 现在完成进行时和其他进行时态一样，也可以带有感情色彩。 I have been wanting to meet you for a long time. 和你见面是我盼望已久的事。 Too much has been happening today. 今天发生太多事了。 现在完成时与现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时是兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响；由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较： 1．现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。 Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗？ Have you met him recently? 你最近见过他吗？ 2．现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满) I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实) 3．现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。 Who has been eating the oranges? 谁一直在吃橘子呀？(还剩余一些) Who has eaten the oranges? 谁把橘子吃了？(强调吃得一个不剩) 4．有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：表示状态的动词：be，have，exist等；表示感情的动词：like，love等；表示感觉的动词：see，hear，know等。 I have liked jazz since I was a teenager. 从青少年起我就喜欢爵士乐了。 I have known her for a long time. 我认识她已经很长时间了。 5．与一段时间连用时可以用现在完成时也可以用现在完成进行时；但与次数连用时只能用现在完成时，不能用现在完成进行时。 6．这两种时态都可以表示动作的延续，区别在于：现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，可以说是现在完成时的强调形式。 We have been living here for ten years. We have lived here for ten years. 我们在这里住了十年了。 7．在没有时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，而现在完成时则表示动作到现在已经结束。 The students have been preparing for the exam. 学生们一直在为考试做准备。(还在进行) The students have prepared for the exam. 学生们为考试做了准备。(已经结束) 语法训练 一、语法填空 1．I (play) ping -pong all the morning, so I’m sweating buckets. 2．He (write) his novel all day long, and hopefully he will complete it in a week. 3．In recent years, however, membership (decline) . 4．I homework this morning and I it for four hours so far.(do) 5．Since Zhangjiajie (improve) its transportation and service for long, the city now can receive 36, 200 tourists per day. 6．I graduated from Beijing University in 1998, and I (teach) English literature since. 7．The dog (bark) for a long time, and I am following the sound to find it. 8．It (grow) well for the past three months. 9．—Hi, George, you look exhausted. —Yes, I am exhausted. I (paint) the cafeteria all day. 10．The study (investigate) the impact of violent TV programming on children over the last two years. 11．Now that Lucy is out of work, she (consider) going back to school, but she   (not decide) yet. 12．She (write) her graduation paper all day long. 13．He (listen) to English programs since he came to the US, so he (make) great progress. 14．I (write) the book all year and am hoping to finish it soon. 15．Mark (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday. 16．In the past one hour, the fire (extend) almost to the top floor, with residents crowding into roof exit. 17．Many artists draw with pens and brushes, but few “paint” with knives. Wang Jing, a woman from Shenyang city in northeast China’s Liaoning Province, (engage)in this novel art form for 27 years. 18．It seems that climate all over the world (change) greatly in recent years. 19．These days I (consider) what to do next move. 20．The company (promise) a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. 二、完成句子 21．我踢了一上午的足球，所以出汗很多。 I all the morning, so I’m sweating heavily. 22．新学期开始以来, 汤姆一直在努力学习。 Tom since the new term began. 23．他一直盼着加薪。 He for a raise in salary all the time. 24．他有肺病。那是因为他抽烟抽得太多了。(because) He has lung disease. . 25．我从早晨9点开始一直在写报告。 I since 9 in the morning. 26．很多医生和护士已经夜以继日地工作数周了。 day and night for weeks. 27．这个月天天下雨。 It every day this month. 28．你看了多久电视了? How long   TV? 29．这话他已经说了好几年了。 He    that for years. 30．我多年来一直在学习汉语。 I Chinese for many years. 31．汤姆的手很脏，因为他一直在修汽车。 Tom’s hands are very dirty, because he the car. 32．烟草行业一直在试图改善其形象。 The tobacco industry . 33．他看了一天电视了。 He television all day. 34．毫无疑问你工作一直十分努力。 Without doubt, you very hard. 35．他做这份工作已经三年了。 He this work for three years. 36．我累坏了。整个下午我一直在工作。 I am tired out. I the whole afternoon. 37．自从上周以来一直下雨。 It since last week. 38．整个上午我一直在打乒乓球，所以我浑身是汗。 I all morning,so I’m sweating. 39．中国人有2 000多年的造纸历史。(have been doing) The Chinese paper for more than two thousand years. 40．这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。 I for two hours, but I haven’t finished it. 不定式精讲 1． 不定式的形式 1. to do 将来时主动式 1. to be done 将来时被动式 1. to be doing 进行时主动式 1. to be being done 进行时被动式 1. to have done 完成时主动式 1. to have been done 完成时被动式 二、不定式做主语 1. 不定式做主语位于句首； Eg：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To get up early is necessary. 早起是有必要的。 2．It作形式主语，动词不定式为真正主语，放在句末，为了保持句子的平衡。 形式一：It +be+adj.+for sb.+to do sth 在此句式中，做表语的形容词说明不定式行为的性质或者特点。 Adj: easy, important, difficult, necessary, hard, possible, impossible, comfortable, better等。 Eg:It’s important for us to keep the water clean. 形式二：It +be+adj+of sb.+to do sth 在此句型中，做表语的形容词用于说明不定式逻辑主语的品性、性格、性质等。 Adj: kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, brave, considerate, selfish(自私的), silly(愚蠢的)等。 Eg:It is very kind of you to help us. 形式三：It+be+名词+to do sth 名词：an honour/(a) pleasure/pity/duty(责任)/fun/task/job...... Eg: It is our duty to take good care of the old. 形式四：It takes/took/will take sb. some time/money to do sth 花费某人...时间/金钱做某事 Eg: It will take us a long time to walk there. 3. 动词不定式与疑问词how, what, when, where, which 等连用构成不定式短语，位于句首，也可以做主语。 Eg: What to do next is not decided yet. 4. 不定式语态 不定式与逻辑主语之间是主动关系用to do; 不定式与逻辑主语之间是被动关系用to be done. Eg: It was an honour for him to be chosen as head of the medical team. 5. to do做主语与动名词做主语的区别 动词不定式做主语通常表示具体的一次性行为或将来的动作，强调动作本身，谓语动词用单数形式；动名词做主语通常表示一般的抽象的泛指概念，强调事件本身，谓语动词用单数形式。 Eg: To lie to the teacher is wrong. Eating is an important thing. 动词不定式做主语时，可以表示一件带有目的性的未完成事件；动名词做主语时，可以表示一件已知的经验或事情，表示人的习惯、爱好、职业、经验等。 Eg:I like swimmimg, but I don’t like to swim on such a cold day.（前者指习惯爱好，后者指一次性行为） To visit Australia is my next goal.(未来动作) Collecting stamps is his hobby.(习惯爱好) Teaching children music is her work.(工作职业) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.(经验) 不定式作表语 一．结构 am/is/are/was/were + 不定式 The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children. 二.功能 （1）表示目的 The next step is to understand exactly what conveys in the contemporary painting. （2）表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果及预言 You must speak out, if we are to remain friends. We believe man is to live a better life in the future. （3）用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求意见 What am I to do if I can’t gain entry to the final? （4）用于被动语态，相当于should，具有情态意义 These books of great value are not to be sold. （5）表示“安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等 I am to set out for China next week. 下周我要动身到中国去。（安排） You are to have a face-to-face talk with them. 你应该和他们当面谈一谈。（劝告） Children are not to smoke. 儿童不准吸烟。（禁止） 三．动词不定式作表语的两种特殊用法 （1）不定式短语to let，to blame，to seek 等常用主动形式表示被动含义 The house is to let. Who is to blame for the population decline of the tigers in that area? The reason for global warming is not far to seek. 全球变暖的原因不难找到。 （2）当主语部分含有动词 do 的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可省略to Anything we can do is guarantee it will be delivered on time. In the evening the only thing he did was read on the blog. 语法训练 一、语法填空 1．They asked the government (extend) its period of deliberation. 2．He is always the first staff (arrive) at the office, which I think is why he is promoted so quickly. 3．What I suggest is (purchase) the tickets in advance from the box office. 4．I guarantee (pay) off his debts when I earn money. 5．She became the first black woman (elect) to the committee. 6．I will guarantee (prove) every statement I made. 7．With so many problems (deal) with, I need to work overtime tomorrow. 8．I think we owe it to our future generations (protect) the environment. 9．A series of hands-on classes are designed for students (acquire) the necessary life skills. 10．The bird was lucky enough (escape) being killed. 11．He pretended (listen) attentively when the teacher came in. 12．We need to (analysis) our results more clearly. 13．It made him angry (laugh) at yesterday. 14．There are far more opportunities for young people than there used (be). 15．How many times does the diamond need to (polish) to be a delicate artwork? 16． (contest) in the game, he has to finish the assignment that involves (recite) ten poems. 17．I was surprised (know) that the little girl had read dozens of books at such a young age. 18．If you don’t seize the day to devote yourself to your studies, you are bound (overcome) with regret. 19．The graph forces you (realize) what we are doing to the ecology. 20．Prior to (come) to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed (suit) American tastes. 21．As a science student, I never felt an urge (appreciate) any literary works. 22．Deep in sorrow, the man wondered how (fetch) help, (pace) up and down in the room nervously. 23．I was upset (learn) that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, thinking it is food. 24．Playing basketball serves as the best way (ease) our great study pressure and find some pleasure at the same time. 25．I consider (buy) a computer, which is considered (be) a great help in our work and study. 26．To her from being hurt, I must say something in her .(defend) 27．The ability to (accurate) understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor (find) how best to help her patients. 28．In some remote regions, the inhabitants have to walk a mile (fetch) water. 29．Our headteacher can’t have us (waste) our precious time. Even if we have finished our homework, he always has us (read) classics to broaden our horizons. 30．However, if a student does not bother (brush) her hair and her eyes are red from weeping, then I can infer that there are deeper issues at work. 二、完成句子 31．Seeing the teacher come in, he (假装) reading. 32．Learning Chinese helps them see life from a new perspective and (拓展视野，开阔眼界) to the outside world. 33．We are still trying to (决定；选定) a training area. 34．It is a tough job to learn the piano, (更不用说) the daily routine of practice. 35．They read the newspapers every day to (了解……的动态) current events. 36．Yesterday, I received dozens of emails from readers who wanted to (采取行动) to help the environment. 37．You have to (权衡) in your mind whether to pursue the matter or not. 38． (这由你来决定) how you want to live, and to make the right decisions about your diet. 39．They (发现很难证明……是正当的) their son’s giving up a secure well-paid job. 40．The shopping mall has no right to (使购物者仓促购买) things they don’t need. 41．The determined look in their eyes told us that nothing could make them (改变想法). 42．Little Tom was (急于知道) the result of his examination. 43．I have no alternative but to (依赖，依靠) you for practical advice. 44．We discussed ways to (应付，处理) the problem. 45．What stands out in this poem is its ability to (深入……的核心) human nature. 46．Mary began to (缓过气来) and feel safer because she was sure that she could finish the test. 47．He was sent (监视) the enemy’s movements. 48．It is challenging (急切寻求) your dreams but it will bring you happiness that no money on earth can buy. 49．there is a need to do sth From a scientific point of view, (迫切需要对北极进行研究) in order to understand climate change and its effects. 50． (既然你想减肥), you’d better cut down on fatty foods. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 10选择性必修第三册重要语法突破讲义 目录 Part one 定语从句精讲+语法训练 Part two 现在完成进行时精讲+语法训练 Part three 不定式精讲+语法训练 定语从句精讲 一、关系代词的用法 who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略；which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略；that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which；在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略；whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。 The person that/who tricked me was one of my classmates. 骗我的那个人是我的一个同学。 The old man (that/whom) the girl had tricked was my grandfather. 女孩欺骗的那位老人是我的爷爷。 The gold medal (that/which) she won has been given to her old school. 她曾经获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。 The woman (that/whom) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal. 我在报纸上读到的那位女士刚刚赢得了一枚金牌。 This is the person whose story surprised everybody. 就是这个人的故事让所有人吃了一惊。 [温馨提示] 1．宜用that不宜用which的情况 (1)当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词时。 All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做完了。 (2)当先行词被all，every，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。 Music is the only thing that interests me. 音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。 (3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most interesting story that I have ever read. 这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。 (4)当先行词中既有人又有物时。 She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most. 她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。 2．宜用which不宜用that的情况 (1)关系代词前有介词时。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。 (2)在非限制性定语从句中。 Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl? 你曾读过一个年轻女孩写的这本书吗？ 3．宜用who不宜用that的情况 (1)当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone等。 Anyone who does that must be mad. 谁那样做都一定是疯了。 (2)当先行词是人称代词I，you，he，they等时(常用于谚语中)。 He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。 (3)当先行词为指人的those时。 Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。 (4)在there be结构中，先行词指人时。 There is a young man who wants to see you. 有一个年轻人想见你。 4．whose指物时，常用下列结构来代替 The classroom whose door is broken can hold 40 students. ＝The classroom the door of which is broken can hold 40 students. ＝The classroom of which the door is broken can hold 40 students. 那间被弄坏了门的教室能容纳40个学生。 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词的指代及功能 关系副词 先行词 功能 when 表示时间的名词 时间状语 where 表示地点的名词 地点状语 why reason 原因状语 I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane. 我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。 I’d like to live in the house where there is plenty of sunshine. 我喜欢住在那个阳光充足的房子里。 Can you tell me the reason why you didn’t come to his birthday party? 你能告诉我你没参加他的生日宴会的原因吗？ [温馨提示] 表示时间、地点及原因的名词作先行词时，定语从句可用关系代词引导，也可用关系副词引导。若先行词在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词；若先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则应用关系代词。试比较： Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night? 你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？(when在从句中作状语) Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm? 你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？(that或which作spent的宾语) I don’t know the reason why he didn’t turn to his good friend for help yesterday. 我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。(why作原因状语) I won’t listen to the reason that/which you have given us. 我坚决不听你提供给我们的那个理由。(定语从句中缺少宾语，所以用which/that，不用why) 三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”；关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。 选用介词的依据： 1．根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。 Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous. 昨天我们参观了西湖，杭州因其而出名。(be famous for因……而出名) 2．根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。 This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(with camera用照相机) The boss in whose company Mr King worked heard about the accident. 金先生所工作的公司的老板听说了这起事故。(in the boss’ company) 3．根据句子的意思来选择。 The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的、离了它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。 4．表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。 I have about 10 books，half of which were written by Mo Yan. 我有大约10本书，其中一半是莫言写的。 [温馨提示] 在定语从句中，有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用，如look after，look for等不能把介词移至which或whom之前。 The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.(正) The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.(误) 四、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句做些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。 He is English，which I know from his accent. 他是英国人，我通过他的口音知道这一点。 I heard a terrible noise，which brought my heart into my mouth. 我听到了一个可怕的声音，这使我非常害怕。 [温馨提示] 关系代词as和which的区别 as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分内容，先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语；as和which都不可省略，有时两者可以互换。 He married her，as/which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 下列情况通常只用as而不用which： 当定语从句置于主句前面时，用as不用which。 As you see，the Chinese people are hard­working.(定语从句在句首) 你知道，中国人民是勤劳的。 注意下面句子的多种表达方法： 众所周知，月球每月绕地球转一圈。 五、使用定语从句的注意事项 1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。 Those who are over 45 won’t be permitted into the hall. 超过45岁的人不允许进入大厅。 [温馨提示] “one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French. 他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。 2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it) 这就是我们上星期天参观过的工厂。 语法训练 一、语法填空 1．The teacher didn’t know the reason she was late for school. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：老师不知道她上学迟到的原因。分析句子可知，这里考查定语从句，先行词为 the reason，在从句中作原因状语，所以此空应用关系副词why。故填why。 2．The class became a circus as the boys, had never come across anything like this before, started jumping out of the window. 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：当那些以前从未遇到过这种情况的男孩们开始跳出窗户时，教室变成了一个马戏团。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是boys，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导，故填who。 3．The reason he was absent was quite complicated. 【答案】why/for which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他缺席的原因很复杂。分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，先行词在从句中表示某事发生的原因，作原因状语，应用关系副词why作引导词，或用“介词+关系代词”引导该从句，用for the reason表示“因为某种原因”，reason指物，关系代词用which。故填why或for which。 4．The upside is that you have reached a stage you can make your own decisions. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：好处是你已经到了可以自己做决定的阶段。定语从句修饰先行词stage，在从句作抽象地点状语，故填where。 5．In an age mobile phones and the Internet are eating up most of our time and energy, one can understand how difficult it is to focus attention and energy on studies. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在一个手机和互联网吞噬了我们大部分时间和精力的时代，人们可以理解将注意力和精力集中在学习上是多么困难。分析句子结构可知，空格处为定语从句的连接词，从句中句子成分完整；空格处在从句中作状语，先行词为时间，所以用when。故填when。 6．Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands became his second home. 【答案】which/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：Molai在一个印度的小村庄长大。这个村庄靠近一些湿地，这些湿地成了他的第二个家。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词wetlands。先行词指物，在限定性定语从句中作主语，所以可用关系代词which或that引导该从句。故填which/that。 7．The next question I found difficult to answer was put to me by Mary. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：下一个我觉得难以回答的问题是玛丽向我提出的。先行词question“问题”被next修饰，且定语从句中缺少宾语，所以应用关系代词that。故填that。 8．The girl to I lent my bike works in a hospital. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我把自行车借给的那个女孩在医院工作。分析句子结构可知，空处需要填入一个关系词来引导定语从句，修饰先行词the girl。先行词指人，在从句中作介词to的宾语，因此应该使用关系代词whom引导该限定性定语从句。故填whom。 9．I have purchased all is necessary. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我已经购买了所有必要的东西。分析句子结构可知，空处需要填入一个关系词来引导限定性定语从句。该关系词在从句中作主语，并指代先行词all。当先行词是“all，everything，nothing，something”等不定代词时，通常使用关系代词that来引导定语从句。故填that。 10．This is the cleverest man I have ever known. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是我所认识的最聪明的人。在定语从句中缺少宾语，且先行词被最高级修饰，所以应用关系代词that。故填that。 11．This is the greatest challenge we’ve ever met with. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是我们遇到过的最大挑战。定语从句中缺少宾语，且先行词被最高级修饰，所以应用关系代词that。故填that。 12．The nurse we talked about can speak English fluently. 【答案】that/who/whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们谈论的那个护士英语说得很流利。分析句子结构可知，空格处为定语从句的连接词，且在从句中作宾语，先行词为人，所以可以用that，who或者whom。故答案为that或者who或者whom。 13．The ship, the Europeans sailed to the American continent, was called the Mayflower. 【答案】on which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：欧洲人乘坐前往美洲大陆的船被称为“五月花号”。分析句子结构，这是一个包含定语从句的复合句，先行词为ship，因先行词在定语从句中作状语，使用“介词+关系代词”结构引导定语从句，表示“在船上”用介词on，先行词指物，使用关系代词which，故填on which。 14．Here are agents from America, some of are our old friends. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是来自美国的代理人，其中一些是我们的老朋友。逗号后的部分是非限制性定语从句，对先行词agents进行限定说明，先行词指人，关系代词作介词of的宾语，用whom。故填whom。 15．There are several teachers standing at the school gate, one of is my English teacher. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：有几个老师站在学校门口，其中一个是我的英语老师。分析句子可知，此处为介词of+关系代词whom引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词teachers在从句中作介词of的宾语成分。故填whom。 16．I have actively attended English lectures, from I have a good knowledge of British and American cultures. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我积极参加英语讲座，对英美文化有一定的了解。此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是English lectures，关系词在从句中作from的宾语，应用关系代词which，故填which。 17．The reason he explained to us was that he hadn’t read the book before. 【答案】that/which/不填 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他向我们解释的原因是他以前没有读过这本书。空处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是reason，关系词在从句中作宾语，使用关系代词that或which，关系词也可省略。故填that/which/不填。 18．His opinion often conflicts with his parents, is often the case with teenagers. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他的意见经常与父母发生冲突，这在青少年中是常有的事。分析句子可知，此处为关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整句话在从句中作主语成分，as is often the case“情况常常如此；这是常有的事”为固定句型。故填as。 19．According to the Beijing 2022 Organizing Committee, more than 1 million people applied to serve as volunteers and nearly 20，000 were selected, most of are from colleges and universities in Beijing and Hebei Province. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据北京2022年冬奥会组委会统计，超过100万人申请成为志愿者，其中有近2万人被选中，其中大多数来自北京和河北省的高校。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，指代先行词“nearly 20,000 (volunteers)”。先行词指人，在定语从句中作介词的宾语，所以用关系代词whom引导该从句。故填whom。 20．According to official statistics, over 346 million Chinese people have participated in winter sports training, amateur or professional competitions, or winter sports leisure activities, surpassing the goal of 300 million the government set in 2015 Beijing won the Olympic bid. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据统计，超过3.46亿中国人参加了冬季运动训练、业余或专业比赛，或冬季运动休闲活动，超过了中国政府在赢得奥运主办权的2015年设定的3亿人目标。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词2015。先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，所以用关系副词when引导该从句。故填when。 21．I hope acupuncture, with help I recovered, will continue to bring health to other people. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我希望针灸疗法——借助它的帮助我得以康复——能继续为其他人带来健康。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词acupuncture。先行词在定语从句中做定语，所以用关系代词whos引导该从句。故填whose。 22．Moreover, the majority are mainly the post-80s youth and 90s youth， don’t want to visit crowded tourist sites. 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：而且，大多数主要是80后和90后年轻人，他们不想去拥挤的旅游景点。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词“the post-80s youth and 90s youth”。先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who引导该从句。故填who。 23．A national territorial (领土的) planning system will be guided by three “red lines”, one of will include about 103 million hectares of permanent farmland. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：国家领土规划体系将遵循三条“红线”，其中之一将包括约1.03亿公顷的永久性农田。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词three “red lines”。先行词指物，在定语从句中作介词的宾语。所以用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。 24．Shaanxi’s biang biang noodles were a comforting and beloved food among locals, for the back story and written character were common knowledge. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：陕西的油泼面在当地人心中是一道慰藉人心、备受喜爱的食物，关于它的背景故事和文字字符是当地人的常识。空处引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词locals。先行词指人，在定语从句中做介词的宾语，所以用关系代词whom引导该从句。故填whom。 25．The association of red with good fortune is the reason the color red is important in weddings, New Years, and other important celebrations. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：红色与好运的关联是红色在婚礼、新年和其他重要庆典中重要的原因。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词the reason。先行词在定语从句中作原因状语，所以用关系副词why引导该从句。故填why。 26．Beijing, the Summer Games were held in 2008, is the first city in the world to host both editions of the Olympic Games. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：北京，2008年夏季奥运会的举办地，是世界上首个举办过两届奥运会的城市。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Beijing。先行词在定语从句中做地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。 27． is known to us, body language can give away a lot about your mood. 【答案】As 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：众所周知，肢体语言可以透露出很多你的情绪。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，指代后面整个句子的内容，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词as引导该从句。as引导的非限定性定语可以放到句首，翻译为“正如，正像”。故填As。 28．Understanding, love and tolerance are the first three essentials come to an authentic friendship. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：理解和爱、宽容是构成真正友谊的首要三个要素。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词essentials。先行词指物，在定语从句中作主语，且先行词前有序数词修饰，所以只能用关系代词that引导该从句。故填that。 29．In addition, every student can be in harmony with foreign friends, makes it easy for you to get along with them. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：此外，每个学生都能与外国朋友和谐相处，这使你很容易与他们相处。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，对前面整个句子进行补充说明，所以空处指代前面整个句子并且在定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。 30．The old man turned his business over to his younger son, made his elder son discouraged. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：老人将生意交给了小儿子，这让他的长子感到沮丧。分析句子结构知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。 二、完成句子 31．In our class there are 50 students, (其中一半人戴眼镜) . （定语从句） 【答案】half of whom wear glasses 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们班有五十名学生，其中一半人戴眼镜。表达“一半”要用half；分析可知空格处是非限制性定语从句，students是先行词，指人；表达范围要用介词of，所以用关系代词whom指代先行词作介词of作宾语；“戴眼镜”为动宾短语wear glasses；此句陈述目前现状，要用一般现在时，故填 half of whom wear glasses。 32． (正如你想的那样), there will be a variety of challenges in the future life. 【答案】As you can imagine 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：正如你想的那样，在未来的生活中会有各种各样的挑战。根据汉语提示“正如你想的那样”并分析句子结构可知，这里应用关系代词as引导非限定性定语从句，意为“正如”，指代后面整个主句；“想”可表示为imagine。故填As you can imagine。 33．The campaign can (提醒人们汽车对我们社会产生的危害). 【答案】remind harm cars do to our society 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这场运动可以提醒人们汽车对我们社会的危害。“汽车对我们社会产生危害”可翻译为“cars do harm to our society”，再由“提醒人们汽车对我们社会产生的危害”可知，名词harm作remind的宾语，然后将“cars do to our society”作为定语从句修饰先行词harm，它在从句中作宾语，引导从句的关系词 that或which可以省略掉，故填remind harm cars do to our society。 34．He had a big quarrel with his boss, (这使得他被解雇了). 【答案】which got him dismissed 【详解】考查定语从句、动词时态。句意：他和老板大吵了一架，结果被解雇了。分析句子结构可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰主句，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。表示“使得他被解雇”用get him dismissed。根据语境和had可知，事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，故从句谓语用got。故填which got him dismissed。 35． (你可以想象得到), every life is allowed to have freedom and dignity in this country. 【答案】As you can imagine 【详解】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处为非限制性定语从句，“想象”为“imagine”，“你可以想象得到”的内容在逗号后面，这符合as引导非限定性定语从句时，用以指代整个句子的内容，从句可放在主句之前或主句之后，也可放在句中，则表示“你可以想象得到”为“as you can imagine”，空格位于句首，故填As you can imagine。 36． (通常就是这样), she rarely takes part in activities. 【答案】As is often the case 【详解】考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：她很少参加活动是常有的事情。表示“通常就是这样”应用as is often the case，as引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句的内容，根据句意和下文的takes可知，用一遍现在时。故填As is often the case。 37．The number of smokers， （正如报道的那样），has decreased by 17 percent in just one year. 【答案】as is reported 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据报道，吸烟者的人数在短短一年内就减少了17%。分析句子可知，设空处为非限制性定语从句，用as引导，指代整个句子，根据汉语提示，故填as is reported。 38．He wrote a letter (在信中他解释了发生的事情) in the accident. 【答案】in which he explained what had happened 【详解】考查定语从句和宾语从句。句意：他写了一封信，在信中他解释了事故中发生的事情。分析句子可知，空处应引导定语从句，修饰先行词letter，先行词在从句中作介词in的宾语，故用关系代词which，从句中主语“他”he，谓语“解释”explain，由wrote可知，定语从句中应用一般过去时，explain应用过去式，“发生的事”用what引导的宾语从句，what在从句中做主语，谓语“发生”happen这个动作发生在explained之前，即“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。故填in which he explained what had happened。 39．I would like to make friends with people their words (言行一致的). （动词短语、定语从句） 【答案】whose actions correspond with 【详解】考查动词短语和定语从句。句意：我想和言行一致的人交朋友。空处使用限制性定语从句修饰先行词people，“行为”action，使用复数形式表示泛指，结合语意可知，此处表示人们的行为，关系词作actions的定语，用关系代词whose引导从句，根据汉语提示可知动词短语为correspond with (与……相一致)，定语从句陈述事实，用一般现在时，主语为actions，谓语动词使用原形形式。故填whose actions correspond with。 40． (我所想到的解决这个问题的方法) prove to be practical.(way) 【答案】The way I thought of to solve the problem 【详解】考查定语从句以及动词不定式。句意：事实证明，我想的解决这个问题的方法是切实可行的。分析句子可知，本句的主语是“我所想到的解决这个问题的方法”，“方法”的英文是way，“我所想到的”是一个定语从句，修饰“方法”， 引导词是that或which，关系词在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略；“想到”的英文是think of，因为本句的时态是一般过去时，所以think of要用过去式thought of；“解决这个问题”的英文是solve the problem，此处应用动词不定式作后置定语。因此本题的答案为The way I thought of to solve the problem。故填The way I thought of to solve the problem。 现在完成进行时精讲 1．构成：have/has＋been＋现在分词 2．用法 (1)现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。这个时态多用于延续性动词，如live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等，并常和all this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently等时间状语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用(与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去)。 I have been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up. 我已经等了一个小时了，可他还没来。 How long have you been living here? 你在这里住了多久了？ (2)有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。这时现在完成进行时可用于瞬间动词。 He’s been shaving since last year. 他从去年开始就一直刮脸。 You have been saying for a year that you will study abroad.整整一年你都在说要出国学习。 3．现在完成进行时中时间状语的省略 现在完成进行时在上下文清楚时亦可不用时间状语。 这种现在完成进行时多指“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续，并往往含有一种直接的结果。 You’ve been working too hard. 你工作太辛苦了。(直接结果可能是你一定很累了) You’ve been smoking again. 你又抽烟了。(暗含结果是你身上有烟味) 4．现在完成进行时的感情色彩 现在完成进行时和其他进行时态一样，也可以带有感情色彩。 I have been wanting to meet you for a long time. 和你见面是我盼望已久的事。 Too much has been happening today. 今天发生太多事了。 现在完成时与现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时是兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响；由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较： 1．现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。 Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗？ Have you met him recently? 你最近见过他吗？ 2．现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满) I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实) 3．现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。 Who has been eating the oranges? 谁一直在吃橘子呀？(还剩余一些) Who has eaten the oranges? 谁把橘子吃了？(强调吃得一个不剩) 4．有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：表示状态的动词：be，have，exist等；表示感情的动词：like，love等；表示感觉的动词：see，hear，know等。 I have liked jazz since I was a teenager. 从青少年起我就喜欢爵士乐了。 I have known her for a long time. 我认识她已经很长时间了。 5．与一段时间连用时可以用现在完成时也可以用现在完成进行时；但与次数连用时只能用现在完成时，不能用现在完成进行时。 6．这两种时态都可以表示动作的延续，区别在于：现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，可以说是现在完成时的强调形式。 We have been living here for ten years. We have lived here for ten years. 我们在这里住了十年了。 7．在没有时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，而现在完成时则表示动作到现在已经结束。 The students have been preparing for the exam. 学生们一直在为考试做准备。(还在进行) The students have prepared for the exam. 学生们为考试做了准备。(已经结束) 语法训练 一、语法填空 1．I (play) ping -pong all the morning, so I’m sweating buckets. 【答案】have been playing 【详解】考查时态。句意：我打了一上午的乒乓球，所以大汗淋漓。根据后文all the morning可知表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，且不间断，应用现在完成进行时，主语为I，助动词用have。故填have been playing。 2．He (write) his novel all day long, and hopefully he will complete it in a week. 【答案】has been writing 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：他整天都在写他的小说，希望他能在一周内完成。根据这句话的意思是和hopefully he will complete it in a week可知，他整天写小说这个动作从过去发生持续到现在，并且还将持续下去，符合现在完成进行时的定义。故填has been writing。 3．In recent years, however, membership (decline) . 【答案】has been declining 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：然而，近年来，会员人数一直在下降。根据时间状语“In recent years”可知，此处表示一个动作从过去开始持续到现在并将持续下去，使用现在完成进行时，主语为membership，助动词用has。故填has been declining。 4．I homework this morning and I it for four hours so far.(do) 【答案】 have been doing have done 【详解】考查时态。句意：今天上午我一直在做作业，到目前为止我已经做了四个小时了。第一空根据后文this morning可知表示动作从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在，并可能延续下去，应用现在完成进行时；第二空根据后文so far可知为现在完成时。故填①have been doing；②have done。 5．Since Zhangjiajie (improve) its transportation and service for long, the city now can receive 36, 200 tourists per day. 【答案】has been improving 【详解】考查谓语动词时态及主谓一致。句意：由于张家界长期以来一直在改善其交通和服务，该市现在每天可以接待36200名游客。所给动词improve在since引导的原因状语从句中作谓语，根据时间状语for long，并结合主句时态可知，该空应使用现在完成进行时，主语Zhangjiajie为单数名词，助动词应使用单三形式。故填has been improving。 6．I graduated from Beijing University in 1998, and I (teach) English literature since. 【答案】have been teaching 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：我于1998年毕业于北京大学，从那以后一直教英国文学。设空处为谓语，根据since可知应为完成时，根据句意和语境表示有可能还会一直这样下去，所以用现在完成进行时，主语I，助动词用have，故填have been teaching。 7．The dog (bark) for a long time, and I am following the sound to find it. 【答案】has been barking 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：狗已经叫了很长时间了，我正循着声音去找它。结合句意及“for a long time”可知，此处表示过去发生的事情一直持续到现在，有可能继续下去，使用现在完成进行时，主语dog是名词单数，故填has been barking。 8．It (grow) well for the past three months. 【答案】has been growing 【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的三个月里，它一直长势良好。分析句子可知，空处应为谓语动词；根据时间状语“for the past three months”和句意可知，应用现在完成进行时，表示在过去的三个月期间一直持续的动作，并有可能继续持续下去；主语是“It”，谓语应为单数。故填has been growing。 9．—Hi, George, you look exhausted. —Yes, I am exhausted. I (paint) the cafeteria all day. 【答案】have been painting 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。句意：——嗨，George，你看起来很疲惫。——是的，我累坏了。我一整天在自助餐厅刷漆。结合句意及“all day”可知，此处应用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，并还有可能持续下去，主语是I，故填have been painting。 10．The study (investigate) the impact of violent TV programming on children over the last two years. 【答案】has investigated/has been investigating 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的两年里，这项研究调查了/一直在调查暴力电视节目对儿童的影响。分析句子可知，空处作句子的谓语，时间状语为over the last two years“在过去的两年里”，investigate“调查”的动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，且有可能会继续进行下去，因此可用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，主语The study为单数，助动词用has。故填has investigated或has been investigating。 11．Now that Lucy is out of work, she (consider) going back to school, but she   (not decide) yet. 【答案】 has been considering hasn’t decided 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：因为露西失业了，她一直在考虑重返学校，但还没有决定。该句第二空由yet可知，此处应为现在完成时，为hasn’t decided yet表示“她还没有决定”，由此可知，该句第一空“考虑”这个动作发生在过去，并且一直持续到现在，根据语境可知并且这个动作还有可能继续持续下去，所以为现在完成进行时。故填has been considering；hasn’t decided。 12．She (write) her graduation paper all day long. 【答案】has been writing 【详解】考查时态。句意：她一整天都在写毕业论文。根据时间状语all day long可知，用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。主语是she，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填has been writing。 13．He (listen) to English programs since he came to the US, so he (make) great progress. 【答案】 has been listening has made 【详解】考查现在完成进行时、现在完成时和主谓一致。句意：自从他来到美国后就一直在听英语节目，所以他取得了很大的进步。根据“since he came to the US”可知，第一处是指动作发生在过去，一直持续到现在，并在将来的某段时间里仍将进行，所以第一处应用现在完成进行时，主语he为第三人称单数。第二处是指动作发生在过去，但对现在产生了结果或影响，所以应用现在完成时，主语he为第三人称单数。动词listen意为“听”，make progress意为“取得进步”。故填①has been listening②has made。 14．I (write) the book all year and am hoping to finish it soon. 【答案】have been writing 【详解】考查时态。句意：这本书我写了一整年，希望很快写完。write是谓语动词，结合all year可知，用现在完成进行时表示“写”的动作从过去一直持续到现在可能还在继续，强调其动作的延续。故填have been writing。 15．Mark (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday. 【答案】has been working 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：马克一直在努力写他的书，他认为他会在星期五之前完成。分析句子结构可知，此处应为谓语动词，根据句意以及下文中的“he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.”可知，Mark应该是在过去开始写书，一直写到现在，将在星期五完成，所以此处使用现在完成进行时，且与句子主语Mark之间为主动关系，且主语为第三人称单数。故填has been working。 16．In the past one hour, the fire (extend) almost to the top floor, with residents crowding into roof exit. 【答案】has been extending 【详解】考查时态。句意：在过去的一个小时里，火势几乎蔓延到了顶楼，居民们纷纷涌入屋顶的出口。此处是谓语，由In the past one hour和句意可知，此处表示从过去到现在一直在蔓延，强调动作的持续性，应用现在完成进行时，主语是the fire，助动词应用has，故填has been extending。 17．Many artists draw with pens and brushes, but few “paint” with knives. Wang Jing, a woman from Shenyang city in northeast China’s Liaoning Province, (engage)in this novel art form for 27 years. 【答案】has been engaged/has been engaging 【详解】考查短语和时态。句意：许多艺术家用钢笔和毛笔画画，但很少有人用刀“画画”。王静是中国东北辽宁省沈阳市的一名女子，从事这种新颖的艺术形式已有27年。分析句子可知，engage是谓语动词，由时间状语for 27 years可知，此处既可用短语be engaged in的现在完成时表状态，也可用短语engage in的现在完成进行时强调动作从过去到现在的延续性。且主语Wang Jing是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数。故填has been engaged/has been engaging。 18．It seems that climate all over the world (change) greatly in recent years. 【答案】has been changing 【详解】考查动词。句意：近年来，世界各地的气候似乎发生了很大的变化。句中in recent years表示动作从过去持续发生到现在，也有可能持续到将来，故使用现在完成进行时。故填has been changing。 19．These days I (consider) what to do next move. 【答案】have been considering 【详解】考查时态。句意：这些天我一直在考虑下一步该做什么。根据时间状语These days和句意可知，用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某个时刻开始一直持续到现在，甚至将来，强调进行的过程。故填have been considering。 20．The company (promise) a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. 【答案】has been promising 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这家公司多年来一直承诺加薪，但现在什么也没发生。根据句中的for ages和but后面分句中的has happened可知，这里应用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去一直持续到现在，而且还有可能继续下去。主语The company为第三人称单数，所以谓语应用单数形式。故填has been promising。 二、完成句子 21．我踢了一上午的足球，所以出汗很多。 I all the morning, so I’m sweating heavily. 【答案】have been playing football 【详解】考查固定短语，时态和主谓一致。对比中英文句子可知，空格处意为“踢足球”，是固定短语play football，由“all the morning”可知，句子时态用现在完成进行时have/has been doing，主语是I，因此空格处是have been playing football。故填have been playing football。 22．新学期开始以来, 汤姆一直在努力学习。 Tom since the new term began. 【答案】has been working hard 【详解】考查时态。表示“努力学习”应用work hard，根据后文since the new term began可知表示动作从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作应用现在完成进行时；主语为Tom，助动词用has。故填has been working hard。 23．他一直盼着加薪。 He for a raise in salary all the time. 【答案】has been hoping 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。“盼着”使用动词hope，此处表示过去某个时间发生的动作一直持续到现在，且有可能继续下去，使用现在完成进行时，主语He表示单数意义，故填has been hoping。 24．他有肺病。那是因为他抽烟抽得太多了。(because) He has lung disease. . 【答案】That is because he has been smoking too much 【详解】考查固定句型和动词短语。对比中英文可知，空处表示“那是因为他抽烟抽得太多了”，可用固定句型that is because…表示“那是因为……”，because引导表语从句，从句中主语“他”用代词he，“抽烟抽得太多”可用动词短语smoke too much，且结合中文可知，此处表示抽烟这一动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，甚至延续到将来，强调动作的延续性，时态应用现在完成进行时，助动词应用has，且空处位于句首，that的首字母需大写。故填That is because he has been smoking too much。 25．我从早晨9点开始一直在写报告。 I since 9 in the morning. 【答案】have been writing the report 【详解】考查时态。根据中英文提示，空处缺少“写报告”的表达，用write the report，“报告”表示特指，用定冠词修饰，根据时间状语since 9 in the morning可知，表示从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作，用现在完成进行时，主语是第一人称，助动词使用have。故填have been writing the report。 26．很多医生和护士已经夜以继日地工作数周了。 day and night for weeks. 【答案】Dozens of doctors and nurses have been working 【详解】考查固定短语和时态。表示“很多”短语为dozens of；表示“医生和护士”应用复数名词doctors and nurses；表示“工作”应用work，此处表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，没有中断，应用现在完成进行时。主语是复数，助动词用have，故填Dozens of doctors and nurses have been working。 27．这个月天天下雨。 It every day this month. 【答案】has been raining 【详解】考查时态。表示“下雨”应用动词rain，结合后文every day this month可知，表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，没有间断，应用现在完成进行时，主语为it，助动词用has。故填has been raining。 28．你看了多久电视了? How long   TV? 【答案】have you been watching 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。“看（电视）”使用动词watch，结合句意可知，此处应用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去，故填have you been watching。 29．这话他已经说了好几年了。 He    that for years. 【答案】has been saying 【详解】考查时态。表示“说”可知应用动词say作谓语，结合后文for years可知表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，没有间断，应用现在完成进行时，主语为he，助动词用has。故填has been saying。 30．我多年来一直在学习汉语。 I Chinese for many years. 【答案】have been learning 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。“学习”使用动词learn，结合“for many years”可知，此处用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去，主语是I，助动词用have，故填have been learning。 31．汤姆的手很脏，因为他一直在修汽车。 Tom’s hands are very dirty, because he the car. 【答案】has been repairing 【详解】考查动词的时态。对比中英文可知，缺少“一直在修汽车”，其中“修车”repair，为because引导的原因状语从句的谓语，根据“Tom’s hands are very dirty”可知，汤姆一直在修车，从句的时态为现在完成进行时，主语为he，故填has been repairing。 32．烟草行业一直在试图改善其形象。 The tobacco industry . 【答案】has been trying to improve its image 【详解】考查时态。根据句意可知，句子应用现在完成进行时，表示从过去到现在一直在试图改善其形象，并有可能继续下去，强调动作的持续性。“试图做某事”为try to do，“改善”为动词improve，“其形象”为its image，主语是the tobacco industry，为第三人称单数，助动词为has，故填has been trying to improve its image。 33．他看了一天电视了。 He television all day. 【答案】has been watching 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。“看”使用动词watch，根据句意及“all day”可知，此处表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去，用现在完成进行时，主语是He，助动词用has，故填has been watching。 34．毫无疑问你工作一直十分努力。 Without doubt, you very hard. 【答案】have been working 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。“努力”的英文为work hard；“一直”表示从过去到现在并且有可能继续下去的事件用现在完成进行时，主语为you，故填have been working。 35．他做这份工作已经三年了。 He this work for three years. 【答案】has been doing 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。do“干，做”作谓语；空处表示从过去某个时刻开始而且还将继续持续下去的动作，应用现在完成进行时。故答案为has been doing。 36．我累坏了。整个下午我一直在工作。 I am tired out. I the whole afternoon. 【答案】have been working 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。“工作”的英文为work；“整个下午”表示从过去到现在并且有可能继续下去的事件用现在完成进行时，主语为I，故填have been working。 37．自从上周以来一直下雨。 It since last week. 【答案】has been raining 【详解】考查时态。表示“下雨”用动词rain，作谓语，且根据since last week可知，动作已经发生且反复进行，强调动作的反复性。故用现在完成进行时，助动词用has。故填has been raining。 38．整个上午我一直在打乒乓球，所以我浑身是汗。 I all morning,so I’m sweating. 【答案】have been playing ping-pong 【详解】考查时态。表示“打乒乓球”短语为play ping-pong，且表示过去发生的动作持续不间断发生，并可能仍然延续下去，应用现在完成进行时。主语为I，助动词用have。故填have been playing ping-pong。 39．中国人有2 000多年的造纸历史。(have been doing) The Chinese paper for more than two thousand years. 【答案】have been making 【详解】考查时态。“造纸”为短语make paper，由句意和for more than two thousand years可知，造纸这一事情从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能继续下去，应用现在完成进行时，主语The Chinese(中国人)为复数，助动词应用have，故填have been making。 40．这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。 I for two hours, but I haven’t finished it. 【答案】have been reading this book 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。根据汉语提示分析句子可知，空格处是句子的谓语部分，根据句意和时间状语for two hours可知，该句子应该用现在完成进行时，再由主语是I可知，助动词应该用have；“读这本书”翻译为read this book。故填have been reading this book。 不定式精讲 1． 不定式的形式 1. to do 将来时主动式 1. to be done 将来时被动式 1. to be doing 进行时主动式 1. to be being done 进行时被动式 1. to have done 完成时主动式 1. to have been done 完成时被动式 二、不定式做主语 1. 不定式做主语位于句首； Eg：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To get up early is necessary. 早起是有必要的。 2．It作形式主语，动词不定式为真正主语，放在句末，为了保持句子的平衡。 形式一：It +be+adj.+for sb.+to do sth 在此句式中，做表语的形容词说明不定式行为的性质或者特点。 Adj: easy, important, difficult, necessary, hard, possible, impossible, comfortable, better等。 Eg:It’s important for us to keep the water clean. 形式二：It +be+adj+of sb.+to do sth 在此句型中，做表语的形容词用于说明不定式逻辑主语的品性、性格、性质等。 Adj: kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, brave, considerate, selfish(自私的), silly(愚蠢的)等。 Eg:It is very kind of you to help us. 形式三：It+be+名词+to do sth 名词：an honour/(a) pleasure/pity/duty(责任)/fun/task/job...... Eg: It is our duty to take good care of the old. 形式四：It takes/took/will take sb. some time/money to do sth 花费某人...时间/金钱做某事 Eg: It will take us a long time to walk there. 3. 动词不定式与疑问词how, what, when, where, which 等连用构成不定式短语，位于句首，也可以做主语。 Eg: What to do next is not decided yet. 4. 不定式语态 不定式与逻辑主语之间是主动关系用to do; 不定式与逻辑主语之间是被动关系用to be done. Eg: It was an honour for him to be chosen as head of the medical team. 5. to do做主语与动名词做主语的区别 动词不定式做主语通常表示具体的一次性行为或将来的动作，强调动作本身，谓语动词用单数形式；动名词做主语通常表示一般的抽象的泛指概念，强调事件本身，谓语动词用单数形式。 Eg: To lie to the teacher is wrong. Eating is an important thing. 动词不定式做主语时，可以表示一件带有目的性的未完成事件；动名词做主语时，可以表示一件已知的经验或事情，表示人的习惯、爱好、职业、经验等。 Eg:I like swimmimg, but I don’t like to swim on such a cold day.（前者指习惯爱好，后者指一次性行为） To visit Australia is my next goal.(未来动作) Collecting stamps is his hobby.(习惯爱好) Teaching children music is her work.(工作职业) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.(经验) 不定式作表语 一．结构 am/is/are/was/were + 不定式 The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children. 二.功能 （1）表示目的 The next step is to understand exactly what conveys in the contemporary painting. （2）表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果及预言 You must speak out, if we are to remain friends. We believe man is to live a better life in the future. （3）用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求意见 What am I to do if I can’t gain entry to the final? （4）用于被动语态，相当于should，具有情态意义 These books of great value are not to be sold. （5）表示“安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等 I am to set out for China next week. 下周我要动身到中国去。（安排） You are to have a face-to-face talk with them. 你应该和他们当面谈一谈。（劝告） Children are not to smoke. 儿童不准吸烟。（禁止） 三．动词不定式作表语的两种特殊用法 （1）不定式短语to let，to blame，to seek 等常用主动形式表示被动含义 The house is to let. Who is to blame for the population decline of the tigers in that area? The reason for global warming is not far to seek. 全球变暖的原因不难找到。 （2）当主语部分含有动词 do 的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可省略to Anything we can do is guarantee it will be delivered on time. In the evening the only thing he did was read on the blog. 语法训练 一、语法填空 1．They asked the government (extend) its period of deliberation. 【答案】to extend 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他们要求政府延长审议期。本句谓语为asked，此处为非谓语动词，ask sb. to do sth.“要求某人做某事”，故用extend“延长”的不定式，作宾补。故填to extend。 2．He is always the first staff (arrive) at the office, which I think is why he is promoted so quickly. 【答案】to arrive 【详解】考查to do作定语。他总是第一个到达办公室的员工，我认为这就是他晋升如此迅速的原因。根据the first可知，和序数词构成搭配的是to do，这里需要填入to arrive作后置定语修饰staff，故答案是to arrive。 3．What I suggest is (purchase) the tickets in advance from the box office. 【答案】to purchase 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我建议从售票处提前买票。分析句子结构，本句是主系表结构，What I suggest 是主语从句，is是系动词，空白处是主语从句中的表语，应使用非谓语动词。根据上文“What I suggest(我建议)”可知空白处表示的是一个具体的动作，因此应用动词不定式to purchase。故填to purchase。 4．I guarantee (pay) off his debts when I earn money. 【答案】to pay 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：我保证我挣钱后会还清他的债务。固定短语“guarantee to do”意为“保证做某事”，故填to pay。 5．She became the first black woman (elect) to the committee. 【答案】to be elected 【详解】考查动词不定式的被动语态结构。句意：她成为第一位当选为委员会成员的黑人妇女。此处为动词不定式to do作后置定语修饰black woman，the first…to do…“第一个做……的人”为惯用表达，结合black woman和elect为被动关系，所以为动词不定式的被动语态结构。故填to be elected。 6．I will guarantee (prove) every statement I made. 【答案】to prove 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我将保证证明我所做的每一项陈述。此处为短语 guarantee to do sth.表示“保证做某事”。故填to prove。 7．With so many problems (deal) with, I need to work overtime tomorrow. 【答案】to deal 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：有这么多问题要处理，我明天得加班了。动词短语deal with和problems之间是动宾关系，表示将来的动作，用动词不定式作宾补，故填to deal。 8．I think we owe it to our future generations (protect) the environment. 【答案】to protect 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：我认为为了我们的后代，我们有责任保护环境。owe it to sb to do sth为固定短语，意思为：该为某人做某事，空处填写不定式结构to protect。故填to protect。 9．A series of hands-on classes are designed for students (acquire) the necessary life skills. 【答案】to acquire 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：一系列实践课程旨在让学生掌握必要的生活技能。be designed to do...意为“旨在……”，用不定式形式。故填to acquire。 10．The bird was lucky enough (escape) being killed. 【答案】to escape 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：那只鸟很幸运，没有被杀死。短语be enough to do sth.表示“足以做某事”。故填to escape。 11．He pretended (listen) attentively when the teacher came in. 【答案】to be listening 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：老师进来时，他假装在专心听讲。pretend to be doing sth.假装正在做某事。根据句意，故填to be listening。 12．We need to (analysis) our results more clearly. 【答案】analyse/analyze 【详解】考查动词。句意：我们需要更清楚地分析我们的结果。need to do sth.固定搭配，意为“需要做某事”，设空处填动词analyse/analyze“分析”的原形。故填analyse/analyze。 13．It made him angry (laugh) at yesterday. 【答案】to be laughed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：昨天被人嘲笑使他很生气。分析句子，句中made为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，句中him和laugh之间是被动关系，同时it为形式主语，真正的主语应该使用不定式的被动结构。故填to be laughed。 14．There are far more opportunities for young people than there used (be). 【答案】to be 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：年轻人的机会比过去多得多。分析句子结构可知，此处为used to do 意为“过去常常……”符合句意，所以此处使用动词不定式形式。故填to be。 15．How many times does the diamond need to (polish) to be a delicate artwork? 【答案】be polished 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：一颗钻石需要经过多少次打磨才能成为一件精致的艺术品？动词polish“抛光，润色”与句子主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，应用不定式的被动形式，need to be done“需要被做”。故填be polished。 16． (contest) in the game, he has to finish the assignment that involves (recite) ten poems. 【答案】 To contest reciting 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了参加比赛，他必须完成包括背诵十首诗在内的作业。本句谓语为has to，①处为非谓语动词，应用contest“争取赢得，角逐”的不定式，作目的状语。that引导的定语从句中，谓语为involves，②处为非谓语动词，involve doing sth.“包括做某事”，应用recite“背诵”的动名词，作宾语。故填①To contest ②reciting。 17．I was surprised (know) that the little girl had read dozens of books at such a young age. 【答案】to know 【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：得知那个小女孩在这么小的年纪就已经读了几十本书，我感到很惊讶。空处应填入动词不定式“to know”，与前面的“was surprised”构成固定搭配“be surprised to do sth.”，意思是“对做某事感到惊讶”。故填to know。 18．If you don’t seize the day to devote yourself to your studies, you are bound (overcome) with regret. 【答案】to be overcome 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：如果你不抓紧时间专心学习，你一定会后悔的。固定短语be bound to do sth.表示“一定会做某事”，因此空处填动词原形，be overcome with表示“被……充满/充斥”。故填to be overcome。 19．The graph forces you (realize) what we are doing to the ecology. 【答案】to realize 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：这张图迫使你意识到我们正在对生态做些什么。force sb. to do sth.强迫某人做某事。故填to realize。 20．Prior to (come) to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed (suit) American tastes. 【答案】 coming to suit 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在来中国之前，我唯一一次接触中国烹饪的经历是在美国，那里的中餐经过了改造，以适应美国人的口味。prior to“在……之前”中to为介词，后面用动名词作宾语，①用come的动名词coming。that引导的定语从句谓语为had been changed ，此处为非谓语动词，应用suit“适合”的不定式，作目的状语。故填①coming；②to suit。 21．As a science student, I never felt an urge (appreciate) any literary works. 【答案】to appreciate 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：作为一名理科生，我从未有过欣赏文学作品的冲动。feel an urge to do sth“有强烈的欲望做某事”，故填to appreciate。 22．Deep in sorrow, the man wondered how (fetch) help, (pace) up and down in the room nervously. 【答案】 to fetch pacing 【详解】考查动词不定式和非谓语动词。句意：这个人非常悲伤，不知道怎么找人来帮忙，他在房间里紧张地走来走去。分析句子可知，该句第一空为疑问词how后接不定式to do，构成how to do“怎样去做”，满足句意要求；该句第二空为非谓语动词作状语，pace和逻辑主语the man为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式。故分别填to fetch；pacing。 23．I was upset (learn) that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, thinking it is food. 【答案】to learn 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：当我得知许多海洋动物把塑料垃圾当食物吃时，我感到很不安。此处是“be+形容词+动词不定式”结构，固定用法，故填to learn。 24．Playing basketball serves as the best way (ease) our great study pressure and find some pleasure at the same time. 【答案】to ease 【详解】考查不定式。句意：打篮球是缓解我们巨大的学习压力并同时找到乐趣的最佳方式。the best way to do sth为固定短语，表示“做某事的最好方法”，空处应为不定式，故填to ease。 25．I consider (buy) a computer, which is considered (be) a great help in our work and study. 【答案】 buying to be 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我考虑买一台电脑，它被认为对我们的工作和学习有很大的帮助。第一个consider意为“考虑”，其后应用动名词作宾语，表示“考虑做某事”，所以①处应填buying。第二个consider意为“认为 ”，consider sb/sth to be意为“认为某人或某物是……的”，此处为被动语态be considered to be，第二空填不定式to be。故填①buying；②to be。 26．To her from being hurt, I must say something in her .(defend) 【答案】 defend defence 【详解】考查动词和名词。句意：为了保护她不受伤害，我必须说些为她辩护的话。第一空和前面的To构成动词不定式，作目的状语，应用动词原形defend；第二空应填名词作in的宾语，in one’s defence“为某人辩护”。故填①defend②defence。 27．The ability to (accurate) understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor (find) how best to help her patients. 【答案】 accurately to find 【详解】考查副词和动词不定式。句意：准确理解他人感受的能力可能会被医生用来找到如何最好地帮助她的病人。分析句子结构可知，第一空为副词作状语修饰动词understand，accurate的副词为accurately意为“准确地”符合句意，所以第一空为accurately；第二空应为固定用法be used to do sth.意为“被用来做某事”符合句意，所以第二空使用动词不定式形式。故填①accurately②to find。 28．In some remote regions, the inhabitants have to walk a mile (fetch) water. 【答案】to fetch 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在一些偏远地区，居民不得不步行一英里去取水。结合句意可知，此处表示目的，应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to fetch。 29．Our headteacher can’t have us (waste) our precious time. Even if we have finished our homework, he always has us (read) classics to broaden our horizons. 【答案】 wasting read 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们的班主任不能容忍我们浪费宝贵的时间。即使我们完成了家庭作业，他也总是让我们读经典来开阔视野。分析句子可知，第一设空处用作宾语补足语，构成固定短语have sb doing“容忍某人做某事”，此处应使用现在分词；第二设空处用作宾语补足语， 固定短语have sb do“让某人做某事”，此处应使用动词原形。故填wasting ；read。 30．However, if a student does not bother (brush) her hair and her eyes are red from weeping, then I can infer that there are deeper issues at work. 【答案】to brush/brushing 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，如果一个学生懒得梳头，她的眼睛因为哭泣而变红，那么我可以推断出有更深层次的问题在起作用。bother to do sth.或bother doing sth.“费心做某事”，应用brush“刷，拂拭”的动名词或不定式，作bother的宾语。故填to brush或brushing。 二、完成句子 31．Seeing the teacher come in, he (假装) reading. 【答案】 pretended to be 【详解】考查动词不定式的时态。句意：看到老师进来，他假装正在阅读。根据汉语提示，表示“假装做某事”用pretend to do，又根据空后的reading可知，此处要用to do不定式 的进行时to be doing，表示动作正在进行，故填pretend to be。 32．Learning Chinese helps them see life from a new perspective and (拓展视野，开阔眼界) to the outside world. 【答案】broaden their horizons 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：学习汉语可以帮助他们从一个新的角度看待生活，拓宽到外面的世界的视野。汉语提示“开拓眼界”，其英文为broaden one’s horizons, 根据并列连词and可知，此处与see并列作宾语补足语，可省略不定式符号to，填入动词原形即可，故填broaden their horizons。 33．We are still trying to (决定；选定) a training area. 【答案】 decide on/opon 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：我们仍然在尝试选定一块训练区域。根据汉语提示，这里需要填入两个单词，构成一个短语，意思是“决定”。横线后是名词短语a training area，所以可以使用短语decide on或decide upon，意思是“确定，选定”，符合题意，不定式符号to后接动词原形，故答案是decide on/upon。 34．It is a tough job to learn the piano, (更不用说) the daily routine of practice. 【答案】 not to mention 【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：学钢琴是一项艰苦的工作，更不用说日常的练习了。根据汉语提示可知，表示“更不用说”的固定搭配为not to mention。故填not to mention。 35．They read the newspapers every day to (了解……的动态) current events. 【答案】keep track of 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：他们每天读报纸以了解时事。根据汉语提示可知，keep track of“了解……的动态”，空前的to是不定式符号，后接动词原形，故填keep track of。 36．Yesterday, I received dozens of emails from readers who wanted to (采取行动) to help the environment. 【答案】 take action 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：昨天，我收到了几十封读者的电子邮件，他们希望采取行动帮助环境。根据汉语提示“采取行动”可知，用固定短语take action，位于不定式符号to后，用动词原形。故填take action。 37．You have to (权衡) in your mind whether to pursue the matter or not. 【答案】weigh up 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：你必须权衡一下是否要追究这件事。根据提示的汉语，表示“权衡”应为动词短语weigh up，位于不定式符号to之后，所以此处使用动词原形。故填weigh up。 38． (这由你来决定) how you want to live, and to make the right decisions about your diet. 【答案】It is up to you to decide 【详解】考查固定句型、动词时态、非谓语动词。句意：这取决于你决定你想要如何生活，并对你的饮食做出正确的决定。根据汉语意思提示可知，此处为固定句型it is up to sb. to do sth“由某人决定做某事”，其中it为形式主语，不定式作真正的主语。表示“决定”为动词decide，位于不定式符号to后，用动词原形。结合后面动词want可知，句子时态应为一般现在时。故填It is up to you to decide。 39．They (发现很难证明……是正当的) their son’s giving up a secure well-paid job. 【答案】found it hard to justify 【详解】考查短语，时态和非谓语动词。句意：他们发现很难证明他们的儿子放弃安全的高薪的工作是正当的。本句表示的为一般事实，所以时态用一般现在时，分析句子可知，此处为“find it+adj.+to do”结构，表示“发现……是……的”，find在句中作谓语用found，用it作形式宾语，不定式短语“证明……是正当的”译为to justify...作真正的宾语，“很难的”译为hard，作宾语补足语。故填found it hard to justify。 40．The shopping mall has no right to (使购物者仓促购买) things they don’t need. 【答案】panic shoppers into buying 【详解】考查固定短语和非谓语动词。句意：商场没有权利使购物者仓促购买他们不需要的东西。固定短语panic sb into doing，表示“使人因惊慌而仓促做（蠢事）”，have no right to do sth.“没有权利做某事”，不定式作定语，to是不定式符号，后接动词原形，shopper“购物者”，buy“买”，故填panic shoppers into buying。 41．The determined look in their eyes told us that nothing could make them (改变想法). 【答案】change their minds 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：他们坚定的眼神告诉我们，什么也不能使他们改变主意。“改变想法”使用动词短语change one’s minds，make sb do sth“让某人做某事”，故空处用动词原形作宾补。故填change their minds。 42．Little Tom was (急于知道) the result of his examination. 【答案】too eager to know 【详解】考查固定句型和形容词、不定式。句意：小汤姆急于想知道他的考试结果。根据汉语提示“急于”可知应用形容词eager，作表语，构成be eager to do sth.；用副词too“过于”修饰形容词eager，作状语；表示“知道”应用know，位于不定式符号to后，用动词原形。故填too eager to know。 43．I have no alternative but to (依赖，依靠) you for practical advice. 【答案】 rely/depend on 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：我别无选择，只能向你寻求切实可行的建议。根据汉语提示“依赖，依靠”可知，此处使用固定短语rely/depend on，位于不定式符号to后，用动词原形。故填rely/depend on。 44．We discussed ways to (应付，处理) the problem. 【答案】 deal with 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：我们讨论了处理这个问题的方法。根据汉语提示“应付，处理”可知，此处使用固定短语deal with，位于不定式符号to后，用动词原形。故填deal with。 45．What stands out in this poem is its ability to (深入……的核心) human nature. 【答案】get to the core of 【详解】考查动词原形。句意：这首诗的突出之处在于它能够触及人性的核心。结合汉语提示，get to the core of符合句意，ability后接不定式形式作后置定语，此处用动词原形形式。故填get to the core of。 46．Mary began to (缓过气来) and feel safer because she was sure that she could finish the test. 【答案】recover her breath 【详解】考查短语。句意：玛丽开始缓过气来，觉得更安全了，因为她确信自己能完成考试。表示“缓过气来”可以用recover one’s breath，此处主语为Mary，形容词性物主代词代词用her。to后用动词原形构成不定式作began的宾语。故填recover her breath。 47．He was sent (监视) the enemy’s movements. 【答案】to spy on/to spy upon 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：他被派去侦察敌人的动向。“send sb to do sth”为“派某人去做某事”，句子谓语动词使用了被动语态，“监视”为“spy on”或“spy upon”，故填to spy on或to spy upon。 48．It is challenging (急切寻求) your dreams but it will bring you happiness that no money on earth can buy. 【答案】to reach out for 【详解】考查动词短语和不定式。句意：追寻你的梦想是很有挑战性的，但它会给你带来世界上金钱买不到的幸福。句子分析可知，句中It为形式主语，设空处应为动词不定式作真正主语，动词短语reach out for“追寻，急切寻求”符合句意，your dreams作reach out for的宾语。故填to reach out for。 49．there is a need to do sth From a scientific point of view, (迫切需要对北极进行研究) in order to understand climate change and its effects. 【答案】there is an urgent need to study the Arctic 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：从科学的角度来看，为了了解气候变化及其影响，迫切需要研究北极。“需要做……”可用提示句型there is a need to do sth，“迫切需要”添加形容词urgent，改为there is an urgent need to do sth；“对北极进行研究”用动词词组study the Arctic表示，用不定式表示将要发生的动作。故填there is an urgent need to study the Arctic。 50． (既然你想减肥), you’d better cut down on fatty foods. 【答案】Now that you want to lose weight/Since you want to lose weight 【详解】考查原因状语从句、动词时态、固定短语、非谓语动词。句意：既然你想减肥，你最好少吃高脂肪的食物。表示“既然”用now that或since，引导原因状语从句。表示“你”用you，作主语。表示“想”用want。结合语境可知，本句陈述事实，故时态用一般现在时，且主语为you，故从句谓语用原形。表示“减肥”用lose weight，用不定式形式，作want的宾语。故填Now that you want to lose weight或Since you want to lose weight。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$