2025届高考英语阅读细节理解题三步法带练(04) 讲义

一、高考英语阅读细节题三步法： 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 2、 高考英语阅读细节题三步法带练 The power of human language comes not only from the precision of its signals and the complexity of its grammar but also from its links to cognition (认知). Babies as young as 3 months have begun to link language and core cognitive capacities. Previous work in the lab had found that for babies aged 3 to 4 months, listening to both human vocalizations (发声) (their native language) and non-human primate vocalizations (calls of monkeys) boosted cognition. It remained unknown whether all human languages would have this advantageous effect. In a new study, the researchers considered English-acquiring 3-to 4-month-old babies’ responses to two non-native languages (German or Cantonese) — in the context of the classic object categorization task. In this cognitive task, babies first viewed a series of “familiarization” images from one object category (e.g., dinosaurs). Then they viewed two new “test” images at the same time: a new example from the familiarized category (e.g., another dinosaur; “a familiar object”) and a new model from a novel category (e.g., a fish; “a novel object”). Babies’ ability to distinguish between the familiar and novel test images, measured by their looking times, indicates whether they have formed the object category. Crucially, babies’ success in the task depends upon the sound information that accompanies the visual images presented during familiarization. “We found that German, which is phonologically (音系地) ‘near’ to English, facilitated object categorization. But Cantonese, which is phonologically ‘distant’, did not,” said Danielle Perszyk, lead author of the study. “Babies’ responses to the two non-native languages tested, considered in combination with their responses to English and to the sounds of monkeys，are consistent with the possibility that babies’ earliest links to cognition originate from two distinct mechanisms. Only one of them is used specifically for human speech,” she added. When babies are 3 to 4 months old，vocalizations of non-human primates may boost their cognition by engaging another system, one not specialized for speech. However, the cognitive advantage is short-lived: only lasts for 2 to 3months. The study also provides the first evidence that babies’ increasingly precise cognitive tuning to the sounds of their native language sets restrictions on the range of human languages they will link to cognition. 1. What can we know about babies aged 3 to 4 months according to previous work? A. They get a cognitive bonus after exposure to animal sounds. B. They can tell human languages from those of animals. C. They have a gift for mastering diverse languages. D. They show no interest in non-native languages. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1. What can we know about babies aged 3 to 4 months according to previous work? 根据之前的研究，我们对3到4个月大的婴儿有什么了解? 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） Previous work in the lab had found that for babies aged 3 to 4 months, listening to both human vocalizations (发声) (their native language) and non-human primate vocalizations (calls of monkeys) boosted cognition. It remained unknown whether all human languages would have this advantageous effect. 实验室之前的研究发现，对于3到4个月大的婴儿来说，既听人类的声音(发声)(他们的母语)，也听非人类灵长类动物的声音(猴子的叫声)，都能提高他们的认知能力。是否所有的人类语言都会有这种有利的影响，这仍然是未知的。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 1. What can we know about babies aged 3 to 4 months according to previous work? 根据之前的研究，我们对3到4个月大的婴儿有什么了解 A. They get a cognitive bonus after exposure to animal sounds. 在听到动物的声音后，他们的认知能力得到了提升。 B. They can tell human languages from those of animals. 他们能分辨人类语言和动物语言。 C. They have a gift for mastering diverse languages. 他们有掌握多种语言的天赋。 D. They show no interest in non-native languages. 他们对非母语不感兴趣。 同义替换：cognitive bonus= boosted cognition; Exposure to animal sounds=listening to non-human primate vocalization 2. Which of the following may Danielle Perszyk agree with? A. People may prefer certain languages at a young age. B. Babies may adopt different systems to build cognitive links. C. Babies’ cognitive links are dependent on their learning habits. D. People can develop early cognitive links through familiar languages. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 2. Which of the following may Danielle Perszyk agree with? Danielle Perszyk可能同意以下哪项? 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） Crucially, babies’ success in the task depends upon the sound information that accompanies the visual images presented during familiarization. “We found that German, which is phonologically (音系地) ‘near’ to English, facilitated object categorization. But Cantonese, which is phonologically ‘distant’, did not,” said Danielle Perszyk, lead author of the study. 至关重要的是，婴儿在任务中的成功取决于在熟悉过程中呈现的视觉图像所伴随的声音信息。“我们发现，在音系上(音系地)与英语‘相近’的德语有助于对物体进行分类。但在音系上‘遥远’的粤语却没有，”该研究的主要作者丹妮尔·佩尔兹克(Danielle Perszyk)说。 “Babies’ responses to the two non-native languages tested, considered in combination with their responses to English and to the sounds of monkeys，are consistent with the possibility that babies’ earliest links to cognition originate from two distinct mechanisms. Only one of them is used specifically for human speech,” she added. 婴儿对测试的两种非母语语言的反应，结合他们对英语和猴子声音的反应，与婴儿最早的认知联系源于两种不同机制的可能性是一致的。其中只有一个是专门用于人类语言的，”她补充道。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 2. Which of the following may Danielle Perszyk agree with? Danielle Perszyk可能同意以下哪项? A. People may prefer certain languages at a young age. 人们可能在很小的时候就喜欢某些语言。 B. Babies may adopt different systems to build cognitive links. 婴儿可能采用不同的系统来建立认知联系 C. Babies’ cognitive links are dependent on their learning habits. 婴儿的认知联系依赖于他们的学习习惯。 D. People can develop early cognitive links through familiar languages. 人们可以通过熟悉的语言发展早期的认知联系。 同义替换：different systems= distinct mechanisms Links to cognition= build cognitive links 3. What may babies’ precise cognitive tuning to sounds of their native language bring about? A. Improving their speech processing system. B. Enhancing their desire to pick up new languages. C. Limiting their cognitive associations with other languages. D. Affecting their ability to distinguish between different languages. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 3. What may babies’ precise cognitive tuning to sounds of their native language bring about? 婴儿对母语声音的精确认知调整可能会带来什么? 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） When babies are 3 to 4 months old，vocalizations of non-human primates may boost their cognition by engaging another system, one not specialized for speech. However, the cognitive advantage is short-lived: only lasts for 2 to 3months. The study also provides the first evidence that babies’ increasingly precise cognitive tuning to the sounds of their native language sets restrictions on the range of human languages they will link to cognition. 当婴儿3到4个月大时，非人类灵长类动物的发声可能会通过参与另一个系统来提高他们的认知能力，而这个系统不是专门用于言语的。然而，认知优势是短暂的:只持续2到3个月。这项研究也提供了第一个证据，证明婴儿对母语声音的日益精确的认知调整，限制了他们将与认知联系起来的人类语言的范围。 难句分析： The study also provides the first evidence that babies’ increasingly precise cognitive tuning to the sounds of their native language sets restrictions on the range of human languages (that)they will link to cognition. 第一个that引导同位语从句补充修饰the first evidence；第二个that引导定语从句修饰human languanges 翻译：这项研究也提供了第一个证据，证明婴儿对母语声音的日益精确的认知调整，限制了他们将与认知联系起来的人类语言的范围。 【小科普】从细节逻辑上判断——转折关系：转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。 表示转折关系的连接词有：However, nevertheless, nonetheless, still；though，yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever，on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise，not...but，as well等。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 3. What may babies’ precise cognitive tuning to sounds of their native language bring about? 婴儿对母语声音的精确认知调整可能会带来什么? A. Improving their speech processing system.改进语音处理系统。 B. Enhancing their desire to pick up new languages.增强他们学习新语言的欲望。 C. Limiting their cognitive associations with other languages.限制他们与其他语言的认知联系。 D. Affecting their ability to distinguish between different languages.影响他们区分不同语言的能力。 同义替换：limiting= set restriction on; association with= link to 【出自广东省深圳市外国语学校2024届高三下学期第九次模拟考试英语试题】 The other day I was going through the airport at Ibiza and getting my Spanish exit stamp—a Brexit benefit or drawback depending on how you feel—and the nice passport lady flicked through (浏览) my passport, seeking a rare empty page, and said: “Wow, you have a lot of stamps. ” Like a five-year-old, I practically glowed with pride. Because I do have a lot of stamps. And sometimes I simply like to look at them. Right now, my passport is so full of stamps it is in danger of filling up. However, there is a fair chance that this won’t happen—not because I have any intention of ceasing my travels, but because most countries are moving on from the era of physical stamps. In future our comings and goings will be monitored digitally—and speedily. This will, of course, be great for shortening airport queues, but it also means we will kiss goodbye to the romance of the exotic (奇异的) stamp, that reminder of the time we crossed from, say, Chile to Bolivia via the Andes and the salt plains. Or that first time we landed in the USA and got one of the simplest stamps of all. The border officer smiled as he stamped my passport and said: “Welcome to America.” In my decades of travel, I have acquired some seriously—to my mind—exotic and wonderful stamps: Armenia, Madagascar, Greenland. Some of the smallest countries demand entire pages of your passport—looking at you, Cambodia. Then there are the special stamps to truly remote destinations. My personal favourite is probably the one I got going into the Republic of Mount Athos in northern Greece. It was magnificently beautiful: the double-headed eagle of Byzantium, returned to life and impressed on my passport pages. It was certainly more cheerful than the stamp I once got from the British embassy in Bangkok, which arranged for my return to the UK from Thailand after I really misbehaved. That stamp said “Impound (扣留) Passport on Arrival in London”. And so they did. Yet I miss that stamp too. 1. What does the author think of the shift from physical stamps to digital records? A. Modern but artistically inferior. B. Eco-friendly but culture-erasing. C. Cost-efficient but emotionally hurtful. D. Convenient but romance-reducing. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1. What does the author think of the shift from physical stamps to digital records? 作者如何看待从实体邮票到数字记录的转变 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） Because I do have a lot of stamps. And sometimes I simply like to look at them. Right now, my passport is so full of stamps it is in danger of filling up. However, there is a fair chance that this won’t happen—not because I have any intention of ceasing my travels, but because most countries are moving on from the era of physical stamps. In future our comings and goings will be monitored digitally—and speedily. 同义替换：the shift from physical stamps to digital records=moving on from the era of physical stamps. 段落大意：因为我确实有很多邮票。有时我只是喜欢看着它们。现在，我的护照上满是邮票，有被填满的危险。然而，这很有可能不会发生——不是因为我打算停止我的旅行，而是因为大多数国家都在从实体邮票的时代走出来。在未来，我们的一举一动都将受到数字化的快速监控。 This will, of course, be great for shortening airport queues, but it also means we will kiss goodbye to the romance of the exotic (奇异的) stamp, that reminder of the time we crossed from, say, Chile to Bolivia via the Andes and the salt plains. Or that first time we landed in the USA and got one of the simplest stamps of all. The border officer smiled as he stamped my passport and said: “Welcome to America.” 当然，这将大大缩短机场排队的时间，但这也意味着我们将与异国情调的浪漫邮票(奇异的)吻别，这让我们想起了我们从智利穿越安第斯山脉和盐平原到玻利维亚的时光。或者我们第一次登陆美国，得到了最简单的邮票之一。边境官员微笑着在我的护照上盖章，说:“欢迎来到美国。” 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 1. What does the author think of the shift from physical stamps to digital records? 作者如何看待从实体邮票到数字记录的转变 A.Modern but artistically inferior.现代的，但在艺术上落后的。 B. Eco-friendly but culture-erasing.生态友好，但会抹去文化。 C. Cost-efficient but emotionally hurtful. 成本效益高，但情感伤害大。 D. Convenient but romance-reducing.方便但不浪漫。 同义替换： Convenient=monitored digitally—and speedily.（定义同义替换） romance-reducing.=kiss goodbye to the romance of the exotic (奇异的) stamp, 【小科普】从词汇线索上判断——同义词/近义词：英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。 比如说：重要 count, matter, be important, be of importance. significant,vital,crucial 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$