2025届高考英语阅读细节理解题三步法带练（03）讲义

一、高考英语阅读细节题三步法： 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 2、 高考英语阅读细节题三步法带练 【出自：山东师范大学附属中学2024届高三下学期6月考前适应性测试英语试题】 The concept of learned helplessness was first coined by psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven Maier in the late 1960s during a series of experiments with dogs. The researchers placed dogs in a situation where they were subjected to unavoidable electric shocks. After these initial experiences, the dogs were later placed in a different situation where they could easily escape the shocks by moving to another part of the chamber. Surprisingly, many of the dogs did not attempt to escape, even when the means to do so were readily available. They had learned to feel helpless. As adults, we often encounter a version of learned helplessness in our daily lives. We face challenges not in the form of electric shocks but in situations where we might feel overwhelmed or powerless, such as long-standing stress at work or repeated personal failures. These experiences can make us believe that we cannot change our circumstances, leading to a passive acceptance of our difficulties. A similar process operates in our approach to problem-solving and goal-setting. In our formative experiences, we may have encountered situations where our efforts to succeed were consistently met with failure, leading to a sense of powerlessness. But the modern world, with its constant demands and high expectations, has greatly changed our environment. We are now constantly faced with new challenges and opportunities. Our modern lifestyle—with its various sources of stress and anxiety—can do to our mental state what unavoidable shocks did to the dogs in Seligman’s experiments. We are tending to submit to hopelessness because our past experiences may have conditioned us to expect failure. But, as we have reshaped the world around us, increasing opportunities for success and personal growth, we still have the same psychological responses we developed in earlier, more challenging environments. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our mindset towards effort and success, we also need to be more conscious of our beliefs about personal competence, resisting the temptation to yield to learned helplessness. By fostering resilience and adopting a growth mindset, we can effectively manage our responses to life’s challenges and seize opportunities for improvement and success. 1.What do we know about learned helplessness according to the text? A．It is a natural response to unavoidable shocks. B．It is primarily caused by modern lifestyle. C．It is a psychological state that can be overcome. D．It is unavoidable in today’s fast-paced world. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1. What do we know about learned helplessness according to the text? 根据课文，我们对习得性无助了解多少? 问的对象是learned helpness习得性无助；问的角度是what什么 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） As adults, we often encounter a version of learned helplessness in our daily lives. We face challenges not in the form of electric shocks but in situations where we might feel overwhelmed or powerless, such as long-standing stress at work or repeated personal failures. These experiences can make us believe that we cannot change our circumstances, leading to a passive acceptance of our difficulties. 段意：作为成年人，我们在日常生活中经常遇到一种习得性无助。我们面临的挑战不是电击的形式，而是在我们可能感到不知所措或无能为力的情况下，比如长期的工作压力或反复的个人失败。这些经历会让我们相信我们无法改变我们的环境，导致我们被动地接受我们的困难。 难句解析： ①We face challenges not in the form of electric shocks but in situations where we might feel overwhelmed or powerless, such as long-standing stress at work or repeated personal failures. where作关系副词引导定语从句修饰situation 翻译：我们面临的挑战不是电击的形式，而是在我们可能感到不知所措或无能为力的情况下，比如长期的工作压力或反复的个人失败。 ②These experiences can make us believe that we cannot change our circumstances, leading to a passive acceptance of our difficulties. that引导宾语从句；leading to...作伴随状语 翻译：这些经历会让我们相信我们无法改变我们的环境，导致我们被动地接受我们的困难。 A similar process operates in our approach to problem-solving and goal-setting. In our formative experiences, we may have encountered situations where our efforts to succeed were consistently met with failure, leading to a sense of powerlessness. But the modern world, with its constant demands and high expectations, has greatly changed our environment. We are now constantly faced with new challenges and opportunities. 段意：我们解决问题和设定目标的方法中也有类似的过程。在我们的成长经历中，我们可能会遇到这样的情况:我们为成功所做的努力总是遭遇失败，导致一种无力感。但是，现代世界不断的要求和高期望极大地改变了我们的环境。我们现在不断面临新的挑战和机遇。 难句分析： In our formative experiences, we may have encountered situations where our efforts to succeed were consistently met with failure, leading to a sense of powerlessness. Where引导定语从句修饰situations;leading to...作伴随状语 翻译：在我们的成长经历中，我们可能会遇到这样的情况:我们为成功所做的努力总是遭遇失败，导致一种无力感。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 1.What do we know about learned helplessness according to the text? 根据课文，我们从习得性无助得知什么信息？ A．It is a natural response to unavoidable shocks.这是对不可避免的冲击的自然反应。 B．It is primarily caused by modern lifestyle.这主要是由现代生活方式引起的 C．It is a psychological state that can be overcome.这是一种可以克服的心理状态 D．It is unavoidable in today’s fast-paced world.在当今快节奏的世界，这是不可避免的。 定义型同义替换：psychological state=a passive acceptance of our difficulties. Overcome=problem-solving 2.Which aspect of modern life might lead to powerlessness? A．Advanced technology. B．High physical demands. C．Lasting stress at work. D．Unbalanced career life. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 2.Which aspect of modern life might lead to powerlessness? 现代生活的哪个方面会导致无力感? 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） A similar process operates in our approach to problem-solving and goal-setting. In our formative experiences, we may have encountered situations where our efforts to succeed were consistently met with failure, leading to a sense of powerlessness. But the modern world, with its constant demands and high expectations, has greatly changed our environment. We are now constantly faced with new challenges and opportunities. 我们解决问题和设定目标的方法中也有类似的过程。在我们的成长经历中，我们可能会遇到这样的情况:我们为成功所做的努力总是遭遇失败，导致一种无力感。但是，现代世界不断的要求和高期望极大地改变了我们的环境。我们现在不断面临新的挑战和机遇。 Our modern lifestyle—with its various sources of stress and anxiety—can do to our mental state what unavoidable shocks did to the dogs in Seligman’s experiments. We are tending to submit to hopelessness because our past experiences may have conditioned us to expect failure. But, as we have reshaped the world around us, increasing opportunities for success and personal growth, we still have the same psychological responses we developed in earlier, more challenging environments. 我们的现代生活方式——压力和焦虑的各种来源——会对我们的精神状态造成影响，就像塞利格曼实验中不可避免的电击对狗造成的影响一样。我们倾向于屈服于绝望，因为我们过去的经历可能使我们习惯于期待失败。但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，增加了成功和个人成长的机会时，我们仍然有同样的心理反应，我们在早期，更具挑战性的环境中发展起来。 难句分析： But, as we have reshaped the world around us, increasing opportunities for success and personal growth, we still have the same psychological responses we developed in earlier, more challenging environments. as引导时间状语从句；increasing..... 翻译：但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，增加了成功和个人成长的机会时，我们仍然有同样的心理反应，我们在早期，更具挑战性的环境中发展起来。 【小科普】从细节逻辑上判断——转折关系：转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。 表示转折关系的连接词有：However, nevertheless, nonetheless, still；though，yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever，on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise，not...but，as well等。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 2.Which aspect of modern life might lead to powerlessness? 现代生活的哪个方面会导致无力感? A．Advanced technology.先进的技术 B．High physical demands.体能要求高。 C．Lasting stress at work.持续的工作压力。 D．Unbalanced career life.不平衡的职业生涯 同义替换：lasting=constant；stress原词对应；所以C选项当选 【小科普】从词汇线索上判断——同义词/近义词：英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。 【出自：辽宁省沈阳市第二中学2024届高三下学期第四次模拟考试英语试题】 There are three kinds of people in this world. Those who love Butter Chicken, those who think Butter Chicken is overrated and those who have never tasted Butter Chicken. Of all of these, I feel deep sorrow for the third kind. It is a loss of giganticproportions, in my opinion. Delhi, arguably the culinary (烹饪的) capital of India, owes a large part of its flavour heritage to the Mughals (印度贵族). Butter Chicken, however, has far more humble origins, and was born far closer to home. It only dates back a couple of decades to pre-partition India, and its story takes us to a sweet-shop, owned by an elderly gentleman called Mokha. It was here that young Gujral worked, where he helped invent the Tandoori Chicken that we all love today. Yes, you heard that right, this story also includes the invention of the famous Tandoori Chicken. There came a time when Mokha’s health dropped and he eventually sold the shop to Gujral who renamed it as Moti Mahal. As a sharp businessman, Gujral realized that the Tandoori Chicken hanging above the tandoor (印度烤炉) all day would tend to dry out if unsold. He then came up with the genius idea of creating a basic sauces with tomatoes, butter, cream and some spices to immerse the Tandoori Chicken pieces in, helping them regain moisture and become tasty again. And thus, was born the Butter chicken. When India was partitioned, Gujral moved to Delhi and so did Moti Mahal, with Butter Chicken and Tandoori Chicken in tow. The small outlet grew fast and now, almost 70 years later, it has a successful chain of restaurants with outlets far and wide, managed by his grandson, Monish. A few years back, when I was reviewing Masala Library in Mumbai, I was surprised to find Butter Chicken on the tasting menu. What started then, is now a full-fledged movement to take the humble dish and reinvent or present it in innovation. Today, you will find Butter Chicken tacos, pizzas, rolls, burgers, biryani and just about everything you can think of. I bet when Gujral invented Butter Chicken, little did he know that he was creating history, in a way. 1. What do we know about Gujral according to the text? A. He invented the Tandoori Chicken as well as Butter Chicken single-handedly. B. His grandson, Monish, managed to move Moti Mahal and Butter Chicken to Delhi. C. His inspiration of Butter chicken came from the unsold Tandoori Chicken. D. He took over the shop from Mokha when India was partitioned. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1.What do we know about Gujral according to the text? 根据文本，我们对古杰拉尔了解多少? 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） There came a time when Mokha’s health dropped and he eventually sold the shop to Gujral who renamed it as Moti Mahal. As a sharp businessman, Gujral realized that the Tandoori Chicken hanging above the tandoor (印度烤炉) all day would tend to dry out if unsold. He then came up with the genius idea of creating a basic sauces with tomatoes, butter, cream and some spices to immerse the Tandoori Chicken pieces in, helping them regain moisture and become tasty again. And thus, was born the Butter chicken. 段意：最终把商店卖给了Gujral，并将其更名为Moti Mahal。作为一个精明的商人，Gujral意识到整天悬挂在Tandoori(印度烤炉)上方的Tandoori Chicken如果卖不出去就会变干。然后，他想出了一个天才的主意，用西红柿、黄油、奶油和一些香料制作一种基本的酱汁，把印度烤鸡片浸在里面，帮助它们恢复水分，重新变得美味。黄油鸡就这样诞生了。 难句分析： As a sharp businessman, Gujral realized that the Tandoori Chicken hanging above the tandoor (印度烤炉) all day would tend to dry out if unsold. that引导宾语从句 翻译：作为一个精明的商人，Gujral意识到整天悬挂在Tandoori(印度烤炉)上方的Tandoori Chicken如果卖不出去就会变干。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 1.What do we know about Gujral according to the text? 根据文本，我们对古杰拉尔了解多少? A. He invented the Tandoori Chicken as well as Butter Chicken single-handedly. 他一手发明了印度烤鸡和黄油烤鸡。 B. His grandson, Monish, managed to move Moti Mahal and Butter Chicken to Delhi. 他的孙子莫尼什(Monish)设法将Moti Mahal和黄油鸡搬到了德里。 C. His inspiration of Butter chicken came from the unsold Tandoori Chicken. 他制作黄油鸡的灵感来自未售出的印度烤鸡。 D. He took over the shop from Mokha when India was partitioned. 印度分裂后，他从莫哈手中接管了这家店。 同义替换：inspiration=come up with the genius idea of ;unsold原词对应；Tandoori Chicken.原词对应 【小科普】从细节逻辑上判断——递进关系：递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。 表示递进关系：additionally 加之;又 besides 此外;除……之外 equally important 同样重要的是 furthermore 此外; 【出自：辽宁省沈阳市第二中学2024届高三下学期第四次模拟考试英语试题】 In Belgium, a company called HydroVolta is improving ways to take salt water and turn it into fresh water under the Horizon-funded SonixED project. The vast majority of the earth’s water is salt water. Only 3% is fresh water and less than one third of that is accessible, the rest being locked away in glaciers and groundwater. “We will need to treat salt water so people can drink it and industry can use it,” said George Brik, chief executive officer of Hydro Volta. “But with current technologies, desalination (脱盐) requires high operational costs. On top of that, existing technologies use high amounts of energy and chemicals.” The basic technique now to turn salt water into fresh water is electrodialysis (电渗析), where a kind of membrane (隔膜) is used to separate salt from water. But the method has a weak point: the membrane gets dirty easily and requires chemicals and high pressure to clean. That in turn involves large amounts of energy. Under SonixED, HydroVolta has developed ultrasound technology that keeps the membrane clean in a much more efficient way. Energy use in this field depends on pressure, which is measured in a metric unit known as bar. Existing technologies to desalinate seawater take around 50 to 80 bar, while the new desalination technology uses just one to three bar. What’s even better is that a greater amount of fresh water can now be generated. “Existing technologies waste around 60% to 65% of the seawater that’s taken in,” said Brik. “Our new technology improves the situation. If we take in 100 litres of seawater, we can produce 65 litres of drinkable water.” HydroVolta thinks this technology will be beneficial to larger companies that generate drinkable water as well as to industrial businesses that need water to fuel their operations. Meanwhile, Brik says the new desalination technology may need a push from governments to encourage a bigger demand. “They can be the first customers,” he added. 1. What is the problem with electrodialysis? A. It consumes too much energy. B. The membrane is rare to find. C. The water it produces is a little salty. D. It requires complex ultrasound technology. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1. What is the problem with electrodialysis? 电渗析有什么问题 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） The basic technique now to turn salt water into fresh water is electrodialysis (电渗析), where a kind of membrane (隔膜) is used to separate salt from water. But the method has a weak point: the membrane gets dirty easily and requires chemicals and high pressure to clean. That in turn involves large amounts of energy. Under SonixED, HydroVolta has developed ultrasound technology that keeps the membrane clean in a much more efficient way 段意：.现在将盐水转化为淡水的基本技术是电渗析(电渗析)，其中使用一种膜(隔膜)将盐从水中分离出来。但是这种方法有一个弱点:膜很容易脏，需要化学物质和高压来清洁。这反过来又涉及到大量的能源。在SonixED的帮助下，HydroVolta开发了一种超声波技术，可以更有效地保持膜的清洁 难句分析： Under SonixED, HydroVolta has developed ultrasound technology that keeps the membrane clean in a much more efficient way that引导定语从句修饰ultrasound technology 翻译：在SonixED的帮助下，HydroVolta开发了一种超声波技术，可以更有效地保持膜的清洁 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 1. What is the problem with electrodialysis? 电渗析有什么问题? A. It consumes too much energy.它消耗了太多的能量。=That in turn involves large amounts of energy这反过来又涉及到大量的能源（原文对应） B. The membrane is rare to find.这种膜很少见。 C. The water it produces is a little salty.它产生的水有点咸。 D. It requires complex ultrasound technology.它需要复杂的超声波技术。 2.What do we know about the new desalination technology? A. It takes more energy than existing technologies. B. It produces clean water more efficiently. C. It gives up the use of membrane to function. D. It needs more seawater to produce fresh water. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 2.What do we know about the new desalination technology? 我们对新的海水淡化技术了解多少? 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） Energy use in this field depends on pressure, which is measured in a metric unit known as bar. Existing technologies to desalinate seawater take around 50 to 80 bar, while the new desalination technology uses just one to three bar. What’s even better is that a greater amount of fresh water can now be generated. “Existing technologies waste around 60% to 65% of the seawater that’s taken in,” said Brik. “Our new technology improves the situation. If we take in 100 litres of seawater, we can produce 65 litres of drinkable water.” 段意：该领域的能源使用取决于压力，压力是用公制单位bar来测量的。现有的海水淡化技术大约需要50到80巴，而新的海水淡化技术只需要1到3巴。更好的是，现在可以产生更多的淡水。布里克说:“现有的技术浪费了大约60%到65%的海水。“我们的新技术改善了这种情况。如果我们吸收100升海水，我们可以生产65升饮用水。” 难句分析： Energy use in this field depends on pressure, which is measured in a metric unit known as bar. which引导定语从句修饰pressure 翻译：该领域的能源使用取决于压力，压力是用公制单位bar来测量的。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 2.What do we know about the new desalination technology? 我们对新的海水淡化技术了解多少 A. It takes more energy than existing technologies.它比现有的技术需要更多的能源。 B. It produces clean water more efficiently.它能更有效地生产干净的水 C. It gives up the use of membrane to function.它放弃了利用膜来发挥功能。 D. It needs more seawater to produce fresh water.它需要更多的海水来生产淡水 近义词同义替换：Efficiently produce=a greater amount of water can be generated What’s even better is that a greater amount of fresh water can now be generated. 更好的是，现在可以产生更多的淡水。 3. Which statement will Brik probably agree with? A. HydroVolta can solve the water crisis worldwide. B. The new desalination technology needs official support. C. HydroVolta has great difficulty in finding its first customers. D. The new desalination technology is unsuited to small companies. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1.Which statement will Brik probably agree with? 布里克可能会同意哪一种说法 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） HydroVolta thinks this technology will be beneficial to larger companies that generate drinkable water as well as to industrial businesses that need water to fuel their operations. Meanwhile, Brik says the new desalination technology may need a push from governments to encourage a bigger demand. “They can be the first customers,” he added. 翻译：HydroVolta认为这项技术将有利于生产饮用水的大公司以及需要水来为其运营提供燃料的工业企业。同时，布里克说，新的海水淡化技术可能需要政府的推动，以鼓励更大的需求。“他们可能是第一批客户，”他补充说。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 3. Which statement will Brik probably agree with? 布里克可能会同意哪一种说法 A. HydroVolta can solve the water crisis worldwide.HydroVolta可以解决全球的水危机。 B. The new desalination technology needs official support.新的海水淡化技术需要官方的支持。 C. HydroVolta has great difficulty in finding its first customers. HydroVolta很难找到它的第一批客户。 D.The new desalination technology is unsuited to small companies. 新的海水淡化技术不适合小公司。 同义替换：official support=a push from government Meanwhile, Brik says the new desalination technology may need a push from governments to encourage a bigger demand. “They can be the first customers,” he added. 同时，布里克说，新的海水淡化技术可能需要政府的推动，以鼓励更大的需求。“他们可能是第一批客户，”他补充说。 【小科普】正确答案从语义上去理解经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的词：can may might，possible，notnecessarily，some尤其是推理题的答案常这样设置，以显示推理题所论述含义的相对性。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$