2025届高考英语阅读细节理解题三步法带练（01）讲义

1、 高考英语细节题考察概况： 1.宏观考察概况： 细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右，是最重要的得分点。 2.微观考察概况： （1）设问方式 特殊疑问句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑问词开头引出的问题;通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节，或就文中的数字进行提问。 （2） 考察规律 ①正确选项特征 A. 同义替换（原句重复出现，200%错。正确的都是有改动的，即同义替换。） (1) 替换关键词。把原文的关键词进行同义替换，如把 lose one's job换成了be out of occupation (2) 改变词性。把原文中的一些词变换了一下词性，如把so much important变换成of importance (3) 改变语态。把原文主动语态转为被动语态，如 restoring and repairing the bridge变换成the bridge was restoring and reparing. B. 信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息; 正确答案具有概括性（考察考生的理解归纳能力），深刻性，因为其考查的对象是阅读文章的重点和要点。 C. 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项 比如说：I constantly remained confused about the learning predicament. 我一直对学习的困境感到困惑。 ②干扰选项特征 A. 张冠李戴，无中生有 B. 曲解文意，答非所问 C. 颠倒是非，因果倒置，无原因推导（过度推断） D. 正误参半，盲目推断，正反混淆 2、 高考英语阅读细节题三步法： 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 3、 高考英语阅读细节题三步法带练 【出自材料：湖北省襄阳四中2024高考考前内部英语试题阅读B篇】 US Army veteran (退伍老兵) Mazyck remembers when doctors told her she would never walk again. She'd been paralyzed (瘫痪) from the waist down after a serious accident while parachuting (跳伞) in 2003The doctors, though, never said anything about floating. In 2021, she got to do just that. Mazyck was one of 12 participants in a Zero Gravity flight, organized by the group Astro Access. This type of flight recreates the weightlessness that astronauts experience without going all the way to space. Flying over the Pacific Ocean off Southern California, the modified 747 jet airplane made 15 steep dives and climbs, allowing the flyers multiple periods of weightlessness. The experience left Mazyck feeling joyful. “The flight was something that I would never have experienced in my wildest dreams," she says, “especially the floating the weightlessness. During the flight, she says, the participants were expected to do experiments and made observations. They took note of things that people without certain disabilities might not realize are issues. For example, people who couldn't grip with their legs needed another way to hold themselves still while weightless. The group also experimented with signaling lights for the deaf and with ways of using braille (百文) for the blind. Traditionally, strict physical requirements have prevented disabled people from becoming astronauts Astro Access is working to make space accessible to all. “Space removes the barriers between people, now is the time to remove the barriers to space itself, "says Mazyck, “It is sending a message to people who have historically been excluded from space travel that not only is there room for you in space, but there is a need for you.” Indeed, now is the time to make space accessible-before space tourism or space settlements become commonplace. “I am so excited about what's happening here,” Mazyck adds. “We are paving the way for the future.” 1.What do we know about Astro Access? A. It redesigns jet airplanes. B. It offers weightlessness experience. C. It provides physical treatment D. It hires the disabled to be astronauts 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1. What do we know about Astro Access?我们对星际通道了解多少? 问的角度是什么what；对象是星际通道 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） Mazyck was one of 12 participants in a Zero Gravity flight, organized by the group Astro Access. This type of flight recreates the weightlessness that astronauts experience without going all the way to space. Flying over the Pacific Ocean off Southern California, the modified 747 jet airplane made 15 steep dives and climbs, allowing the flyers multiple periods of weightlessness. The experience left Mazyck feeling joyful. “The flight was something that I would never have experienced in my wildest dreams," she says, “especially the floating the weightlessness. 原词对应：weightlessness（失重；无重状态）；experience（体验）；由于这段话没有出现转折连接词，所以判断这个段落各个句子的逻辑关系是顺承关系 段落翻译： Mazyck是由Astro Access组织的零重力飞行的12名参与者之一。这种类型的飞行重现了宇航员在没有进入太空的情况下所经历的失重状态。这架经过改装的747喷气式飞机在飞越南加州附近的太平洋上空时，进行了15次陡峭的俯冲和爬升，让飞行员有了多次失重的经历。这次经历让Mazyck感到很开心。“这次飞行是我做梦也想不到的，”她说，“尤其是漂浮和失重的感觉。 难句解析： This type of flight recreates the weightlessness that astronauts experience without going all the way to space. that引导同位语从句 翻译：这种类型的飞行重现了宇航员在没有进入太空的情况下所经历的失重状态。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 1.What do we know about Astro Access?我们对星际通道了解多少? A. It redesigns jet airplanes. 它重新设计喷气式飞机。 B. It offers weightlessness experience.它提供失重体验。 C. It provides physical treatment它提供物理治疗 D. It hires the disabled to be astronauts它雇佣残疾人当宇航员 很明显的，直接对应B选项 2. What is required in the flights for the participants? A. Steep dives and climbs. B. Floating experience. C. Weightlessness periods D. Trials and observations. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 What is required in the flights for the participants? 问的角度是what什么；问的对象是飞行的参与者；问的内容是飞行的参与者要求 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） During the flight, she says, the participants were expected to do experiments and made observations. They took note of things that people without certain disabilities might not realize are issues. For example, people who couldn't grip with their legs needed another way to hold themselves still while weightless. The group also experimented with signaling lights for the deaf and with ways of using braille (百文) for the blind. 段落逻辑关系：同样地，没有发现转折连接词，所以判断这个段落各个句子是顺承关系 题干关键词对应：原词对应fights和participants;近义词同义替换：be required to= be expected to 要求去做 段落翻译：她说，在飞行期间，参与者被要求做实验和观察。他们注意到那些没有残疾的人可能没有意识到的问题。例如，那些不能用腿抓东西的人需要另一种方法来保持自己在失重状态下不动。该小组还试验了聋哑人使用的信号灯，以及盲人使用盲文(百文)的方法。 难句解析： ①They took note of things that people without certain disabilities might not realize are issues. that引导定语从句修饰things 翻译：他们注意到那些没有残疾的人可能没有意识到的问题。 ②For example, people who couldn't grip with their legs needed another way to hold themselves still while weightless Who引导定语从句修饰people 翻译：例如，那些不能用腿抓东西的人需要另一种方法来保持自己在失重状态下不动 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 2. What is required in the flights for the participants? 参与者的飞行要求是什么? A. Steep dives and climbs. 陡峭的俯冲和爬升。 B. Floating experience. 浮动的经验 C. Weightlessness periods 失重的时期 D. Trials and observations.试验和观察。 近义词同义替换：trials= do experiments;原词对应：observation;所以D选项对应 【出自材料：湖北省襄阳四中2024高考考前内部英语试题阅读C篇】 When instant cake mixes (预制粉)first appeared in the 1950s, American housewives were doubtful. These mixes, promising easy cake-baking, felt too easy, However, the addition of just an egg in the baking process was enough to make the housewives happy with their work, The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have been essential to the later success of making the cake. This reflects the IKEA effect (宜家效应), which is identified by psychologist Michael l. Norton and his colleagues, suggesting we place greater value on what we have created. They conducted four studies in which they asked participants to fold paper frogs and build sets of Legos. They then asked the builders to bid (出 价)for their creations, and compared the prices with bids from people who hadn't built them. The builders consistently outbid the non-builders. Interestingly, the IKEA effect works even when people have no opportunity to fully personalize their creations. While most participants’ folding skills left much to be desired, they still loved their imperfectly personalized products more. Builders valued their wrinkled frog-like creations nearly five times as much as non-builders. Beauty, it seems, is in the eye of the builder. Today, as cities are suffering from severe housing crises, the IkEA effect can give us insight into the well-being benefits of a self-building approach to housing development, Projects like Wikilouse and the “half-a-house” approach pioneered by Alejandro Aravena's architecture company Elemental are working to make housing more affordable and sustainable by making it easier for people to build and personalize their own homes. “The moment people are involved with their built environment, they have a totally different relationship to it, " WikiHouse co-founder Alastair Parvin explained. “When the roof starts leaking or a door starts creaking they have the power to fix it themselves. 1. What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1? A.A better taste. B. An easy approach. C. A detailed recipe. D. An additional effort. 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1. What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1? brought customers the joy of cake-baking（给顾客带来了烘焙蛋糕的乐趣，这是一个双宾语的结构）问的是什么what；注意一下：双宾语与宾语宾语补足语结构 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） When instant cake mixes (预制粉)first appeared in the 1950s, American housewives were doubtful. These mixes, promising easy cake-baking, felt too easy, However, the addition of just an egg in the baking process was enough to make the housewives happy with their work, The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have been essential to the later success of making the cake. 这里考察的是信息归纳+转折逻辑： However, the addition of just an egg in the baking process was enough to make the housewives happy with their work,然而，在烘焙过程中加入一个鸡蛋就足以让主妇们对自己的工作感到满意， 段意：当速溶蛋糕粉(预制粉)在20世纪50年代首次出现时，美国家庭主妇们对此表示怀疑。然而，在烘焙过程中，只要加入一个鸡蛋就足以让主妇们对自己的工作感到满意。从一点额外的劳动中获得的更大的努力感，被认为是后来制作蛋糕成功的关键。 Happy=joy;customer=american housewives 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 1. What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1? 根据第一段，是什么给顾客带来了蛋糕烘焙的乐趣? A.A better taste. 更好的品味。 B. An easy approach.一个简单的方法。 C. A detailed recipe.详细的食谱 D. An additional effort.额外的努力 词性的同义替换+信息归纳：addition= additional 【出自材料：湖北省襄阳四中2024高考考前内部英语试题阅读D篇】 For years, experts in climate science and ecology have presented the agricultural practices of the ancient Maya as primary examples of what not to do. “There's an explanation that describes the Maya as people who devoted themselves to unchecked (不加约束的) agricultural development," said Andrew Scherer, a professor at Brown university, “The explanation goes: The population grew too large, the agriculture expanded, and then everything fell apart.” But a new study, led by Scherer, suggests that that explanation doesn't tell the full story. Using a remote sensing technology, the team surveyed an area in the western Maya lowlands. The results revealed extensive systems of complex irrigation (灌溉) and terracing (阶梯状坡地), but no huge population increases to match. The findings indicated that between 350 and 900 AD, some Maya kingdoms were living comfortably, with no proven food insecurity. When the team set about the survey, their primary motivation was to learn more about the infrastructure(基础设施) of regions that are unknown, owing to the thick forest that has long hidden ancient communities from view. Therefore, the team chose to survey three Maya sites: Piedras Negras, La Mar and SakTz'i’. The survey revealed signs of what the researchers call “agricultural intensification” -the adjustment of land to increase the volume of crop productivity. Agricultural intensification methods in these Maya kingdoms included building terraces and creating water management systems, suggesting that these kingdoms were not only prepared for population growth but also likely harvested much more food than they could consume every year. Scherer said he hopes the study provides researchers with a different view of the ancient Maya. And perhaps it even offers inspiration to the modern-day agricultural field where people are looking for sustainable ways to grow food for an ever-growing global population. 1.What did the researchers discover through their study? A. The rapid development of big towns. B. The struggles of some Maya kingdoms. C. The sufficient supply of food in the society. D. The population explosion between 350 and 900 AD 第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向 1.What did the researchers discover through their study? 研究人员通过他们的研究发现了什么? 第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系） Using a remote sensing technology, the team surveyed an area in the western Maya lowlands. The results revealed extensive systems of complex irrigation (灌溉) and terracing (阶梯状坡地), but no huge population increases to match. The findings indicated that between 350 and 900 AD, some Maya kingdoms were living comfortably, with no proven food insecurity. 同义替换：the team= the researchers; the findings= their study; discover=indicate 段意：利用遥感技术，该小组调查了玛雅西部低地的一个地区。结果显示了广泛的复杂灌溉系统(灌溉)和梯田(阶梯状坡地)，但没有巨大的人口增长相匹配。研究结果表明，在公元350年至900年之间，一些玛雅王国生活舒适，没有粮食不安全问题。 难句分析：The findings indicated that between 350 and 900 AD, some Maya kingdoms were living comfortably, with no proven food insecurity. that引导宾语从句 翻译：研究结果表明，在公元350年至900年之间，一些玛雅王国生活舒适，没有粮食不安全问题。 第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说) 1.What did the researchers discover through their study? 研究人员通过他们的研究发现了什么? A. The rapid development of big towns. 大城镇的快速发展。 B. The struggles of some Maya kingdoms.一些玛雅王国的斗争。 C. The sufficient supply of food in the society. 社会上食物的充足供应 D. The population explosion between 350 and 900 AD人口爆炸发生在公元350年到900年之间 这里考察的是反话正说 The sufficient supply of food in the society.=with no proven food insecurity.没有粮食不安全的证据。 【小科普】 正确选项的经典特征 ① 否定的比肯定的难，否定的是答案(包括否定，双重和多重否定)。 ② 抽象的比具体的难，抽象深刻的是答案，具体肤浅的不是。 ③ 动态变化的比静态的难，动态变化的是答案。 ④ 未知难于已知，未知的是答案。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$