暑假作业11 阅读理解-【暑假分层作业】2024年高一英语暑假培优练（人教版2019）

完成时间： 月 日 天气： 作业11 阅读理解 细节理解类 细节理解题干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。 推理判断类 掌握推理判断题的考查角度 (1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。 (2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、读者对象。 推理判断题正确选项特征 1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, probably等。 推理判断题干扰选项特征 1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。 2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。 3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。 4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。 5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。 6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。 词义猜测类 掌握词句猜测题的考查角度 (1)猜测生词或熟词生义；(2)猜测短语的意义；(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it, one, they, this, that, these, those等)；(4)猜测句意。 明确方法技巧 （1）根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测（2）根据同位关系进行猜测（3）根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生、合成等)进行猜测（4）根据因果关系进行猜测（5）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测（6）根据同义或近义关系进行猜测（7）根据转折或对比关系进行猜测（8）意义吻合定句意 主旨大意类题型 掌握主旨大意题的考查角度 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。 明确方法技巧 1.阅读文章的标题或副标题 2.寻找文章的主题句 主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。 一 POETRY CHALLENGE Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life. Prizes 3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World. 6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch. 50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight. Rules Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification. ■ Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines. ■ Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper. ■ On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date. ■ Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year. 1. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip? A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six. 2. What will each of the honorable mention winners get? A. A plane ticket. B. A book by Corinne Szabo. C. A special T-shirt. D. A photo of Amelia Earhart. 3. Which of the following will result in disqualification? A. Typing your poem out. B. Writing a poem of 120 words. C. Using both sides of the paper. D. Mailing your entry on October 30. 二 With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together. The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters. Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol——one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor. “We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.” And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.” It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013. Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million. Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married. 4. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol? A. Nick. B. Rita. C. Kathryn D. The daughters. 5. What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law? A. Positive. B. Carefree. C. Tolerant. D. Unwilling. 6. What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on? A. Family traditions. B. Financial reports. C. Published statistics. D. Public opinions. 7. What is the text mainly about? A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations. C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK. 三 In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods? After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to explain. A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions(排放) of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use —those related to their production and breakdown. Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances(设备) that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you. 8. What is the text mainly about? A. What appliances to buy to save energy. B. What a carbon footprint means in our life. C. How to identify different carbon footprints. D. How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices. 9. What do we know about the secondary carbon footprint? A. It is related to our consumption of fuels. B. It is made when we are buying the products. C. It is less harmful than the primary carbon footprint. D. It is counted as ours though not directly made by us. 10. Which of the following helps reduce our carbon footprint according to the author? A. Using second-hand textbooks. B. Using old and expensive cars. C. Buying new but cheap clothes. D. Buying new wooden furniture. 11. "The footprint" underlined in the last sentence refers to the CO2 produced in_______. A. using the product B. recycling the product C. making the product D. transporting the product 四 When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion（时装）enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海狸鼠）. Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree MeCree, project director of Righteous Fur. Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $ 5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month. Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species（物种）. It's destroying the environment. It's them or us,” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field. The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300, 000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur. Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them — I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly. 12. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn? A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market. C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday. 13. Why are scientists concerned about nutria? A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B. Nutria are an endangered species. C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted. 14. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed. 15. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan? A. It's formal. B. It's risky. C. It's harmful. D. It's traditional. 五 Sacagawea was not afraid. Although she was only 16 years old and the only female in an exploration group of more than 45 people, she was ready to courageously make her mark in American history. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought more than 825,000 square miles of land from France. To explore this new part of the country, Jefferson sent Lewis and William Clark on a two-year journey to report on what they found. They needed local guides to help them through this unknown territory. Born to a Shoshone chief around 1788, Sacagawea had been kidnapped (绑架) by an enemy tribe when she was about 12, then sold to a French-Canadian trapper. When the trapper was hired as a guide for Lewis and Clark's expedition in 1804, Sacagawea also joined as an interpreter to talk to Native-American people on their 8, 000-mile journey. Sacagawea soon became a respected member of the group. She was skilled at finding plants for food and medicine to help keep the explorers alive. When a boat capsized (翻) on the Missouri River as they were crossing into what is now Montana, Sacagawea saved important books and much-needed supplies. When they needed horses to cross rough area, she convinced a Shoshone tribe—led by her long-lost brother—to give them some. She was so esteemed by Lewis and Clark that when they reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805, Sacagawea was asked to cast her vote for where they should build a fort (营地). Sacagawea proved herself again after the group took a different route home through what is now Idaho. As they passed through her homeland, Sacagawea remembered Shoshone trails from her childhood and helped the expedition find their way through. Clark even praised her as his “pilot”. She received no pay for her services and died on December 20, 1812. But Sacagawea's bravery and skill live on in the expedition's journals, which are full of praise for the 16-year-old Shoshone girl who guided the most famous American expedition of all time. 16．Why did the explorers hire Sacagawea? A．To do trade. B．To fight the enemy. C．To be safer. D．To help communicate. 17．What does the underlined word “esteemed” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Respected. B．Suspected. C．Influenced. D．Promoted. 18．What do you think of Sacagawea's role in the expedition? A．Active. B．Irreplaceable. C．Tricky. D．Unreliable. 19．What is the passage mainly about? A．A special honor. B．A great expedition. C．An outstanding girl. D．An unknown territory. 一 　　We've all been there, when a really essential item that you had to order online arrives in such an unbelievable amount of packaging that it makes you feel like it's an unprepared game of passing the parcel. It's made even worse by the fact that some of the packaging can't be recycled. In fact, 10 million tonnes of packaging waste are produced in the UK every year. A lot of this ends up in landfill, two⁃thirds of which could have instead been recycled. The good news, however, is that how packaging waste is managed is in for a BIG shake⁃up in line with the “polluter pays principle”. By placing the main point of duty to pay on brand owners, they will be encouraged to choose more sustainable packaging options which are recyclable and reusable as much as possible. Otherwise, they will have to pay higher fees. This is a system known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)—meaning that those who have control over packaging design decisions will be encouraged to do the right thing for the planet at the beginning and consider what happens at the end of the packaging's life from the start. What this means is that instead of local authorities picking up the bill for household waste management, companies will have to pay for managing your household packaging waste, and they will be met with the associated little costs too. And, as an added bonus, the new EPR laws on packaging will also mean that producers are required to put clear mandatory (强制性的) labelling on packaging. For example, this could be “RECYCLE” or “DO NOT RECYCLE”. Of course, we hope that the “DO NOT RECYCLE” category labelling is the minority. It is aimed that by 2030, 78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK. 1.What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A.Two⁃thirds of packaging waste is recycled. B.Over⁃packaging is often the case in life. C.The quality of goods cannot be guaranteed. D.Online shopping is getting less popular. 2.Who will be responsible for paying packaging waste costs according to the law? A.Designers.　　 B.Producers. C.Customers.　　 D.Local authorities. 3.What can the EPR laws lead the brand owners to do? A.Pay higher taxes and recycle packaging waste. B.Put clear labelling on packaging and promote sales. C.Cut packaging waste and improve packaging recycling. D.Follow the packaging design trend and the right things. 4.What can be learned about the items ordered online in the future? A.Their labelling on packaging will be simple and generous. B.The majority of their packaging needn't be recycled. C.They will be of high quality and inexpensive. D.They'll arrive in the right amount of recyclable packaging. 二 　　Chinese scientists have identified a new protein that restricts HIV infection, a discovery that could pave the way for the development of new drugs against the virus. The protein, P⁃selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL⁃1), which exists in human cells, can inhibit (抑制) the process by which HIV reproduces, according to research published in the science journal Nature Microbiology this month. However, the study also showed that PSGL⁃1 can be negatively affected by Vpu—an accessory (附属) protein of HIV—which can neutralize the ability of PSGL⁃1 to resist HIV. Further research is under way to develop a drug that can inhibit the HIV protein so that PSGL⁃1 can restrict HIV, according to Tan Xu, a researcher at Tsinghua University's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, a leading author of the study. Several other proteins in human cells that could resist HIV have been discovered over the past 10 years, but the virus can also evade (避开) them. PSGL⁃1 shows particular promise in that it can inhibit HIV in multiple ways—especially by blocking the infectiousness of virus offspring, Tan said. “We are starting to research into small molecule (分子) compounds in the hope of finding one that can restore PSGL⁃1's anti⁃HIV function. In this way, we can develop a very effective antiviral drug for people with HIV/AIDS,” he said. Tan said it will require at least three to five years for the research to reach the preclinical stage, and more time after that before a clinical trial is possible. The research was conducted by researchers at Tsinghua University in Beijing, Fudan University in Shanghai and George Mason University in the United States. Existing treatment methods for people with HIV/AIDS, which mostly rely on a combination of different drugs, can prevent the disease from progressing but cannot cure it, and long⁃term use of drugs can result in drug resistance. An estimated 37 million people in the world live with HIV, according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The study provides new leads to developing antiviral drugs, Tsinghua University said in a statement. 1.What can we learn about PSGL⁃1 from the passage? A.Both the protein PSGL⁃1 and the protein Vpu are HIV proteins. B.PSGL⁃1 can restrict the function of the protein Vpu. C.PSGL⁃1's molecule compounds have been identified. D.The protein PSGL⁃1 functions better than others in resisting HIV. 2.What can we infer from the last three paragraphs? A.The existing treatment for AIDS are far from perfect. B.It will be a decade before the antiviral drugs is put on the market. C.American scientists played a leading role in the research. D.HIV/AIDS will no longer be a deadly problem owing to the new discovery. 3.What is the main idea of the passage? A.There is a long way to go before curing AIDS. B.More people are faced with the threat of HIV. C.Chinese scientists are leading the way in curing AIDS. D.A new protein to resist HIV was confirmed by scientists. 4.Where is this text most likely from? A.A guidebook.　　 B.A fiction. C.A magazine.　　 D.A brochure. 三 　　The village of Misfat Al Abriyeen has changed its fortunes by transforming mud⁃brick homes into fine hotels. The village of 800 people, located on the cliffs of Oman's “Grand Canyon”, opened its narrow streets years ago to foreigners and locals seeking adventure in the deserts and green corners of the Gulf area. Villager Yacoub Al⁃Abri said it all started in 2010 when his uncle suggested they take another look at the mud houses that had lain ignored for years in the ancient settlement about three hours' drive from the capital Muscat. The owners had abandoned the centuries⁃old homes, fearing they could topple, and moved to the opposite side of the village where they built new accommodation. The brown⁃walled homes, made of mud bricks with palm⁃leave roofs, were turned into simple but elegant inns with wood furniture and handcrafts made using skills handed down from their ancestors. “We started with only five rooms, then we increased the number and bought other old houses. Today we have 15 rooms and there are plans to continue expanding until we reach 50,” Al⁃Abri said. At an altitude of more than 1,000 meters, the tiny village which is home to his tribe is a charming collection of traditional houses located along dozens of small alleys (小巷) overlooking lands bursting with banana plants and citrus and palm trees. It is part of a region known as the Grand Canyon of Oman where tourists can hike the rocky mountains and valleys, and explore the old ways of local people. The region is also famed for its centuries⁃old stories that are still widely told in similar villages across the country. Renoda, a Dutch psychologist living in Muscat, was visiting with three of her friends. “It's perhaps the 10th time that I have visited this hotel since last year. I come here for a night or two every month seeking calm, relaxation and comfort,” she told AFP. 1.What does the underlined word “topple” in paragraph 2 mean? A.Move.　　 B.Fall. C.Disappear.　　 D.Shrink. 2.What are the rooms of the village hotels like? A.Splendid.　　 B.Outdated. C.Ordinary.　　 D.Traditional. 3.What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A.The unique lifestyle of the local people. B.The special situation of the small village. C.The reasons for the popularity of the village. D.The introduction of the history of the village. 4.What can be inferred about Renoda? A.She lives a stressful life in the city. B.She enjoys adventurous traveling. C.Visiting the villagers is part of her work. D.She wants to live in this hotel permanently. 四 　　Think back to when you were in a maths classroom, and the teacher set a difficult problem. Which of the two following responses is closer to the way you reacted? A: Oh no, this is too hard for me. I'm not even going to seriously try and work it out. B: Ah, this is quite tricky, but I like to push myself. Even if I don't get the answer right, maybe I'll learn something in the attempt. Early in her career, the psychologist Carol Dweck of Stanford University gave a group of ten⁃year⁃olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. One group reacted positively and loved the challenge. She says they had a “growth mindset” and focused on what they could achieve in the future. But another group of children felt that their intelligence was being judged and they had failed. They had a “fixed mindset” and were unable to imagine improving. Some of them looked for someone who had done worse than them to boost their self⁃esteem. Professor Dweck believes that there is a problem in education at the moment. For years, children have been praised for their intelligence or talent, but this makes them vulnerable(脆弱的) to failure. They become performance⁃oriented, wanting to please by getting high grades, but they are not interested in learning for its own sake. The solution, according to Dweck, is to lead them to become mastery⁃oriented (i.e. interested in getting better at something). She claims that the ever⁃lasting effort over time is the key to outstanding achievements. Psychologists have been testing these theories. Underperforming school children on a Native American reservation were exposed to growth mindset techniques for a year. The results were nothing less than incredible. They came top in regional tests, beating children from much more privileged backgrounds. These children had previously felt that making an effort was a sign of stupidity, but they came to see it as the key to learning.  1.What can we learn about a person if his response is “B”? A.He is performance⁃oriented. B.He tends to set limits to his life. C.He enjoys the process and focuses on the future. D.He boosts his self⁃esteem by comparing with others. 2.Which of the following suggestions will Professor Dweck give to parents and teachers? A.To reward children for their high grades. B.To emphasize the importance of intelligence. C.To ignore the result brought by failure. D.To praise children for their engagement in the process. 3.What does “These children” in the last paragraph refer to? A.Children showing no interest in learning. B.Children who use fixed mindset techniques. C.Children from much more privileged backgrounds. D.Underperforming school children on a Native American reservation. 4.Why does the author write the text? A.To distinguish the growth mindset and the fixed mindset. B.To inform readers of the importance of the growth mindset. C.To show several psychological study results. D.To point out a problem in education at the moment. 五 　　A company called Compass Pools has some good news for height and swimming enthusiasts.Recently, the company announced their novel design—a first of its kind 360⁃degree pool which is set to be placed on a skyscraper in London. The Infinity London will be the first and only building in the world to include this cutting⁃edge pool design. The pool will be laid on top of a 55⁃story skyscraper and will allow people to float over 200 meters above the London skyline with unobstructed(没有障碍的) views of the city. The entrance to the pool is hidden. People began to raise questions about how anyone would get inside the pool. Compass Pools explains,“Swimmers will access the pool through a rotating spiral(螺旋形的) staircase based on the door of a submarine, rising from the pool floor when someone wants to get in or out.” But that is not the only unique technology of the pool. The designers found a way to make sure the wind doesn't blow the water down to the streets. They included a built⁃in anemometer(风速计) to monitor the wind speed. It is linked to a computer⁃controlled building management system which will also take care of the temperature of the water. Alex Kemsley promises that this unique pool will surpass everyone's expectations.“It's quite a strange feeling to swim in the SkyPool at The Shard and have helicopters flying past at your level but this pool takes it a step further,”he says.“Putting your goggles(游泳镜) on and with a 360⁃degree view of London from 220m up, it really will be something else—but it's definitely not one for the acrophobic(恐高的)!” While the exact date of the construction is not clear yet, if things go well, it may begin in 2022.The location has yet to be confirmed too. 1.What can we learn from the first paragraph? A.The Infinity London is the only building to swim in. B.Swimmers can enjoy the views of London in the new pool. C.The pool is located on the first floor of a skyscraper. D.Compass Pools has built many 360⁃degree pools in the world. 2.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A.How to get a view of London. B.How to monitor the wind speed. C.How to get into or out of the pool. D.How to keep the water in the pool. 3.Who might not be suitable to swim in the new pool? A.People who enjoy flying. B.People who lose weight. C.People who fear heights. D.People who have poor sight. 4.What can we know about the new pool? A.It is not certain when people can swim in it. B.The exact location of the construction is clear. C.Swimmers can expect its designs easily. D.It's impossible to monitor the temperature of the water. 六 　　Scientists in Australia have discovered that they can use the world's smelliest fruits to make devices that could power electric cars. A durian is a fruit that looks like a pineapple. It is a delicacy in some Asian countries, but its smell is so unpleasant that some of those countries have banned it from public places. Its smell has been compared to rotting eggs and even smelly old gym socks. Vincent Gomes and his colleagues at the University of Sydney, in Australia, used a durian and a jackfruit—another fruit known for its terrible smell—to make energy storing devices called supercapacitors. Supercapacitors are an alternative to batteries. They can't store as much energy as a normal battery does, but they are much quicker to recharge. Durians and jackfruits contain some of the chemicals used in supercapacitors, which gave Gomes the idea. To make the fruit⁃based devices, the team heated and then freeze⁃dried the uneatable cores of the durian and jackfruit to make a special kind of material called an aerogel. Aerogels are one of the world's lightest solid materials. Often called “frozen smoke”, they are made by removing the liquid from a gel and replacing it with air. They have many scientific uses, but one of their special properties is the ability to conduct electric currents, which makes them an important part of supercapacitors. The aerogels made from the durian and jackfruit both worked well when placed inside a supercapacitor, although the durian aerogel was found to be the better of the two. The discovery is important because the materials currently used to make supercapacitors are expensive. Using natural foods like durians and jackfruits, Gomes says, could reduce environmental pollution, as well as costs. 1.What makes some countries have different attitudes toward the durian? A.Its smell.　　B.Its appearance. C.Its value.　　D.Its popularity. 2.Which paragraph mentions Gomes's inspiration of innovation? A.Paragraph 1.　　B.Paragraph 2. C.Paragraph 3.　　D.Paragraph 4. 3.What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A.Aerogels.　　B.Scientific uses. C.Properties.　　D.Electric currents. 4.What can we learn about fruit⁃based supercapacitors? A.They are devices for producing electricity. B.They are chemicals from durians. C.They are green and economical. D.They are light and liquid. 七 　　The pandemic has required many people to make difficult judgments. Politicians have had to decide which restrictions to impose on citizens' behavior and individuals were forced to assess how much personal risk to take. Good judgment is a quality everyone would like to have. But it is remarkably difficult to define precisely, and many people are not sure whether they personally possess it. Sir Andrew Likierman of London Business School has spent a long time talking to leaders in a wide range of fields in an effort to create a framework for understanding judgment. First he had to define the word. He suggests that judgment is “the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and make decisions”. The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more responsibility. For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is high. Deciding not to take action is also a judgment with potentially serious consequences. Some people think that good judgment is inborn. Sir Andrew accepts that some individuals are born with the ability to listen, be self⁃aware and better understand other people: all qualities that make good judgment easier. Others may have the wrong sort of characteristics: a tendency to ignore others, stick to rules irrespective of context, rush into action without reflection and struggle to make up their minds. As artificial intelligence gets used for more and more routine tasks in the service sector, exercising judgment may be one of the only areas where humans retain an edge over machines. This is far from certain, however. With enough practice, machines may be able to display the equivalent of good judgment. But then, perhaps humans can be taught, too. In the long run, one of the trickiest aspects of human judgment may be knowing precisely when to let machines make decisions and when to leave it to people.  1.Which of the following situations DOESN'T need a person's judgment? A.Politicians decide restrictions imposed on citizens' behavior. B.A person assesses what action to take in the face of difficulties. C.A student tries to work out a math problem. D.A farmer feels hurt when bitten by a snake. 2.Which statement is true about Sir Andrew Likierman? A.He talked to leaders with good judgment for his study. B.He thinks people are born with good judgment. C.He thinks being self⁃aware helps with good judgment. D.He thinks people with the ability to listen have good judgment. 3.What may artificial intelligence be able to do according to the passage? A.To make decisions freely. B.To finish all the tasks. C.To display good judgment. D.To leave decisions to humans. 4.Which of the following could replace the underlined phrase? A.Have an advantage over. B.Take the place of. C.Perform worse than. D.Stand up to. 八 A school's “peace room” aims to end fighting in the halls By the time Marquita Riley, 16, and Aaliyah Hudson, 17, ended up in their school's “peace room”, rumors(传闻) had floated through the halls that the two girls were going to fight. The peace room at Manley is a part of the school's restorative justice initiative, a growing social movement that, among other things, focuses on healing and teaching how to solve conflicts. The philosophy aims to bring together victims and offenders to cooperatively work through their problems. The concept is increasingly being used in schools, community centers and churches in Chicago as a way to teach young people how to analyze their anger. They learn to confront tension before it turns violent. It is also being used as an alternative to punitive(处罚的)measures, like suspensions and arrests, which can lead to more trouble for hurting communities. The idea is that “when harm happens or someone misbehaves, there needs to be a process of restoration in order for the community to move forward,” said Ilana Zafran of Umoja Student Development. Umoja runs restorative justice programs in Chicago schools. The concept forces all sides in a disagreement to communicate and understand one another instead of resorting to violence. There may still be punishment for wrongdoing, but restorative justice emphasizes identifying hurt and thinking of ways to fix it.  “A lot of our kids don't want to be involved in fights. They don't want to be suspended or away from school,” Jackson said. “We had to create an environment of peace. High school has to be a pleasurable experience for our kids. If they come here and feel the same anxiety they feel in the streets, how can we expect them to stay?” Among the people there were Marquita and Aaliyah, the two girls rumored to be gearing up for a major fight. After another 20 minutes of discussion, they agreed they had simply misunderstood each other. The girls decided they would not fight, and promised they would talk it over if they found themselves facing tension again. 1.What is Manley's peace room aimed at? A.Preventing rumors from spreading. B.Developing students' team spirit. C.Helping students restore relations. D.Warning students to behave well. 2.What may result from lack of restorative justice in communities? A.Alternatives to punishment. B.Violent tension. C.Processes of restoration. D.Controlled anger. 3.Which can replace the underlined phrase in Paragraph 5? A.Depending on.　　 B.Putting up with. C.Looking back to.　　 D.Making up for. 4.Why does the author give an example of Marquita and Aaliyah? A.To prove effectiveness of the peace room. B.To show the harm of campus violence. C.To explain the reason for suspension. D.To introduce kids' school experiences. ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 完成时间： 月 日 天气： 作业11 阅读理解 细节理解类 细节理解题干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。 推理判断类 掌握推理判断题的考查角度 (1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。 (2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、读者对象。 推理判断题正确选项特征 1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, probably等。 推理判断题干扰选项特征 1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。 2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。 3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。 4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。 5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。 6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。 词义猜测类 掌握词句猜测题的考查角度 (1)猜测生词或熟词生义；(2)猜测短语的意义；(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it, one, they, this, that, these, those等)；(4)猜测句意。 明确方法技巧 （1）根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测（2）根据同位关系进行猜测（3）根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生、合成等)进行猜测（4）根据因果关系进行猜测（5）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测（6）根据同义或近义关系进行猜测（7）根据转折或对比关系进行猜测（8）意义吻合定句意 主旨大意类题型 掌握主旨大意题的考查角度 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。 明确方法技巧 1.阅读文章的标题或副标题 2.寻找文章的主题句 主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。 一 POETRY CHALLENGE Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life. Prizes 3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World. 6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch. 50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight. Rules Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification. ■ Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines. ■ Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper. ■ On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date. ■ Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year. 1. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip? A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six. 2. What will each of the honorable mention winners get? A. A plane ticket. B. A book by Corinne Szabo. C. A special T-shirt. D. A photo of Amelia Earhart. 3. Which of the following will result in disqualification? A. Typing your poem out. B. Writing a poem of 120 words. C. Using both sides of the paper. D. Mailing your entry on October 30. 【答案】1-3 ACB 【解析】本文为应用文，内容为诗歌竞赛的规则和奖项。 1.细节理解题。根据3 Grand Prizes中第一句 “Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner's choice. ”可知，旅行可以携带两个人，故选A。 2. C 细节理解题。根据50 Honorable Mentions这一段“Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight”，由此可知，纪念奖是送的T恤，故选C。 3. B 细节理解题。由Rules中“Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification. Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. ”，写诗用词不能超过100词，故选B。 二 With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together. The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters. Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol——one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor. “We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.” And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.” It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013. Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million. Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married. 4. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol? A. Nick. B. Rita. C. Kathryn D. The daughters. 5. What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law? A. Positive. B. Carefree. C. Tolerant. D. Unwilling. 6. What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on? A. Family traditions. B. Financial reports. C. Published statistics. D. Public opinions. 7. What is the text mainly about? A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations. C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK. 【答案】4-7 BACD 【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。 4.细节理解题。根据第三段“ but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”可知，但Rita在一楼有自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。由此可知，Rita 在布里斯托尔的维多利亚式住宅中使用一楼。故选B项。 5.推理判断题。根据第五段“And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”可知，尼克是怎么想的?“从我的角度来看，一切都很顺利。我推荐它吗?是的，我想我会推荐在一起居住的。”由此判断出，尼克对和和岳母合住房子的态度是积极的。故选A项。 6.细节理解题。根据第六段“ Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.”官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2002年的32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户。根据第七段“It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.”可知，据说，25-34岁的年轻人中有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。据估计，英国多代同堂的家庭总数约为180万。由此可知，作者关于多世同堂家庭的论述基于发布的统计数据。故选C项。 7.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.”可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D项。 三 In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods? After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to explain. A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions(排放) of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use —those related to their production and breakdown. Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances(设备) that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you. 8. What is the text mainly about? A. What appliances to buy to save energy. B. What a carbon footprint means in our life. C. How to identify different carbon footprints. D. How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices. 9. What do we know about the secondary carbon footprint? A. It is related to our consumption of fuels. B. It is made when we are buying the products. C. It is less harmful than the primary carbon footprint. D. It is counted as ours though not directly made by us. 10. Which of the following helps reduce our carbon footprint according to the author? A. Using second-hand textbooks. B. Using old and expensive cars. C. Buying new but cheap clothes. D. Buying new wooden furniture. 11. "The footprint" underlined in the last sentence refers to the CO2 produced in_______. A. using the product B. recycling the product C. making the product D. transporting the product 【答案】8-11 DDAC 【解析】这是一篇说明文，介绍了作者在面对环保时的选择：买新的环保产品还是旧的传统产品？针对这个问题，作者提出了碳足迹的概念并具体提出正确做法。 8.主旨大意题。由文章第一段最后和第二段可知，作者最近有一个问题：是买新的环保产品还是用传统生产的产品更好？在做了一些研究之后，作者进行理论解释和提出相应建议，文章更重选择那一类产品，而非什么样的电器，故选D。 9.细节理解题。由文章第三段可知，二次足迹是我们使用的与产品生产和分解相关的产品的整个生命周期的间接二氧化碳排放量的度量，由间接可排除A，B不是购买而是且使用中的，C于文无据，D项最符合使用过程中间接产生二氧化碳的要求。 10. 推理判断题。由文章第四段可知，像盘子、衣服和家具之类的东西属于“二次足迹”组，很少会产生二次足迹，所以可以集中精力寻找二手货，以避免增加生产，教科书就是属于这种类型。故选A。 11.词义猜测题。选择节能车型似乎最为合理，这里主要关心的是用于制造新产品的能源量，以及这些额外的碳是否值得产品在到达你面前时所产生的足迹，即是产品被创造出来而产生的碳足迹，与前面making of new products对应。故选C。 四 When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion（时装）enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海狸鼠）. Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree MeCree, project director of Righteous Fur. Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $ 5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month. Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species（物种）. It's destroying the environment. It's them or us,” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field. The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300, 000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur. Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them — I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly. 12. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn? A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market. C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday. 13. Why are scientists concerned about nutria? A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B. Nutria are an endangered species. C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted. 14. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed. 15. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan? A. It's formal. B. It's risky. C. It's harmful. D. It's traditional. 【答案】12-15 AADB 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海狸鼠毛皮市场的发展及人们对穿着海狸鼠毛皮制成的不同风格的时装的各种观点。 12.考查推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到第二段“Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles.” “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year…”，故选A。 13.考查细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第三段“Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $ 5 a tail.”和第四段“Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild ‘The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species. It's destroying the environment…’”，故选A。 14.考查词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句的后半部分“the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy…”（猫那么大小的动物疯狂地繁殖），与之相反，海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃了，故选D。 15.考查推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到最后一段“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them — I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York”，故选B。 五 Sacagawea was not afraid. Although she was only 16 years old and the only female in an exploration group of more than 45 people, she was ready to courageously make her mark in American history. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought more than 825,000 square miles of land from France. To explore this new part of the country, Jefferson sent Lewis and William Clark on a two-year journey to report on what they found. They needed local guides to help them through this unknown territory. Born to a Shoshone chief around 1788, Sacagawea had been kidnapped (绑架) by an enemy tribe when she was about 12, then sold to a French-Canadian trapper. When the trapper was hired as a guide for Lewis and Clark's expedition in 1804, Sacagawea also joined as an interpreter to talk to Native-American people on their 8, 000-mile journey. Sacagawea soon became a respected member of the group. She was skilled at finding plants for food and medicine to help keep the explorers alive. When a boat capsized (翻) on the Missouri River as they were crossing into what is now Montana, Sacagawea saved important books and much-needed supplies. When they needed horses to cross rough area, she convinced a Shoshone tribe—led by her long-lost brother—to give them some. She was so esteemed by Lewis and Clark that when they reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805, Sacagawea was asked to cast her vote for where they should build a fort (营地). Sacagawea proved herself again after the group took a different route home through what is now Idaho. As they passed through her homeland, Sacagawea remembered Shoshone trails from her childhood and helped the expedition find their way through. Clark even praised her as his “pilot”. She received no pay for her services and died on December 20, 1812. But Sacagawea's bravery and skill live on in the expedition's journals, which are full of praise for the 16-year-old Shoshone girl who guided the most famous American expedition of all time. 16．Why did the explorers hire Sacagawea? A．To do trade. B．To fight the enemy. C．To be safer. D．To help communicate. 17．What does the underlined word “esteemed” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Respected. B．Suspected. C．Influenced. D．Promoted. 18．What do you think of Sacagawea's role in the expedition? A．Active. B．Irreplaceable. C．Tricky. D．Unreliable. 19．What is the passage mainly about? A．A special honor. B．A great expedition. C．An outstanding girl. D．An unknown territory. 【答案】16-19DABC 【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述女孩Sacagawea帮助探险队成功探险的故事。 16．细节理解题。根据第三段Sacagawea also joined as an interpreter to talk to Native-American people on their 8, 000-mile journey.可知，探险家雇佣Sacagawea目的是帮助他们和当地印第安人交流。故选D。 17．词义猜测题。根据划线单词后半句when they reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805, Sacagawea was asked to cast her vote for where they should build a fort.当他们在1805年11月到达太平洋时，Sacagawea被要求投票决定他们应该在哪里建造营地。可推知，Sacagawea受到Lewis 和Clark 的尊敬，他们才会要求Sacagawea决定在哪里露营；由此可知，划线单词“esteemed”的意思是repected “尊敬”之意，故选A。 18．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段描述Sacagawea proved herself again after the group took a different route home through what is now Idaho. …and helped the expedition find their way through. Clark even praised her as his “pilot”. Sacagawea再次证明了自己的能力，她的团队选择了一条不同的路线，穿过现在的爱达荷州回家。当他们经过她的家乡时，Sacagawea想起了她童年时在Shoshone部落留下的的足迹，并帮助探险队找到了道路。Clark甚至称赞她是他的“领航员”。可知，Sacagawea在探险活动的地位是无可替代的。故选B。 19．主旨大意题。本文讲述女孩Sacagawea帮助探险队成功探险的故事，由此可知，An outstanding girl. 一个杰出的女孩。切题。故选C。 一 　　We've all been there, when a really essential item that you had to order online arrives in such an unbelievable amount of packaging that it makes you feel like it's an unprepared game of passing the parcel. It's made even worse by the fact that some of the packaging can't be recycled. In fact, 10 million tonnes of packaging waste are produced in the UK every year. A lot of this ends up in landfill, two⁃thirds of which could have instead been recycled. The good news, however, is that how packaging waste is managed is in for a BIG shake⁃up in line with the “polluter pays principle”. By placing the main point of duty to pay on brand owners, they will be encouraged to choose more sustainable packaging options which are recyclable and reusable as much as possible. Otherwise, they will have to pay higher fees. This is a system known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)—meaning that those who have control over packaging design decisions will be encouraged to do the right thing for the planet at the beginning and consider what happens at the end of the packaging's life from the start. What this means is that instead of local authorities picking up the bill for household waste management, companies will have to pay for managing your household packaging waste, and they will be met with the associated little costs too. And, as an added bonus, the new EPR laws on packaging will also mean that producers are required to put clear mandatory (强制性的) labelling on packaging. For example, this could be “RECYCLE” or “DO NOT RECYCLE”. Of course, we hope that the “DO NOT RECYCLE” category labelling is the minority. It is aimed that by 2030, 78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK. 1.What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A.Two⁃thirds of packaging waste is recycled. B.Over⁃packaging is often the case in life. C.The quality of goods cannot be guaranteed. D.Online shopping is getting less popular. 2.Who will be responsible for paying packaging waste costs according to the law? A.Designers.　　 B.Producers. C.Customers.　　 D.Local authorities. 3.What can the EPR laws lead the brand owners to do? A.Pay higher taxes and recycle packaging waste. B.Put clear labelling on packaging and promote sales. C.Cut packaging waste and improve packaging recycling. D.Follow the packaging design trend and the right things. 4.What can be learned about the items ordered online in the future? A.Their labelling on packaging will be simple and generous. B.The majority of their packaging needn't be recycled. C.They will be of high quality and inexpensive. D.They'll arrive in the right amount of recyclable packaging. [语篇解读] 语篇类型:说明文。 主题语境:人与自然。 主旨:为应对过度包装和包装不能回收利用的问题而制定的环保政策EPR和它可能带来的影响与作用。 1.B　推理判断题。根据第一段中“in such an unbelievable amount of packaging”和第二段中“10 million tonnes of packaging waste are produced in the UK every year”可推知,第一、二段告诉我们过度包装在生活中是常有的事。 2.B　细节理解题。根据第三段中“in line with the ‘polluter pays principle’”和第五段中“companies will have to pay for managing your household packaging waste”可知,按照新的法律,污染者,即产品生产者,将负责支付包装垃圾处理费用。 3.C　细节理解题。根据第三段中“they will be encouraged to choose more sustainable packaging options which are recyclable and reusable”和最后一段中“the new EPR laws on packaging will also mean that producers are required to put clear mandatory (强制性的) labelling on packaging”可知,新的EPR法令会促使品牌所有者减少包装浪费,改善包装回收利用状况。 4.D　推理判断题。根据第六段中“Of course, we hope that the ‘DO NOT RECYCLE’ category labelling is the minority. It is aimed that by 2030, 78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK.”可推知,未来网上订购的商品将用合适数量的可回收包装打包递送。 二 　　Chinese scientists have identified a new protein that restricts HIV infection, a discovery that could pave the way for the development of new drugs against the virus. The protein, P⁃selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL⁃1), which exists in human cells, can inhibit (抑制) the process by which HIV reproduces, according to research published in the science journal Nature Microbiology this month. However, the study also showed that PSGL⁃1 can be negatively affected by Vpu—an accessory (附属) protein of HIV—which can neutralize the ability of PSGL⁃1 to resist HIV. Further research is under way to develop a drug that can inhibit the HIV protein so that PSGL⁃1 can restrict HIV, according to Tan Xu, a researcher at Tsinghua University's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, a leading author of the study. Several other proteins in human cells that could resist HIV have been discovered over the past 10 years, but the virus can also evade (避开) them. PSGL⁃1 shows particular promise in that it can inhibit HIV in multiple ways—especially by blocking the infectiousness of virus offspring, Tan said. “We are starting to research into small molecule (分子) compounds in the hope of finding one that can restore PSGL⁃1's anti⁃HIV function. In this way, we can develop a very effective antiviral drug for people with HIV/AIDS,” he said. Tan said it will require at least three to five years for the research to reach the preclinical stage, and more time after that before a clinical trial is possible. The research was conducted by researchers at Tsinghua University in Beijing, Fudan University in Shanghai and George Mason University in the United States. Existing treatment methods for people with HIV/AIDS, which mostly rely on a combination of different drugs, can prevent the disease from progressing but cannot cure it, and long⁃term use of drugs can result in drug resistance. An estimated 37 million people in the world live with HIV, according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The study provides new leads to developing antiviral drugs, Tsinghua University said in a statement. 1.What can we learn about PSGL⁃1 from the passage? A.Both the protein PSGL⁃1 and the protein Vpu are HIV proteins. B.PSGL⁃1 can restrict the function of the protein Vpu. C.PSGL⁃1's molecule compounds have been identified. D.The protein PSGL⁃1 functions better than others in resisting HIV. 2.What can we infer from the last three paragraphs? A.The existing treatment for AIDS are far from perfect. B.It will be a decade before the antiviral drugs is put on the market. C.American scientists played a leading role in the research. D.HIV/AIDS will no longer be a deadly problem owing to the new discovery. 3.What is the main idea of the passage? A.There is a long way to go before curing AIDS. B.More people are faced with the threat of HIV. C.Chinese scientists are leading the way in curing AIDS. D.A new protein to resist HIV was confirmed by scientists. 4.Where is this text most likely from? A.A guidebook.　　 B.A fiction. C.A magazine.　　 D.A brochure. [语篇解读] 语篇类型:说明文。主题语境:人与社会。 主旨:中国科学家新发现了一种可以抑制艾滋病病毒感染的蛋白质,这可能为研发抗艾滋病病毒的新药品开辟路径。 1.D　推理判断题。根据第三段中“PSGL⁃1 shows particular promise in that it can inhibit HIV in multiple ways—especially by blocking the infectiousness of virus offspring, Tan said.”可知,PSGL⁃1具有多种抗艾滋病病毒功能,展现良好的前景——尤其能抑制新生病毒的传染性。故PSGL⁃1蛋白在抵抗艾滋病病毒方面比其他蛋白功能更好。 2.A　推理判断题。根据第五段“Existing treatment methods for people with HIV/AIDS, which mostly rely on a combination of different drugs, can prevent the disease from progressing but cannot cure it, and long⁃term use of drugs can result in drug resistance.”可知,目前艾滋病的治疗方式是多种药物的结合,往往治标不治本,长期使用还会让人产生抗药性,远远称不上完美。 3.D　主旨要义题。根据文章第一句中“Chinese scientists have identified a new protein that restricts HIV infection”和下文内容可知,文章大意为科学家证实了一种新的抗艾滋病病毒的蛋白质。 4.C　推理判断题。本文主要讲述中国科学家发现的一种新的抗艾滋病病毒的蛋白质,以及其后续的研究和影响。所以本文最有可能来自杂志。 三 　　The village of Misfat Al Abriyeen has changed its fortunes by transforming mud⁃brick homes into fine hotels. The village of 800 people, located on the cliffs of Oman's “Grand Canyon”, opened its narrow streets years ago to foreigners and locals seeking adventure in the deserts and green corners of the Gulf area. Villager Yacoub Al⁃Abri said it all started in 2010 when his uncle suggested they take another look at the mud houses that had lain ignored for years in the ancient settlement about three hours' drive from the capital Muscat. The owners had abandoned the centuries⁃old homes, fearing they could topple, and moved to the opposite side of the village where they built new accommodation. The brown⁃walled homes, made of mud bricks with palm⁃leave roofs, were turned into simple but elegant inns with wood furniture and handcrafts made using skills handed down from their ancestors. “We started with only five rooms, then we increased the number and bought other old houses. Today we have 15 rooms and there are plans to continue expanding until we reach 50,” Al⁃Abri said. At an altitude of more than 1,000 meters, the tiny village which is home to his tribe is a charming collection of traditional houses located along dozens of small alleys (小巷) overlooking lands bursting with banana plants and citrus and palm trees. It is part of a region known as the Grand Canyon of Oman where tourists can hike the rocky mountains and valleys, and explore the old ways of local people. The region is also famed for its centuries⁃old stories that are still widely told in similar villages across the country. Renoda, a Dutch psychologist living in Muscat, was visiting with three of her friends. “It's perhaps the 10th time that I have visited this hotel since last year. I come here for a night or two every month seeking calm, relaxation and comfort,” she told AFP. 1.What does the underlined word “topple” in paragraph 2 mean? A.Move.　　 B.Fall. C.Disappear.　　 D.Shrink. 2.What are the rooms of the village hotels like? A.Splendid.　　 B.Outdated. C.Ordinary.　　 D.Traditional. 3.What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A.The unique lifestyle of the local people. B.The special situation of the small village. C.The reasons for the popularity of the village. D.The introduction of the history of the village. 4.What can be inferred about Renoda? A.She lives a stressful life in the city. B.She enjoys adventurous traveling. C.Visiting the villagers is part of her work. D.She wants to live in this hotel permanently. [语篇解读] 语篇类型:说明文。主题语境:人与社会。 主旨:阿曼的古老村庄Misfat Al Abriyeen依托古老文明,发展旅游业。 1.B　推测词义题。根据第二段的“the mud houses that had lain ignored for years in the ancient settlement”“The owners had abandoned the centuries⁃old homes”和“and moved to the opposite side of the village where they built new accommodation”可推知,房主们担心这些老房子会倒塌,故选B项。 2.D　推理判断题。根据第三段的“The brown⁃walled homes, made of mud bricks with palm⁃leave roofs, were turned into simple but elegant inns with wood furniture and handcrafts made using skills handed down from their ancestors.”可推知,这些旅店是传统的。 3.C　主旨要义题。根据第四段“...a charming collection of traditional houses...The region is also famed for...”可知本段主要讲的是“这个村庄受欢迎的原因”。 4.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I come here for a night or two every month seeking calm, relaxation and comfort”可知,她需要放松。由此推断出她在城市里过着紧张的生活。 四 　　Think back to when you were in a maths classroom, and the teacher set a difficult problem. Which of the two following responses is closer to the way you reacted? A: Oh no, this is too hard for me. I'm not even going to seriously try and work it out. B: Ah, this is quite tricky, but I like to push myself. Even if I don't get the answer right, maybe I'll learn something in the attempt. Early in her career, the psychologist Carol Dweck of Stanford University gave a group of ten⁃year⁃olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. One group reacted positively and loved the challenge. She says they had a “growth mindset” and focused on what they could achieve in the future. But another group of children felt that their intelligence was being judged and they had failed. They had a “fixed mindset” and were unable to imagine improving. Some of them looked for someone who had done worse than them to boost their self⁃esteem. Professor Dweck believes that there is a problem in education at the moment. For years, children have been praised for their intelligence or talent, but this makes them vulnerable(脆弱的) to failure. They become performance⁃oriented, wanting to please by getting high grades, but they are not interested in learning for its own sake. The solution, according to Dweck, is to lead them to become mastery⁃oriented (i.e. interested in getting better at something). She claims that the ever⁃lasting effort over time is the key to outstanding achievements. Psychologists have been testing these theories. Underperforming school children on a Native American reservation were exposed to growth mindset techniques for a year. The results were nothing less than incredible. They came top in regional tests, beating children from much more privileged backgrounds. These children had previously felt that making an effort was a sign of stupidity, but they came to see it as the key to learning.  1.What can we learn about a person if his response is “B”? A.He is performance⁃oriented. B.He tends to set limits to his life. C.He enjoys the process and focuses on the future. D.He boosts his self⁃esteem by comparing with others. 2.Which of the following suggestions will Professor Dweck give to parents and teachers? A.To reward children for their high grades. B.To emphasize the importance of intelligence. C.To ignore the result brought by failure. D.To praise children for their engagement in the process. 3.What does “These children” in the last paragraph refer to? A.Children showing no interest in learning. B.Children who use fixed mindset techniques. C.Children from much more privileged backgrounds. D.Underperforming school children on a Native American reservation. 4.Why does the author write the text? A.To distinguish the growth mindset and the fixed mindset. B.To inform readers of the importance of the growth mindset. C.To show several psychological study results. D.To point out a problem in education at the moment. [语篇解读] 语篇类型:说明文。主题语境:人与自我。主旨:成长型思维和固定型思维。 1.C　推理判断题。根据第三段中“but I like to push myself. Even if I don't get the answer right, maybe I'll learn something in the attempt.”可知,这样的人会积极地面对问题,并且可能从尝试中学习到一些东西;再结合第四段中“they had a ‘growth mindset’ and focused on what they could achieve in the future”可知,对于困难的问题能作出积极反应的人会享受过程并关注未来。故选C项。 2.D　推理判断题。根据第五段中“to lead them to become mastery⁃oriented...the ever⁃lasting effort over time is the key to outstanding achievements.”可知,Dweck教授认为掌握一件事是非常重要的,并且要坚持不懈地努力,由此可推知,她给父母和老师的建议是表扬孩子们在过程中的参与。 3.D　推测词义题。根据最后一段可知,他们测试的对象是“Underperforming school children on a Native American reservation”。由此可知此处的These children指的是“印第安人保留地的表现不佳的学生”。 4.A　推理判断题。文章开头作者以问题和两种回答引出本文的主旨,第四段介绍了成长型思维和固定型思维,后文还通过心理学家们所做的实验及其结果来证明两者之间的区别和影响。由此可知,作者写这篇文章是想要说明成长型思维和固定型思维的区别。 五 　　A company called Compass Pools has some good news for height and swimming enthusiasts.Recently, the company announced their novel design—a first of its kind 360⁃degree pool which is set to be placed on a skyscraper in London. The Infinity London will be the first and only building in the world to include this cutting⁃edge pool design. The pool will be laid on top of a 55⁃story skyscraper and will allow people to float over 200 meters above the London skyline with unobstructed(没有障碍的) views of the city. The entrance to the pool is hidden. People began to raise questions about how anyone would get inside the pool. Compass Pools explains,“Swimmers will access the pool through a rotating spiral(螺旋形的) staircase based on the door of a submarine, rising from the pool floor when someone wants to get in or out.” But that is not the only unique technology of the pool. The designers found a way to make sure the wind doesn't blow the water down to the streets. They included a built⁃in anemometer(风速计) to monitor the wind speed. It is linked to a computer⁃controlled building management system which will also take care of the temperature of the water. Alex Kemsley promises that this unique pool will surpass everyone's expectations.“It's quite a strange feeling to swim in the SkyPool at The Shard and have helicopters flying past at your level but this pool takes it a step further,”he says.“Putting your goggles(游泳镜) on and with a 360⁃degree view of London from 220m up, it really will be something else—but it's definitely not one for the acrophobic(恐高的)!” While the exact date of the construction is not clear yet, if things go well, it may begin in 2022.The location has yet to be confirmed too. 1.What can we learn from the first paragraph? A.The Infinity London is the only building to swim in. B.Swimmers can enjoy the views of London in the new pool. C.The pool is located on the first floor of a skyscraper. D.Compass Pools has built many 360⁃degree pools in the world. 2.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A.How to get a view of London. B.How to monitor the wind speed. C.How to get into or out of the pool. D.How to keep the water in the pool. 3.Who might not be suitable to swim in the new pool? A.People who enjoy flying. B.People who lose weight. C.People who fear heights. D.People who have poor sight. 4.What can we know about the new pool? A.It is not certain when people can swim in it. B.The exact location of the construction is clear. C.Swimmers can expect its designs easily. D.It's impossible to monitor the temperature of the water. [语篇解读] 语篇类型:说明文。主题语境:人与社会。 主旨:一家名为Compass Pools的公司要将一个360度的游泳池安置在伦敦的摩天大楼上。 1.B　 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知,游泳的人可以在游泳池里欣赏伦敦的景色,故选B项。 2.C　 推测词义题。第二段介绍了游泳池的入口,解释了怎样进出游泳池的问题。本句承接上一段,从而推断出,that指的是“如何进出游泳池”。 3.C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中but it's definitely not one for the acrophobic可知,恐高的人不适合在这种游泳池里游泳。 4.A　细节理解题。根据最后一段中While the exact date of the construction is not clear yet,if things go well,it may begin in 2022.可知,人们什么时候可以在里面游泳还不确定。 六 　　Scientists in Australia have discovered that they can use the world's smelliest fruits to make devices that could power electric cars. A durian is a fruit that looks like a pineapple. It is a delicacy in some Asian countries, but its smell is so unpleasant that some of those countries have banned it from public places. Its smell has been compared to rotting eggs and even smelly old gym socks. Vincent Gomes and his colleagues at the University of Sydney, in Australia, used a durian and a jackfruit—another fruit known for its terrible smell—to make energy storing devices called supercapacitors. Supercapacitors are an alternative to batteries. They can't store as much energy as a normal battery does, but they are much quicker to recharge. Durians and jackfruits contain some of the chemicals used in supercapacitors, which gave Gomes the idea. To make the fruit⁃based devices, the team heated and then freeze⁃dried the uneatable cores of the durian and jackfruit to make a special kind of material called an aerogel. Aerogels are one of the world's lightest solid materials. Often called “frozen smoke”, they are made by removing the liquid from a gel and replacing it with air. They have many scientific uses, but one of their special properties is the ability to conduct electric currents, which makes them an important part of supercapacitors. The aerogels made from the durian and jackfruit both worked well when placed inside a supercapacitor, although the durian aerogel was found to be the better of the two. The discovery is important because the materials currently used to make supercapacitors are expensive. Using natural foods like durians and jackfruits, Gomes says, could reduce environmental pollution, as well as costs. 1.What makes some countries have different attitudes toward the durian? A.Its smell.　　B.Its appearance. C.Its value.　　D.Its popularity. 2.Which paragraph mentions Gomes's inspiration of innovation? A.Paragraph 1.　　B.Paragraph 2. C.Paragraph 3.　　D.Paragraph 4. 3.What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A.Aerogels.　　B.Scientific uses. C.Properties.　　D.Electric currents. 4.What can we learn about fruit⁃based supercapacitors? A.They are devices for producing electricity. B.They are chemicals from durians. C.They are green and economical. D.They are light and liquid. [语篇解读] 语篇类型:说明文。 主题语境:人与社会。主旨:使用榴莲和菠萝蜜等天然食品制造超级电容器,减少环境污染和制作成本。 1.A　细节理解题。根据第一段中“It is a delicacy in some Asian countries, but its smell is so unpleasant that some of those countries have banned it from public places.”可知,在一些亚洲国家榴莲是一种美味,但它的气味非常难闻,以至于其中一些国家禁止在公共场所食用它。由此可知,一些国家对榴莲有不同的态度是因为它的气味。 2.C　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Durians and jackfruits contain some of the chemicals used in supercapacitors, which gave Gomes the idea.”可知,榴莲和菠萝蜜含有超级电容器中使用的一些化学物质,这让Gomes获得了创新的灵感。由此可知,文章第三段提到了Gomes创新的灵感。 3.A　推测词义题。画线单词上文主要介绍的是气凝胶,它有许多科学用途。气凝胶的一个特殊性质是传导电流的能力。由此可知,画线单词所在处指的是“这使得气凝胶成为超级电容器的重要组成部分”。所以,句中“them”指代的是上文提到的“Aerogels”(气凝胶)。 4.C　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Using natural foods like durians and jackfruits, Gomes says, could reduce environmental pollution, as well as costs.”可知,使用榴莲和菠萝蜜等天然食品制造超级电容器可以减少环境污染和成本。由此可知,这种超级电容器既环保又经济实惠。 七 　　The pandemic has required many people to make difficult judgments. Politicians have had to decide which restrictions to impose on citizens' behavior and individuals were forced to assess how much personal risk to take. Good judgment is a quality everyone would like to have. But it is remarkably difficult to define precisely, and many people are not sure whether they personally possess it. Sir Andrew Likierman of London Business School has spent a long time talking to leaders in a wide range of fields in an effort to create a framework for understanding judgment. First he had to define the word. He suggests that judgment is “the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and make decisions”. The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more responsibility. For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is high. Deciding not to take action is also a judgment with potentially serious consequences. Some people think that good judgment is inborn. Sir Andrew accepts that some individuals are born with the ability to listen, be self⁃aware and better understand other people: all qualities that make good judgment easier. Others may have the wrong sort of characteristics: a tendency to ignore others, stick to rules irrespective of context, rush into action without reflection and struggle to make up their minds. As artificial intelligence gets used for more and more routine tasks in the service sector, exercising judgment may be one of the only areas where humans retain an edge over machines. This is far from certain, however. With enough practice, machines may be able to display the equivalent of good judgment. But then, perhaps humans can be taught, too. In the long run, one of the trickiest aspects of human judgment may be knowing precisely when to let machines make decisions and when to leave it to people.  1.Which of the following situations DOESN'T need a person's judgment? A.Politicians decide restrictions imposed on citizens' behavior. B.A person assesses what action to take in the face of difficulties. C.A student tries to work out a math problem. D.A farmer feels hurt when bitten by a snake. 2.Which statement is true about Sir Andrew Likierman? A.He talked to leaders with good judgment for his study. B.He thinks people are born with good judgment. C.He thinks being self⁃aware helps with good judgment. D.He thinks people with the ability to listen have good judgment. 3.What may artificial intelligence be able to do according to the passage? A.To make decisions freely. B.To finish all the tasks. C.To display good judgment. D.To leave decisions to humans. 4.Which of the following could replace the underlined phrase? A.Have an advantage over. B.Take the place of. C.Perform worse than. D.Stand up to. [语篇解读] 语篇类型:说明文。主题语境:人与自我。 主旨:判断力的概念以及人们对判断力的看法。 1.D　推理判断题。根据由第一段、第三段中“He suggests that judgment is ‘the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and make decisions’. The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more responsibility.”和常识可推知,农夫被蛇咬时感到受伤不需要判断力。 2.C　细节理解题。根据第四段中“Sir Andrew accepts that some individuals are born with the ability to listen, be self⁃aware and better understand other people: all qualities that make good judgment easier.”可知,Andrew爵士认为自知能力有助于形成良好的判断力。 3.C　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“With enough practice, machines may be able to display the equivalent of good judgment.”可知,人工智能有可能显示良好的判断力。 4.A　推测词义题。根据下文“This is far from certain, however. With enough practice, machines may be able to display the equivalent of good judgment.(然而,这还远不能确定。通过足够的练习,机器可能能够显示出相当于良好判断力的能力。)”可逆推,大家以为随着人工智能被越来越多地用于服务领域的日常任务,判断可能是人类胜过机器的仅有的领域之一。由此推断画线短语意为“胜过”。 八 A school's “peace room” aims to end fighting in the halls By the time Marquita Riley, 16, and Aaliyah Hudson, 17, ended up in their school's “peace room”, rumors(传闻) had floated through the halls that the two girls were going to fight. The peace room at Manley is a part of the school's restorative justice initiative, a growing social movement that, among other things, focuses on healing and teaching how to solve conflicts. The philosophy aims to bring together victims and offenders to cooperatively work through their problems. The concept is increasingly being used in schools, community centers and churches in Chicago as a way to teach young people how to analyze their anger. They learn to confront tension before it turns violent. It is also being used as an alternative to punitive(处罚的)measures, like suspensions and arrests, which can lead to more trouble for hurting communities. The idea is that “when harm happens or someone misbehaves, there needs to be a process of restoration in order for the community to move forward,” said Ilana Zafran of Umoja Student Development. Umoja runs restorative justice programs in Chicago schools. The concept forces all sides in a disagreement to communicate and understand one another instead of resorting to violence. There may still be punishment for wrongdoing, but restorative justice emphasizes identifying hurt and thinking of ways to fix it.  “A lot of our kids don't want to be involved in fights. They don't want to be suspended or away from school,” Jackson said. “We had to create an environment of peace. High school has to be a pleasurable experience for our kids. If they come here and feel the same anxiety they feel in the streets, how can we expect them to stay?” Among the people there were Marquita and Aaliyah, the two girls rumored to be gearing up for a major fight. After another 20 minutes of discussion, they agreed they had simply misunderstood each other. The girls decided they would not fight, and promised they would talk it over if they found themselves facing tension again. 1.What is Manley's peace room aimed at? A.Preventing rumors from spreading. B.Developing students' team spirit. C.Helping students restore relations. D.Warning students to behave well. 2.What may result from lack of restorative justice in communities? A.Alternatives to punishment. B.Violent tension. C.Processes of restoration. D.Controlled anger. 3.Which can replace the underlined phrase in Paragraph 5? A.Depending on.　　 B.Putting up with. C.Looking back to.　　 D.Making up for. 4.Why does the author give an example of Marquita and Aaliyah? A.To prove effectiveness of the peace room. B.To show the harm of campus violence. C.To explain the reason for suspension. D.To introduce kids' school experiences. [语篇解读] 语篇类型:说明文。 主题语境:人与社会。 主旨:芝加哥的一些学校通过开设和平室来调解学生之间的矛盾,从而解决冲突。 1.C　细节理解题。根据第二段可知,这个房间是用来修复冲突双方之间的关系的。 2.B　推理判断题。根据第二段和第三段的前两句可知,社区缺乏恢复性司法可能会导致关系极度紧张和暴力冲突。 3.A　推测词义题。根据画线短语前的“The concept forces all sides in a disagreement to communicate and understand one another instead of”可知,这一理念迫使分歧各方相互沟通和理解,而不是诉诸暴力。由此可知画线短语的意思是“求助于,依靠”。 4.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,原本有矛盾的Marquita和Aaliyah在和平室里好好谈了20分钟后放弃了之前的想法,决定好好相处。这说明和平室在调解矛盾、解决冲突方面起了很大的作用。由此推断作者提到这两个女同学就是为了证明和平室的效果。 ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$