专题03 阅读理解：说明文-【好题汇编】2024年高考英语三模试题分类汇编（全国通用）

【好题汇编】2024年高考英语三模试题分类汇编 专题03 说明文 1.（2024届湖北省荆州中学高三三模试题）Silent reading is far from silent in your brain. Deep within your head there is a voice reading aloud each word as your eyes scan it. Let’s do a seemingly unrelated experiment first. Turn on your television and radio. Try to understand both the words from the television and the radio contemporaneously. You might have noticed understanding one source required ignoring the other, and you could feel your attention shifting between the two voices. Although we can listen to multiple people speaking at the same time, we can only truly understand one person speaking at a time. There are three major areas that allow you to understand spoken words. The first is the Auditory Cortex (听觉皮层), which processes the pure characteristics of incoming sounds. Both sides of your brain contain this region. The next area is the Broca/ Wernicke (B/W) network, which makes sense of the spoken words. This network exists in only one side of your brain. This means that, although the sounds of language are initially processed in both sides of the brain, spoken words must eventually be funneled (流经漏斗) into this single network. This quickly leads to a bottleneck, which is controlled by the third area: the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG, 额下回). When you try to understand two people speaking at the same time, this region effectively blocks one voice while it allows the other to pass through the B/W bottleneck. Any information that does not immediately make it through the B/W network disappears completely—there is no wait list. Now, let’s bring all the pieces together to see why it’s related to your silent reading. When you read, the first region to demonstrate activation is the Visual Cortex, which processes the pure visual characteristics of incoming sights. Immediately after the visual cortex activates, the speech areas of the brain fire up because your brain processes your silent reading in a manner almost identical to the way in which it processes an actual, out-loud speaking voice. For this reason, attempting to read while listening to someone speak is the same as trying to understand two people speaking at the same time—it can’t be done! 1．What does the underlined word “contemporaneously” in paragraph 2 mean? A．At the same time. B．One at a time. C．On the whole. D．Through comparison. 2．Which of the following best illustrates paragraph 3? Note: disappear; wait A． B． C． D． 3．What may the author agree with? A．Students practice listening skills while reading novels. B．Students solve math problem when following a lecture. C．Teachers keep silent when students are reading attentively. D．Professors give a speech with a text-heavy PowerPoint slide. 4．Which of the following can best serve as an introduction to the text? A．The art of conversation lies in listening. B．Reading is nothing but a silent conversation. C．We hear and understand only what we already know half. D．Once an idea gets into your head, it’s probably going to stay there. 2.（2024届浙江省温州市普通高中高三三模英语试题）Many economists predict 2024 will be the time shoppers tighten their belts. That doesn’t mean people will stop spending, say retail (零售) analysts. But it will change what they choose to buy. With a slowing job market, global consumers are likely to move away from more high-priced purchases and focus instead on smaller, less expensive treats.    The economic uncertainty means that consumers are becoming more discriminating about their purchases, says Ethan Chermofsky, senior vice president of marketing at intelligence platform Placer. ai. “There are the things we decide are necessary, and then there’s another category of things that aren’t necessary but that we consider affordable luxuries, he says. This desire for these “affordable luxuries” is common in difficult economic times. Some economists refer to the phenomenon as the “lipstick index”: a small economic increase led by budget-minded consumers seeking out relatively affordable splurges (挥霍), like small cosmetics (化妆品). Analysts at Deloitte say consumers will spend on little luxuries like specialty coffees and snacks as well. Additionally, stressed-out shoppers are prioritizing small splurge purchases for wellness and personal care. As retailers see shoppers turning to little luxuries, they’re offering more and more of them. Target, for example, has staked a flag in what they refer to as “affordable joy”, which includes a selection of self-care and cosmetic products, along with wellness-centric beauty products. Beyond diversifying their offerings, stores are also bringing in luxury-feeling products at lower price points to appeal to more consumers. Ethan says not every shopper will shift their spending to little luxuries-but even those who are still longing for the “must-haves” of social media will also look to get a deal. They want the feeling of purchasing lower-priced affordable treats. To get these goods, shoppers are likely to tap into the re-sale market for designer items at a more reasonable price. They want things that make them feel good about themselves-they just want to do it without breaking the bank. 5．What can affordable luxuries be? A．Inexpensive daily necessities. B．High-end products. C．Reasonably-priced designer items. D．High-priced purchases. 6．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The strategies retailers use. B．The joy businesses offer. C．The competition stores face. D．The products consumers buy. 7．What do most shoppers seek according to Ethan? A．Social-media deals. B．World-famous brands. C．Second-hand bargains. D．Budget-friendly pleasures. 8．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Lipstick Index: Where Does It Lead Us? B．Must-have Treats: A Future Spending Trend C．Affordable Joy: Will We Fall Into The Trap? D．Little Luxuries: A Driving Force Behind Consumption 3.（2024届江苏省镇江市丹阳高级中学三模英语试题）The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. A study from the University of California suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could significantly reduce carbon emissions and cut the cost of transportation by 2050, which sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as responsibility and maintenance issues. But driverless car ownership could increase as more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 9．As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A．Safety. B．Side effects. C．Affordability. D．Management. 10．According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ______. A．help deal with transportation-related problems B．provide better services to customers C．cause damage to our environment D．make some people lose jobs 11．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Shared. B．Replaced. C．Employed. D．Reduced. 12．What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic. 4.（2024届黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市克东县第一中学高三三模试卷）Right now someone is speaking or thinking in a language that is on the verge of disappearing. Of the world’s roughly 7,000 spoken languages, one dies every 40 days, according to one estimate — languages like Babanki, spoken in Cameroon. And some of the places where rare languages are the most concentrated are also most vulnerable (易受影响的) to climate change. Especially, linguists call global warming the final nail in the coffin (致命一击) for more than half of humanity’s language disappearing. Let’s take Vanuatu, a South Pacific island nation, for example. It’s very small, but it has 110 languages spoken there, which is the highest density (密度) of languages in the world. It is also one of the countries most at risk of sea level rise and climate change. There, you can often see perfect hurricanes. So if rising seas or storms force people in Vanuatu to move to Australia, what happens to the language they speak? Well, what often happens is that they aren’t necessarily displaced with the same people in their community, and also, even if they are displaced with other people in their community, they and their children will often adopt the language of Australia, the dominant language there because it’s economically advantageous for them to speak the new language, the dominant language. And their language dies. However, there is so much culturally lost when a language dies. It is because the language carries so much local knowledge and culture. In fact, in the 1970s, it was something like 2,000 native speakers of Hawaiian remained. But activists launched some schools where children are taught from birth, usually by kind of grandparents, and now more than 18,700 people speak it. And the same thing happened in New Zealand in the 1970s. Only 5% of young Maori people spoke the language, but now something like 25% now speak it. 13．What do we know about Vanuatu? A．Its most languages have died out. B．It is sensitive to climate change. C．It witnesses various disasters every year. D．It is the highest density of population in the world. 14．What will happen to people who are forced to leave Vanuatu for Australia? A．They lose their advantages in economy. B．They have few chances to speak their own language. C．They fail to contact people in their previous community. D．They willingly teach their kids the language of Australia. 15．What is the author’s attitude towards language disappearing? A．Favourable. B．Concerned. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 16．What does the last paragraph want to convey? A．More languages are faced with dying out. B．It’s a must for kids to learn their mother tongue. C．Grandparents play a vital role in passing down languages. D．More efforts have been made to save endangered languages. 5.（2024届福建省高三4月模拟预测试题）Urban agriculture, the practice of farming within the restrictions of a city, is becoming increasingly popular and is viewed as a sustainable alternative to big industrial farms. By some estimates, between 20% and 30% of the global urban population engages in some form of urban agriculture. But until recently, its carbon footprint remains understudied. Using data from 73 low-tech city farms, community gardens and personal plots of land, Newell and his team compared the average carbon emissions of food produced at low-tech urban agriculture sites to those of conventionally grown crops. The team found that because of urban gardens’ relatively low yields, along with the energy used in constructing the planting beds, big-city spuds (马铃薯) were significantly more carbon-intensive than commercially grown ones. This held true even when the researchers factored in emissions from transporting commercially grown produce to often distant grocery stores. That doesn’t mean that growing vegetables in big cities is totally bad, however. “Urban farming is great, ” if imperfect, says Carola Grebitus, a food choice expert. It can be a powerful tool for job creation and education, she says, and a good way to introduce fresh produce to urban “food deserts” where healthy fruits and vegetables are hard to come by. Community gardens can also provide a place to connect with nature, and the added green space can reduce the risks of heat and flooding. Conscious of these benefits, Newell’s team highlighted several ways to make urban agriculture more sustainable. One option is to be selective about what crops are grown. For instance, tomatoes grown in the soil of open-air urban plots had a lower carbon intensity than tomatoes grown in conventional greenhouses. Another strategy is to rely on existing constructions. Include old structures into a new garden’s design instead of taking down old buildings. Finally, take the local climate, water quality and soil into account. Growing plants that are ill-suited to an area requires more water, energy and pesticides (杀虫剂), all of which affect the environment. 17．What can we know about urban agriculture from paragraph 1? A．It is thoroughly researched. B．It is welcomed by city people. C．It is environmentally friendly. D．It is limited to industrial farms. 18．How does the author explain the reason for urban agriculture’s higher carbon intensity? A．By making a comparison. B．By telling a story. C．By giving a definition. D．By using a quote. 19．According to Carola, what is a benefit of urban agriculture? A．It adds variety to urban people’s diet. B．It provides recreational opportunities. C．It strengthens the bonds of community. D．It helps to contain drought and flooding. 20．What is recommended to make urban agriculture more sustainable? A．Reconstructing gardens. B．Developing greenhouse crops. C．Selecting pesticide-free vegetables. D．Growing plants suited to local conditions. 6.（2024届辽宁省沈阳市沈河区沈阳市二中三模试题）Whales are known for their majestic (雄伟的) songs that travel through the ocean depths, but the reasons behind this behavior have long puzzled scientists. Recent research reveals this mystery, suggesting that whales possess a unique voice box that enables their powerful voice, a feature not found in other animals. In a study published in the journal Nature, Coen Elemans and his team from the University of Southern Denmark examined the voice boxes. By conducting experiments, the researchers identified the tissues responsible for producing sound. Whales, whose ancestors were land-dwellers around 50 million years ago, have developed their voice boxes over millions of years to adapt to underwater communication. Unlike humans and many other mammals (哺乳动物) , whales lack vocal cords and instead have a unique U-shaped tissue in their voice boxes. This specialized structure allows them to intake large volumes of air and generate sounds by pushing this tissue against a cushion of fat and muscle, a mechanism essential for their deep-sea sound. The significance of this research is highlighted by Jeremy Goldbogen, an associate professor at Stanford University, who describes it as the most comprehensive study to date on how whales vocalize. He emphasizes the need for further exploration to these marine giants. For instance, humpback whales are known for their sound that can travel vast distances across oceans, serving as a form of communication within whales. Joy Reidenberg, a whale expert, says, “More experiments are needed to confirm the study’s conclusions and understand how these creatures use their voice boxes to communicate in the ocean.” 21．What does the research find? A．Whales may make sound underwater. B．Whales communicate in a special way. C．What brings about whales’ strange behavior. D．What makes whales’ loud sound possible in the ocean. 22．In which paragraph can we know how whales sing? A．Paragraph 3. B．Paragraph 4. C．Paragraph 5. D．Paragraph 2. 23．What does Jeremy Goldbogen think of the study? A．Mysterious. B．Ineffective. C．Inadequate. D．Creative. 24．What may be the suitable title for the text? A．Evolution Of Whale Communication Skills B．Research On How Whales Make Sounds C．How Whales Communicate Underwater D．How Scientists Research Whales’ Sound 7.（2024届华大新高考联盟合肥市名校高三三模联考试题）Autonomously copying other people’s thoughts or options or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd (群体) behaviour”. Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. In an earlier article, I discussed the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which suggests that average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Psychology research has attempted to model herd behaviour and suggests that the phenomenon relies on the existence of social connections or patterns between individuals as well as specific mechanisms of passing on information. A key condition is the human ability to “mentalize”, which means being able to read and interpret someone else’s mental state and using the information to explain their options. This action of mentalizing is responsible for people’s tendency to attach meaning to options by the herd, even if many behaviours may have come about at random. Herd behaviours, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers. Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviours typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their options without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the mirroring of unreasonable or stupid behaviours. Blindly following the herd can be dangerous. So how can we resist the tendency of following the crowd? The sad news is that psychology research suggests that it’s surprisingly difficult to withstand the influences of the herd. In an experiment, researchers found that warning messages about the potential errors of the crowd were surprisingly ineffective in helping subjects make better choices. It appears there is no quick and easy fix. Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinion, and questioning others’ behaviours as opposed to blindly following them. 25．Why does the author mention “wisdom of crowd” in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the definition of herd behaviour. B．To contradict the judgments of large groups. C．To attract readers to his previous discussion. D．To justify the behaviour of following others. 26．What makes herd behaviour possible according to psychology research? A．Heavy reliance on social activities. B．Ineffective mechanism of information exchange. C．Attaching meaning to crowd’s random choices. D．Analyzing individuals’ mental state. 27．How does the author develop Paragraph 3? A．By defining. B．By quoting. C．By making a comparison. D．By giving an example. 28．What is probably the best policy if we want to resist herd behaviours? A．Following your heart. B．Thinking twice before action. C．Working out a quick fix. D．Taking peers’ opinion seriously. 8.（2024届河南省信阳市浉河区三模试题）Ariel Procaccia has thought a lot about how to cut a cake over the last 15 years. As the father of three children, he knows how hard it is to divide a birthday cake to everyone’s satisfaction. But it’s also because Procaccia’s work focuses on exploring the mathematical rules for dividing stuff up fairly. One way to do that is to think abstractly about dessert. For decades, researchers have been asking the seemingly simple question of how to cut a cake fairly. The answer reaches far beyond birthday parties. A mathematical problem at its heart, cake cutting connects strict reasoning to real-world issues of fairness, and so attracts not only mathematicians, but also social scientists, economists and more. “It’s a very elegant model in which you can distill what fairness really is, and reason about it,” Procaccia says. The simplest approach is called the “divider-chooser” method, where one person cuts the cake into two equal pieces in his view, and the other person picks first. Each receives a piece that they feel is as valuable as the other’s. But when personal preferences are taken into account, even the easiest rule becomes complicated. Suppose Alice and Bob are to divide a cake, and Alice knows Bob prefers chocolate, she may knowingly divide the cake unequally so the smaller piece contains more chocolate. Then Bob will choose according to his preference, and Alice will get the larger piece. Both of them are satisfied with what they get, but the meaning of fairness changes in this situation. The cake is a symbol for any divisible good. When cake-cutting principles are employed to settle disagreements, they are potentially helping the world find solutions. Procaccia has used fair division algorithms (算法) to model food distribution. Social scientist Haris Aziz is exploring situations ranging from how to divide up daily tasks to how to best schedule doctors’ shifts in hospitals. Even after decades of investigation, cake cutting isn’t like a simple jigsaw puzzle (拼图) with a well-defined solution. Instead, over time, it has evolved into a kind of mathematical sandbox, a constructive playground that brings together abstract proofs and easy applications. The more researchers explore it, the more there is to explore. 29．What does the underlined word “distill” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Get the essence of. B．Find the opposite of. C．Keep the focus on. D．Reduce the impact on. 30．What can we learn about fairness from the example given in paragraph 3? A．Its standard is stable. B．It prevents unequal division. C．Its concept is complex. D．It dominates personal preferences. 31．What is paragraph 4 mainly about concerning cake cutting? A．The application of its rules. B．The details of its process. C．The problems it produces. D．The harmony it symbolizes. 32．What is the best title for the text? A．Who benefits most from fairness? B．How has fairness changed over time? C．What method works best in cake-cutting? D．Why are researchers so interested in cake-cutting? 9.（2024届山东省实验中学高三高考模拟试题）According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), hundreds of marine (海洋的) species across the world come under endangered and critically endangered categories. Some of the endangered and recognizable marine species are named here. Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle The Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle, also known as the Atlantic Ridley Sea Turtle, is endangered as the rarest and smallest sea turtle. Distributed throughout the Gulf of Mexico and U.S. Atlantic seaboard, they gather off the coast in northeastern Mexico and come ashore in large groups to lay eggs every year. As marine reptiles (爬行动物), they are threatened by oil spills, lack of food and marine pollution. Vaquita As a rare marine mammal, Vaquita is on the edge of extinction only a half-century after its first sighting. Extensive fishing in the Gulf of California has endangered this marine species, resulting in a gradual drop in population since the 1940s. According to reports, there are only a dozen of these marine mammals left in the world since the percentage of decline in their population was as much as 90% since 2011. Whale Fin Whale is the second-largest mammal on the planet after Blue Whale and it is also a victim of hunting. According to estimates, the global population of Fin Whale ranges from below 100,000 to around 119,000. Humpback Whale, another whale species, has also been listed as an endangered marine species. Before the introduction of the whaling moratorium (暂停) in 1966, the species was hunted for its fur, while the population dropped by 90%. Currently, around 2,500 Humpback Whales survive in the world. Hawaiian Monk Seal A native of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian Monk Seal is one of the earless seals who live on warm beaches, unlike other seals. According to recent research, only 1,400 Hawaiian Monk Seals remain on the Islands. These seals are mainly threatened by predators like tiger sharks. Besides, other reasons like habitat loss and food limitation also contribute to their critical situation. 33．Why do Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles land on the beach in large groups? A．To nest. B．To reproduce. C．To avoid attack. D．To hunt foods. 34．What is the major threat to Hawaiian Monk Seal? A．Global warming. B．Lack of food. C．Natural enemies. D．Habitat pollution. 35．Which of the following is the most critically endangered species? A．Vaquita. B．Fin Whale. C．Humpback Whale. D．Hawaiian Monk Seal. 10.（2024届湖南省长沙市第一中学高考适应性演练试题）Would you make the same decisions in a foreign language as you would in your native tongue? It may be intuitive that people would make the same choices regardless of the language they are using, or that the difficulty of using a foreign language would make decisions less systematic. We discovered, however, that the opposite is true: Using a foreign language reduces decision-making biases (偏差). Together with his students and collaborators, Professor Keysar has made discoveries about the impact of using a foreign language on choice, the way that language modality affects reasoning, how language affects health decisions and negotiations, and more. In a 2021study, Boaz Keysar, a professor at the University of Chicago in the US, led an experiment concerning how foreign languages relate to human ways of thinking. Whereas people were risk averse for gains and risk seeking for losses when choices were presented in their native tongue, they were not influenced by this framing manipulation in a foreign language. People were asked to make a choice: Take a guarantee of one pound or take a 50 percent chance of winning 2.50 pounds. When presented with this choice in their native language, most people took the safe option of only getting one pound. But they were more willing to make the riskier choice when asked in a foreign language, leading to more profits overall, according to The Guardian. As Keysar put it, “People just hate the prospect (前景) of losing, but they hate it less in a foreign language. ” Keysar and his team did another experiment in which participants were given a series of related words like “dream”, “snooze”, “bed” and “rest”. Later, when asked which words they remembered hearing, people were more likely to mistakenly remember “sleep”, which was not on the list, in their native language. But it was much less likely to happen if they did the test in a foreign language. The evidence is clear: By learning a foreign language, you’re not just learning a language — you’re gaining a new state of mind. 36．What aspect of the Boaz Keysar’s research in 2021 focus on? A．The impact of using a foreign language on choice. B．The way that language modality affects reasoning. C．How language affects health decisions and negotiations. D．The relationship between foreign languages and people’s way of thinking. 37．What does the underlined word “averse” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．willing B．slow C．opposed D．eager 38．Why did Keysar and his team did the second experiment? A．To change people’s attitude to the game. B．To prove a foreign language influences the way of thinking. C．To show the choice is more correct when using a foreign language. D．To prove using a foreign language leads to memories with greater accuracy. 39．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I: Introduction    P: Point    C: Conclusion A． B． C． D． 11.（2024届海南省琼海市三模试题）Imagine this. You need an image of a balloon for a work presentation and turn to an AI text-to- image generator, like Midjourney or DALL-E, to create a suitable image. You enter the prompt (提示词) “red balloon against a blue sky” but the generator returns an image of an egg instead. What’s going on? The generator you’re using may have been “poisoned”. What does this mean? Text-to-image generators work by being trained on large datasets that include millions or billions of images. Some of the generators have been trained by indiscriminately scraping online images, many of which may be under copyright. This has led to many copyright infringement (侵害) cases where artists have accused big tech companies of stealing and profiting from their work. This is also where the idea of “poison” comes in. Researchers who want to empower individual artists have recently created a tool named “Nightshade” to fight back against unauthorised image scraping. The tool works by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that confuses the computer vision system but leaves the image unaltered to a human’s eyes. If an organization then scrapes one of these images to train a future AI model, its data pool becomes “poisoned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generator return unintended results. As in our earlier example, a balloon might become an egg. The higher the number of “poisoned” images in the training data, the greater the impact. Because of how generative AI works, the damage from “poisoned” images also affects related prompt keywords. For example, if a “poisoned” image of a Picasso work is used in training data, prompt results for masterpieces from other artists can also be affected. Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright. It does challenge a common belief among computer scientists that data found online can be used for any purpose they see fit. Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society. This concern is particularly serious concerning facial recognition. There is a clear connection between facial recognition cases and data poisoning, as both relate to larger questions around technological governance. It may be better to see data poisoning as an innovative solution to the denial of some fundamental human rights. 40．The underlined word “scraping” (para. 2) is closest in meaning to ____. A．facilitating B．collecting C．damaging D．polishing 41．According to the passage, adding poisoned data might ____. A．increase the accuracy of returned information B．cause users to forget the prompt key words C．interfere with the training of generative AI D．discriminate against great masterpieces 42．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Data poisoning is somehow justified to direct attention to human rights. B．Computer scientists has learned to respect the copyright of most artists. C．Nightshade is being abused by human rights activists to recognize faces. D．The issue of technological governance has aroused the lawyers’ interest. 43．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Data Poisoning: Government Empowering Citizens to Protect Themselves B．Data Poisoning: Addressing Facial Recognition Issues Among Artists C．Data Poisoning: Risks and Rewards of Generative AI Data Training D．Data Poisoning: Restricting Innovation or Empowering Artists 12.（云南省昆明市2023-2024学年高三三模试题）Almost no one knows the world of competitive climbing like Janja Garnbret, an Olympic gold medalist and eight-time world champion. Having risen to the top of the sport, the Slovenian now is using her platform to raise awareness of the “cultural trap” in climbing. She says it is contributing to a widespread issue with eating disorders. The problem is from an outdated idea that weighing less means you climb faster. Such a mindset has created an environment where young athletes start skipping or cutting down on meals, she says, sometimes to disastrous effect. Despite not having issues with eating disorders herself, she is more than aware of friends and fellow competitors who have damaged their bodies in the pursuit of a thinner figure. “I have to recognize that weight does have some role to play in the sport. I also want to win, but I’m a strong believer that you can do climbing, or any sport, in a healthy way. Luckily I didn’t fall into this trap.” She says. “I was trying hard to help them get out of it, but it didn’t work. It was really hard for me to see them destroying themselves, mentally and physically.” It was experiences such as this that inspired Gambret to post a message on the social platform in July 2023 about eating disorders. The post sparked a huge response throughout the climbing community and attracted support from the likes of US rock climber Sasha DiGiulian. In her message, Garnbret spoke about Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) — a syndrome (综合征) that occurs when someone of any gender has overtrained and/or undereaten for a long period in an attempt to improve their athletic performance, often without knowing the dangers of failing to compensate (补偿) for the energy they consume in training, racing and their daily lives. Left untreated, medical experts say REDs can damage an athlete’s bone health, immune system, and psychological health, as well as his athletic performance. 44．What does the “cultural trap” in the text refer to? A．The defeat of eating disorders. B．The pursuit of a thinner figure. C．The idea of keeping daily meals. D．The mindset of climbing to the top. 45．Why did Garnbret decide to post the message on the social platform? A．She used to fall into the cultural trap. B．Her efforts to help dieters were in vain. C．Her achievements deserved to be shared. D．She wanted to receive support from DiGiulian. 46．What may lead to REDs according to the text? A．Severe mental problems. B．The habit of overeating. C．Over-exercise for a long time. D．The poor athletic performance. 47．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Road to a World Champion B．Rising to Fame on Social Media C．The Challenge of Climbing with REDs D．Warning against Cultural Trap in Climbing 13.（2024届青海省西宁市大通高三三模试题）Polly Arrowsmith is a clever bargain shopper, and knows exactly when her three local supermarkets make their daily price down. She estimates that hunting out food with yellow discounted labels saves her hundreds of pounds a year. But all this could soon be coming to an end. That’s because supermarkets are adopting dynamic pricing, controlled by artificial intelligence (AI) software. It involves digital price tags that are displayed either on the shelf below the food items, or on high-tech labels attached the product itself. These prices are automatically, and wirelessly, updated by the AI when a particular item approaches its sell-by date. The AI also examines how much stock (库存) the store is holding of that item and makes the decision as to whether a markdown is requiredor not. Besides, it can help supermarkets better understand how to manage stock supply and avoid over-ordering. So we’re actually turning the current food waste problem into an opportunity and can help cut supermarkets’ food waste by more than a third. Matt Wills, the co-founder of a firm called Acumen, warns that there are potential disadvantages to dynamic pricing. “Not knowing what the reference price is, consumers might not realise they are getting a deal at all,” he says. “This could also cause added complications for people who retired, if items are seen to be continually changing in price.” The key, Mr. Wills believes, will be for supermarkets to have strict guidelines to ensure they can offer the benefits that dynamic pricing can bring, while ensuring AI doesn’t create unintended negative consequences for shoppers. Whether shoppers will welcome the change is another question, but Mr. Wills believes they’ll be won over by the price reductions they receive. Ms. Arrowsmith admits she will miss the yellow discount stickers that have become part of her shopping routine. However, she also says she wants to see less food going to waste. “I’m happy to forgo really cheap pricing,” she says. 48．Why are yellow discount labels disappearing? A．They are easy to hunt out. B．They expose some safety issues. C．They cause great damage to shoppers. D．They are replaced with digital pricing. 49．What is mainly discussed in paragraph 2? A．The advantages of using the AI. B．The display of digital price tags. C．The management of stock supply. D．The problem of current food waste. 50．What can we learn about AI-driven pricing according to Matt Wills? A．It offers the cheapest price. B．It greatly reduces food stock. C．It has side effect on retirees. D．It gives rise to legal problems. 51．What does the underlined word “forgo” in the last paragraph mean? A．Pay off. B．Give up. C．Agree on. D．Cut down. 14.（2024届重庆市第八中学高三三模试题）In Oceanside, a coastal suburb about 40 miles north of San Diego, the palm trees wave and the temperature is almost perfect. Teenagers watch surfers ride glassy waves. Every day it feels like the most perfect summer day. There is just one problem: The sand is disappearing. While many visitors, and even lifelong Californians in the industrial state, might see wide areas of sand as part of the state’s natural beauty, the reality is that over decades, the coast has become a highly engineered wonder. Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica. But a range of forces have shrunk beaches all along California’s coastline. California could lose as much as 75% of its beaches by 2100, given the sea level rise related to climate change. Over time, beach sand gets s wept up into the water. Some of it moves towards other beaches. Besides, dams and concrete canals have reduced the amount of river sediment (沉淀物) flowing downstream that could help fill beaches as a supplement (补充). If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them. But in California, the development in many places along the coast has created a hard barrier, disturbing that natural evolution. Over the years, local governments worked together on a few major sand supplement projects. But those, still, have proved to be fleeting solutions. “Everything we do is a short-term fix,” said Gary Griggers, a professor specializing in coastal science. In recent years, as the sand’s disappearance grew more extreme, longtime Oceanside residents formed an organization called Save Oceanside Sand. A beach town cannot exist without a beach. Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches. “It’s really a race. I think there’s absolutely nothing we can do to hold back the Pacific Ocean,” said Gairy Griggers. 52．What does the author mean by mentioning the engineered wonder? A．Most visitors are engineers. B．California is an industrial state. C．It’s the perfect holiday vacation. D．The beach is artificially maintained. 53．What is a reason for the crisis of beaches along California’s coastline? A．Sand supplement has been added. B．Sea level rise results in climate change. C．Much river sediment is flowing downstream. D．Human intervention blocks the natural evolution. 54．What does the underlined word “fleeting” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Efficient. B．Temporary. C．Sustainable. D．Complex. 55．Which of the following was done to preserve Californian beaches? A．Design contests were held. B．Dams and canals were built. C．Man-made beaches were expanded. D．Sand-themed postcards were published. 15.（2024届福建省漳州市高三第三次质量检测试题）“The opposite of play isn’t work; it’s depression,” says play researcher Stuart Brown. “The adult-play shortage is becoming a public health crisis.” Play may appear insignificant, but recent studies indicate it may be as essential as the need for sleep. Playfulness helps some young animals learn to master their bodies and their environments — and once they do, most stop playing as adults. “Adult play promotes qualities that we humans could use more of,” says Jeff Harry, a play consultant. Unfortunately, social standards restrain (抑制) our urge to let loose. “Being a playful adult is really disapproved in our society,” he says. “You don’t want people to think that you’re childish.” “It hasn’t always been this way,” says Peter Gray, a play researcher at Boston University. When Gray reviewed descriptions of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes, he noticed that they were often described as “good-humored” and “joyful”. “What we would call work — hunting and gathering — was fun,” he says. “Generally speaking, we like to do the things that are necessary for our survival. Humans took one giant step away from fun when we started planting crops. Then we invented factories and lost sight of play entirely,” Gray adds. We may be able to reverse this situation, says Harry. As we fully make the transition to a knowledge-based economy, work and play are beginning to merge (合并) again. Some of today’s most successful companies, such as Google and Apple, were started by people tinkering (小修补) in their garages. “Play is all about looking at a tough world with creativity and optimism,” Brown says. He goes so far as to declare that “adult play is necessary for our survival as a species”. The next time I’m caught playing, I know exactly what I’ll say, “I am not wasting time, or acting immature. I’m playing for the benefit of all humanity. You’re welcome.” 56．Why does Stuart Brown consider adult play essential? A．It promotes creativity. B．It battles depression. C．It facilitates cooperation. D．It improves adaptivity. 57．What societal factor restrains adult play according to Jeff Harry? A．Fear of judgment from others. B．Lack of sufficient time for leisure. C．Cultural emphasis on personal values. D．Pressure from work-related responsibilities 58．Which statement will Peter Gray agree with according to Paragraph 3? A．Adult play contributes positively to work. B．Social attitudes toward play regularly shift. C．Humans initially found joy in survival activities. D．Industrialization closely connected work and play. 59．What is the purpose of the text? A．To stress the significance of adult play. B．To discuss the evolution of work and play. C．To advocate playfulness in modern businesses. D．To explore the impact of adult play on depression. ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 【好题汇编】2024年高考英语三模试题分类汇编 专题03 说明文 1.（2024届湖北省荆州中学高三三模试题）Silent reading is far from silent in your brain. Deep within your head there is a voice reading aloud each word as your eyes scan it. Let’s do a seemingly unrelated experiment first. Turn on your television and radio. Try to understand both the words from the television and the radio contemporaneously. You might have noticed understanding one source required ignoring the other, and you could feel your attention shifting between the two voices. Although we can listen to multiple people speaking at the same time, we can only truly understand one person speaking at a time. There are three major areas that allow you to understand spoken words. The first is the Auditory Cortex (听觉皮层), which processes the pure characteristics of incoming sounds. Both sides of your brain contain this region. The next area is the Broca/ Wernicke (B/W) network, which makes sense of the spoken words. This network exists in only one side of your brain. This means that, although the sounds of language are initially processed in both sides of the brain, spoken words must eventually be funneled (流经漏斗) into this single network. This quickly leads to a bottleneck, which is controlled by the third area: the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG, 额下回). When you try to understand two people speaking at the same time, this region effectively blocks one voice while it allows the other to pass through the B/W bottleneck. Any information that does not immediately make it through the B/W network disappears completely—there is no wait list. Now, let’s bring all the pieces together to see why it’s related to your silent reading. When you read, the first region to demonstrate activation is the Visual Cortex, which processes the pure visual characteristics of incoming sights. Immediately after the visual cortex activates, the speech areas of the brain fire up because your brain processes your silent reading in a manner almost identical to the way in which it processes an actual, out-loud speaking voice. For this reason, attempting to read while listening to someone speak is the same as trying to understand two people speaking at the same time—it can’t be done! 1．What does the underlined word “contemporaneously” in paragraph 2 mean? A．At the same time. B．One at a time. C．On the whole. D．Through comparison. 2．Which of the following best illustrates paragraph 3? Note: disappear; wait A． B． C． D． 3．What may the author agree with? A．Students practice listening skills while reading novels. B．Students solve math problem when following a lecture. C．Teachers keep silent when students are reading attentively. D．Professors give a speech with a text-heavy PowerPoint slide. 4．Which of the following can best serve as an introduction to the text? A．The art of conversation lies in listening. B．Reading is nothing but a silent conversation. C．We hear and understand only what we already know half. D．Once an idea gets into your head, it’s probably going to stay there. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要探讨了大脑在进行默读时的活动情况，以及人们在同时接收多个声音信息时大脑的处理机制。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“You might have noticed understanding one source required ignoring the other, and you could feel your attention shifting between the two voices. Although we can listen to multiple people speaking at the same time, we can only truly understand one person speaking at a time. (你可能已经注意到，理解一种声音需要忽略另一种声音，你可以感觉到你的注意力在两种声音之间转移。虽然我们可以同时听很多人说话，但我们一次只能真正理解一个人说话。)”可知，理解一个声音源需要忽略另一个，这表明人们不能同时真正理解两个声音源。因此，contemporaneously一词的意思是“同时地”。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The first is the Auditory Cortex (听觉皮层), which processes the pure characteristics of incoming sounds. Both sides of your brain contain this region. The next area is the Broca/Wernicke (B/W) network, which makes sense of the spoken word. This network exists in only one side of your brain. This means that, although the sounds of language are initially processed in both sides of the brain, spoken word must eventually be funneled (流经漏斗) into this single network. This quickly leads to a bottleneck, which is controlled by the third area: the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG, 额下回). When you try to understand two people speaking at the same time, this region effectively blocks one voice while it allows the other to pass through the B/W bottleneck. Any information that does not immediately make it through the B/W network disappears completely — there is no waitlist. (第一个是听觉皮层，它处理传入声音的纯粹特征。你的大脑两侧都包含这个区域。下一个区域是Broca/Wernicke (B/W)网络，它负责理解所说的话。这个网络只存在于你大脑的一侧。这意味着，虽然语言的声音最初是在大脑的两侧处理的，但所说的话最终必须流入这个单一的网络。这很快就会导致一个瓶颈，这个瓶颈由第三个区域控制：左侧额下回(IFG)。当你试图理解两个人同时说话时，这个区域有效地阻挡了一个声音，同时允许另一个声音通过B/W瓶颈。任何没有立即通过B/W网络的信息都将完全消失——没有等待名单。)”可知，大脑听觉皮层在同时处理两个声音时，只有一个声音可以由左侧额下回控制，这说明了信息处理的即时性和不可逆性。因此，最能说明第三段的选项是A.信息处理的即时性和不可逆性。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“For this reason, attempting to read while listening to someone speak is the same as trying to understand two people speaking at the same time—it can’t be done! (因此，一边听别人说话一边阅读就像同时听两个人说话一样——这是不可能做到的。)”可知，作者认为在学生全神贯注阅读时，老师应该保持安静，以避免干扰学生的阅读。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Silent reading is far from silent in your brain. Deep within your head there is a voice reading aloud each word as your eyes pass over it. (默读在你的大脑中远非沉默。在你的脑海深处，有一个声音在你的目光掠过时大声朗读着每一个单词。)”以及全文可知，最适合作为文章引言的是“B.阅读是一场无声的对话”，概括了文章的主旨，即阅读和听声音在大脑中是相似的处理过程。故选B项。 2.（2024届浙江省温州市普通高中高三三模英语试题）Many economists predict 2024 will be the time shoppers tighten their belts. That doesn’t mean people will stop spending, say retail (零售) analysts. But it will change what they choose to buy. With a slowing job market, global consumers are likely to move away from more high-priced purchases and focus instead on smaller, less expensive treats.    The economic uncertainty means that consumers are becoming more discriminating about their purchases, says Ethan Chermofsky, senior vice president of marketing at intelligence platform Placer. ai. “There are the things we decide are necessary, and then there’s another category of things that aren’t necessary but that we consider affordable luxuries, he says. This desire for these “affordable luxuries” is common in difficult economic times. Some economists refer to the phenomenon as the “lipstick index”: a small economic increase led by budget-minded consumers seeking out relatively affordable splurges (挥霍), like small cosmetics (化妆品). Analysts at Deloitte say consumers will spend on little luxuries like specialty coffees and snacks as well. Additionally, stressed-out shoppers are prioritizing small splurge purchases for wellness and personal care. As retailers see shoppers turning to little luxuries, they’re offering more and more of them. Target, for example, has staked a flag in what they refer to as “affordable joy”, which includes a selection of self-care and cosmetic products, along with wellness-centric beauty products. Beyond diversifying their offerings, stores are also bringing in luxury-feeling products at lower price points to appeal to more consumers. Ethan says not every shopper will shift their spending to little luxuries-but even those who are still longing for the “must-haves” of social media will also look to get a deal. They want the feeling of purchasing lower-priced affordable treats. To get these goods, shoppers are likely to tap into the re-sale market for designer items at a more reasonable price. They want things that make them feel good about themselves-they just want to do it without breaking the bank. 5．What can affordable luxuries be? A．Inexpensive daily necessities. B．High-end products. C．Reasonably-priced designer items. D．High-priced purchases. 6．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The strategies retailers use. B．The joy businesses offer. C．The competition stores face. D．The products consumers buy. 7．What do most shoppers seek according to Ethan? A．Social-media deals. B．World-famous brands. C．Second-hand bargains. D．Budget-friendly pleasures. 8．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Lipstick Index: Where Does It Lead Us? B．Must-have Treats: A Future Spending Trend C．Affordable Joy: Will We Fall Into The Trap? D．Little Luxuries: A Driving Force Behind Consumption 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍随着就业市场的放缓，全球消费者可能会不再购买价格较高的商品，而是将注意力集中在较小的、不太昂贵的商品上以及出现这种现象的原因。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“This desire for these “affordable luxuries” is common in difficult economic times. Some economists refer to the phenomenon as the “lipstick index”: a small economic increase led by budget-minded consumers seeking out relatively affordable splurges (挥霍), like small cosmetics (化妆品).(这种对这些“负担得起的奢侈品”的渴望在经济困难时期很常见。一些经济学家将这种现象称为“口红指数”：由精打细算的消费者寻找相对负担得起的奢侈品（比如小化妆品）导致的小幅经济增长)”可知，负担得起的奢侈品是指价格合理的名牌商品。故选C。 6．主旨大意题。根据第四段“As retailers see shoppers turning to little luxuries, they’re offering more and more of them. Target, for example, has staked a flag in what they refer to as “affordable joy”, which includes a select ion of self-care and cosmetic products, along with wellness-centric beauty products. Beyond diversifying their offerings, stores are also bringing in luxury-feeling products at lower price points to appeal to more consumers.(当零售商看到消费者转向小奢侈品时，他们提供了越来越多的小奢侈品。例如，塔吉特在他们所谓的“负担得起的快乐”上打了个旗号，其中包括一系列精选的自我护理和化妆品，以及以健康为中心的美容产品。除了使产品多样化，商店还推出了价格较低的奢侈品，以吸引更多的消费者)”可知，第四段的主要内容是零售商使用的策略。故选A。 7．理解理解题。根据最后一段“Ethan says not every shopper will shift their spending to little luxuries-but even those who are still longing for the “must-haves” of social media will also look to get a deal. They want the feeling of purchasing lower-priced affordable treats.(伊桑说，并不是每个购物者都会把他们的消费转移到小奢侈品上，但即使是那些仍然渴望获得社交媒体“必需品”的人，也会希望得到优惠。他们想要的是购买价格更低、负担得起的食物的感觉)”可知，根据伊森的说法，大多数购物者都在寻找预算友好的乐趣。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Many economists predict 2024  will be the time shoppers tighten their belts. That doesn’t mean people  will stop spending, say retail (零售)  analysts. But it will change what they choose to buy. With a slowing  job market, global consumers are likely to move away from more  high-priced purchases and focus instead on smaller, less expensive  treats.(许多经济学家预测，2024年将是购物者勒紧腰带的时候。零售业分析师说，这并不意味着人们会停止消费。但这将改变他们的购买选择。随着就业市场的放缓，全球消费者可能会不再购买价格较高的商品，而是将注意力集中在较小的、不太昂贵的商品上)”及下文可知，文章主要介绍随着就业市场的放缓，全球消费者可能会不再购买价格较高的商品，而是将注意力集中在较小的、不太昂贵的商品上以及出现这种现象的原因。由此可知，D选项“小奢侈品：消费背后的驱动力”最符合文章标题。故选D。 3.（2024届江苏省镇江市丹阳高级中学三模英语试题）The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. A study from the University of California suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could significantly reduce carbon emissions and cut the cost of transportation by 2050, which sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as responsibility and maintenance issues. But driverless car ownership could increase as more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 9．As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A．Safety. B．Side effects. C．Affordability. D．Management. 10．According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ______. A．help deal with transportation-related problems B．provide better services to customers C．cause damage to our environment D．make some people lose jobs 11．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Shared. B．Replaced. C．Employed. D．Reduced. 12．What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic. 【答案】9．D 10．A 11．C 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.(但无论需要多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统，或好或坏，这取决于如何对这种转变进行监管)”以及最后一段中“Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. (政策制定者现在应该开始思考，如何确保无人驾驶汽车的出现不会扩大我们今天的汽车控制交通系统的最糟糕方面)”可知，关于无人驾驶汽车，作者最担心的是管理问题。结合选项，故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.(虽然到目前为止，大部分争论都集中在无人驾驶汽车的安全性上，但政策制定者也应该讨论一下，自动驾驶汽车如何有助于减少交通拥堵、减少排放，并提供更方便、更实惠的出行选择)”可知，作者认为，应该关注无人驾驶汽车如何帮助处理与交通相关的问题。故选A。 11．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A study from the University of California suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could significantly reduce carbon emissions and cut the cost of transportation by 2050, which sound pretty appealing. (加州大学的一项研究表明，到2050年，用电动、自动驾驶和共享系统取代全球汽油驱动的私家车可以显著减少碳排放，降低交通成本，这听起来很有吸引力)”和本句“by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues”可知，无人驾驶汽车拥有排放少和交通便宜的优势，再加上考虑到自动驾驶技术的成本以及责任和维护问题，所以推测第一批商用无人驾驶汽车肯定会采用代驾服务。故划线词应是“采用”类似词义。结合选项，故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.(即将到来的技术进步为城市和州提供了一个发展交通系统的机会，旨在运送更多的人，更实惠。未来的汽车即将到来。我们只需要做好计划)”可推断出，对于无人驾驶车的未来，作者的态度还是比较积极的。故选B。 4.（2024届黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市克东县第一中学高三三模试卷）Right now someone is speaking or thinking in a language that is on the verge of disappearing. Of the world’s roughly 7,000 spoken languages, one dies every 40 days, according to one estimate — languages like Babanki, spoken in Cameroon. And some of the places where rare languages are the most concentrated are also most vulnerable (易受影响的) to climate change. Especially, linguists call global warming the final nail in the coffin (致命一击) for more than half of humanity’s language disappearing. Let’s take Vanuatu, a South Pacific island nation, for example. It’s very small, but it has 110 languages spoken there, which is the highest density (密度) of languages in the world. It is also one of the countries most at risk of sea level rise and climate change. There, you can often see perfect hurricanes. So if rising seas or storms force people in Vanuatu to move to Australia, what happens to the language they speak? Well, what often happens is that they aren’t necessarily displaced with the same people in their community, and also, even if they are displaced with other people in their community, they and their children will often adopt the language of Australia, the dominant language there because it’s economically advantageous for them to speak the new language, the dominant language. And their language dies. However, there is so much culturally lost when a language dies. It is because the language carries so much local knowledge and culture. In fact, in the 1970s, it was something like 2,000 native speakers of Hawaiian remained. But activists launched some schools where children are taught from birth, usually by kind of grandparents, and now more than 18,700 people speak it. And the same thing happened in New Zealand in the 1970s. Only 5% of young Maori people spoke the language, but now something like 25% now speak it. 13．What do we know about Vanuatu? A．Its most languages have died out. B．It is sensitive to climate change. C．It witnesses various disasters every year. D．It is the highest density of population in the world. 14．What will happen to people who are forced to leave Vanuatu for Australia? A．They lose their advantages in economy. B．They have few chances to speak their own language. C．They fail to contact people in their previous community. D．They willingly teach their kids the language of Australia. 15．What is the author’s attitude towards language disappearing? A．Favourable. B．Concerned. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 16．What does the last paragraph want to convey? A．More languages are faced with dying out. B．It’s a must for kids to learn their mother tongue. C．Grandparents play a vital role in passing down languages. D．More efforts have been made to save endangered languages. 【答案】13．B 14．B 15．B 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述据估计，在世界上大约7000种语言中，每40天就有一种语言消亡。语言学家称一些稀有语言最集中的地方也最容易受到气候变化的影响。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“It is also one of the countries most at risk of sea level rise and climate change.”（它也是最容易受到海平面上升和气候变化影响的国家之一。）可知，Vanuatu对气候变化非常敏感。故选B。 14．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“they and their children will often adopt the language of Australia, the dominant language there because it’s economically advantageous for them to speak the new language, the dominant language. And their language dies.”（他们和他们的孩子通常会采用澳大利亚的语言，那里的主导语言，因为对他们来说，说新的主导语言在经济上是有利的。他们的语言就会消失。）可推知，他们很少有机会说自己的语言。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“However, there is so much culturally lost when a language dies. It is because the language carries so much local knowledge and culture.”（然而，当一种语言消失时，会失去很多文化。这是因为语言承载了大量的本地知识和文化。）可知，作者对语言消失的问题表示了关注。故选B。 16．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But activists launched some schools where children are taught from birth, usually by kind of grandparents, and now more than 18,700 people speak it. And the same thing happened in New Zealand in the 1970s. Only 5% of young Maori people spoke the language, but now something like 25% now speak it.”（但是活动家们开设了一些学校，孩子们从出生开始就在那里学习，通常是由祖父母教导，现在有超过18700人说这种语言。同样的事情在1970年代的新西兰也发生了。只有5%的年轻毛利人说这种语言，但现在大约有25%的人说这种语言。）可知，人类在拯救濒危的语言方面做出了努力，并取得一定的成效。故选D。 5.（2024届福建省高三4月模拟预测试题）Urban agriculture, the practice of farming within the restrictions of a city, is becoming increasingly popular and is viewed as a sustainable alternative to big industrial farms. By some estimates, between 20% and 30% of the global urban population engages in some form of urban agriculture. But until recently, its carbon footprint remains understudied. Using data from 73 low-tech city farms, community gardens and personal plots of land, Newell and his team compared the average carbon emissions of food produced at low-tech urban agriculture sites to those of conventionally grown crops. The team found that because of urban gardens’ relatively low yields, along with the energy used in constructing the planting beds, big-city spuds (马铃薯) were significantly more carbon-intensive than commercially grown ones. This held true even when the researchers factored in emissions from transporting commercially grown produce to often distant grocery stores. That doesn’t mean that growing vegetables in big cities is totally bad, however. “Urban farming is great, ” if imperfect, says Carola Grebitus, a food choice expert. It can be a powerful tool for job creation and education, she says, and a good way to introduce fresh produce to urban “food deserts” where healthy fruits and vegetables are hard to come by. Community gardens can also provide a place to connect with nature, and the added green space can reduce the risks of heat and flooding. Conscious of these benefits, Newell’s team highlighted several ways to make urban agriculture more sustainable. One option is to be selective about what crops are grown. For instance, tomatoes grown in the soil of open-air urban plots had a lower carbon intensity than tomatoes grown in conventional greenhouses. Another strategy is to rely on existing constructions. Include old structures into a new garden’s design instead of taking down old buildings. Finally, take the local climate, water quality and soil into account. Growing plants that are ill-suited to an area requires more water, energy and pesticides (杀虫剂), all of which affect the environment. 17．What can we know about urban agriculture from paragraph 1? A．It is thoroughly researched. B．It is welcomed by city people. C．It is environmentally friendly. D．It is limited to industrial farms. 18．How does the author explain the reason for urban agriculture’s higher carbon intensity? A．By making a comparison. B．By telling a story. C．By giving a definition. D．By using a quote. 19．According to Carola, what is a benefit of urban agriculture? A．It adds variety to urban people’s diet. B．It provides recreational opportunities. C．It strengthens the bonds of community. D．It helps to contain drought and flooding. 20．What is recommended to make urban agriculture more sustainable? A．Reconstructing gardens. B．Developing greenhouse crops. C．Selecting pesticide-free vegetables. D．Growing plants suited to local conditions. 【答案】17．B 18．A 19．A 20．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了城市农业受欢迎，其缺点和优点以及确保城市农业可持续性的策略。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Urban agriculture, the practice of farming within the restrictions of a city, is becoming increasingly popular and is viewed as a sustainable alternative to big industrial farms. By some estimates, between 20% and 30% of the global urban population engages in some form of urban agriculture.(城市农业，即在城市范围内进行耕作的做法，正变得越来越受欢迎，并被视为大型工业化农场的可持续替代品。据估计，全球20%至30%的城市人口从事某种形式的都市农业。)”可知，从第一段我们可以知道城市农业受到城市居民的欢迎。故选B。 18．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Using data from 73 low-tech city farms, community gardens and personal plots of land, Newell and his team compared the average carbon emissions of food produced at low-tech urban agriculture sites to those of conventionally grown crops.(利用73个低技术含量的城市农场、社区花园和个人土地的数据，Newell和他的团队比较了低技术含量的城市农业场所生产的食物的平均碳排放量与传统种植的作物的碳排放量。)”可推知，作者通过作比较的方法来解释城市农业碳强度较高的原因。故选A。 19．推理判断题。根据文章第二段““Urban farming is great,” if imperfect, says Carola Grebitus, a food choice expert. It can be a powerful tool for job creation and education, she says, and a good way to introduce fresh produce to urban “food deserts” where healthy fruits and vegetables are hard to come by.(食物选择专家卡罗拉·格里比特斯(Carola Grebitus)说，“城市农业很好，”虽然不完美。她说，这可以成为创造就业和教育的有力工具，也是向难以获得健康水果和蔬菜的城市“食物沙漠”引入新鲜农产品的好方法。)”可推知，城市农业的好处之一是它增加了城市居民饮食的多样性。故选A。 20．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Finally, take the local climate, water quality and soil into account. Growing plants that are ill-suited to an area requires more water, energy and pesticides (杀虫剂), all of which affect the environment.(最后，要考虑当地的气候、水质和土壤。种植不适合某一地区的植物需要更多的水、能源和杀虫剂，所有这些都会影响环境)”可知，文章建议种植适合当地条件的植物，这样可以使城市农业更加可持续发展。故选D。 6.（2024届辽宁省沈阳市沈河区沈阳市二中三模试题）Whales are known for their majestic (雄伟的) songs that travel through the ocean depths, but the reasons behind this behavior have long puzzled scientists. Recent research reveals this mystery, suggesting that whales possess a unique voice box that enables their powerful voice, a feature not found in other animals. In a study published in the journal Nature, Coen Elemans and his team from the University of Southern Denmark examined the voice boxes. By conducting experiments, the researchers identified the tissues responsible for producing sound. Whales, whose ancestors were land-dwellers around 50 million years ago, have developed their voice boxes over millions of years to adapt to underwater communication. Unlike humans and many other mammals (哺乳动物) , whales lack vocal cords and instead have a unique U-shaped tissue in their voice boxes. This specialized structure allows them to intake large volumes of air and generate sounds by pushing this tissue against a cushion of fat and muscle, a mechanism essential for their deep-sea sound. The significance of this research is highlighted by Jeremy Goldbogen, an associate professor at Stanford University, who describes it as the most comprehensive study to date on how whales vocalize. He emphasizes the need for further exploration to these marine giants. For instance, humpback whales are known for their sound that can travel vast distances across oceans, serving as a form of communication within whales. Joy Reidenberg, a whale expert, says, “More experiments are needed to confirm the study’s conclusions and understand how these creatures use their voice boxes to communicate in the ocean.” 21．What does the research find? A．Whales may make sound underwater. B．Whales communicate in a special way. C．What brings about whales’ strange behavior. D．What makes whales’ loud sound possible in the ocean. 22．In which paragraph can we know how whales sing? A．Paragraph 3. B．Paragraph 4. C．Paragraph 5. D．Paragraph 2. 23．What does Jeremy Goldbogen think of the study? A．Mysterious. B．Ineffective. C．Inadequate. D．Creative. 24．What may be the suitable title for the text? A．Evolution Of Whale Communication Skills B．Research On How Whales Make Sounds C．How Whales Communicate Underwater D．How Scientists Research Whales’ Sound 【答案】21．D 22．A 23．C 24．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究揭示了鲸鱼是如何利用其独特的喉部结构在海洋深处发出响亮的声音的，这一发现增进了人们对鲸鱼的发声机制的理解。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Recent research reveals this mystery, suggesting that whales possess a unique voice box that enables their powerful voice, a feature not found in other animals.(最近的研究揭示了这个谜团，表明鲸鱼拥有一个独特的声带盒，可以发出强有力的声音，这是其他动物所没有的)”可知，最新研究表明鲸鱼能发出响亮声音的原因在于它们拥有独特的声音器官，这是其他动物不具备的特征。故选D。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Unlike humans and many other mammals (哺乳动物) , whales lack vocal cords and instead have a unique U-shaped tissue in their voice boxes. This specialized structure allows them to intake large volumes of air and generate sounds by pushing this tissue against a cushion of fat and muscle, a mechanism essential for their deep-sea sound.(与人类和许多其他哺乳动物不同，鲸鱼没有声带，而是在它们的音箱中有一个独特的U形组织。这种特殊的结构使它们能够吸入大量空气，并通过将这些组织推到脂肪和肌肉的垫子上产生声音，这是它们发出深海声音所必需的机制)”可知，这段内容说明了鲸鱼如何利用其特化的喉部结构来产生声音。由此可知，读者可以在第三段了解到鲸鱼是如何唱歌的。故选A。 23．推理判断题。根据第四段的“The significance of this research is highlighted by Jeremy Goldbogen, an associate professor at Stanford University, who describes it as the most comprehensive study to date on how whales vocalize. He emphasizes the need for further exploration to these marine giants. (斯坦福大学副教授Jeremy Goldbogen强调了这项研究的重要性，他将其描述为迄今为止关于鲸鱼如何发声的最全面的研究。他强调需要对这些海洋巨人进行进一步的探索)”可知，Jeremy Goldbogen强调对于这些海洋巨兽还需要进一步的研究探索。由此可推知，他认为当前的研究虽然全面但仍不足以完全理解鲸鱼的发声机制，因此他认为研究是不充分的。故选C。 24．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Recent research reveals this mystery, suggesting that whales possess a unique voice box that enables their powerful voice, a feature not found in other animals.(最近的研究揭示了这个谜团，表明鲸鱼拥有一个独特的音箱，可以发出强有力的声音，这是其他动物所没有的)”以及全文可知，文章主要围绕科学家对鲸鱼如何在海洋中发出巨大声响的研究展开，揭示了鲸鱼特有喉部结构的作用。因此“鲸鱼如何发声的研究”适合作本文的标题。故选B。 7.（2024届华大新高考联盟合肥市名校高三三模联考试题）Autonomously copying other people’s thoughts or options or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd (群体) behaviour”. Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. In an earlier article, I discussed the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which suggests that average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Psychology research has attempted to model herd behaviour and suggests that the phenomenon relies on the existence of social connections or patterns between individuals as well as specific mechanisms of passing on information. A key condition is the human ability to “mentalize”, which means being able to read and interpret someone else’s mental state and using the information to explain their options. This action of mentalizing is responsible for people’s tendency to attach meaning to options by the herd, even if many behaviours may have come about at random. Herd behaviours, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers. Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviours typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their options without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the mirroring of unreasonable or stupid behaviours. Blindly following the herd can be dangerous. So how can we resist the tendency of following the crowd? The sad news is that psychology research suggests that it’s surprisingly difficult to withstand the influences of the herd. In an experiment, researchers found that warning messages about the potential errors of the crowd were surprisingly ineffective in helping subjects make better choices. It appears there is no quick and easy fix. Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinion, and questioning others’ behaviours as opposed to blindly following them. 25．Why does the author mention “wisdom of crowd” in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the definition of herd behaviour. B．To contradict the judgments of large groups. C．To attract readers to his previous discussion. D．To justify the behaviour of following others. 26．What makes herd behaviour possible according to psychology research? A．Heavy reliance on social activities. B．Ineffective mechanism of information exchange. C．Attaching meaning to crowd’s random choices. D．Analyzing individuals’ mental state. 27．How does the author develop Paragraph 3? A．By defining. B．By quoting. C．By making a comparison. D．By giving an example. 28．What is probably the best policy if we want to resist herd behaviours? A．Following your heart. B．Thinking twice before action. C．Working out a quick fix. D．Taking peers’ opinion seriously. 【答案】25．D 26．C 27．C 28．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。“群体智慧”表明大群体的平均判断往往优于个人选择，“群体行为”是指自主地模仿他人的想法或选择，或者只是随大流，文章介绍了两者的联系、区别和特性，并表明盲从具有危险性，应该想办法抵制。 25．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“In an earlier article, I discussed the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which suggests that average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. (在之前的一篇文章中，我讨论了所谓的“群体智慧”，它表明大群体的平均判断往往优于个人选择。)”可知，作者在第一段提到“群体智慧”是为了证明追随他人的行为的合理性。故选D。 26．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“This action of mentalizing is responsible for people’s tendency to attach meaning to options by the herd, even if many behaviours may have come about at random. (这种心理化的行为是人们倾向于给群体的选择附加意义的原因，即使许多行为可能是随机产生的。)”可知，根据心理学研究，给群体的随机选择附加意义使从众行为成为可能。故选C。 27．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviours typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their options without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. (与所谓的“群体智慧”相反，群体行为通常依赖于所谓的“信息瀑布”，即人们接受他人的信念或复制他人的选择，而不仔细评估潜在的原因。“群体智慧”是指个体群体成员的判断被独立收集以产生平均意见。)”可知，第三段是通过对比展开的。故选C。 28．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinion, and questioning others’ behaviours as opposed to blindly following them. (相反，长期的态度改变可能是必要的，这可能涉及个人对同龄人的观点采取更批判的态度，质疑他人的行为，而不是盲目地追随他们。)”可知，如果我们想要抵制群体行为，最好的政策可能是三思而后行。故选B。 8.（2024届河南省信阳市浉河区三模试题）Ariel Procaccia has thought a lot about how to cut a cake over the last 15 years. As the father of three children, he knows how hard it is to divide a birthday cake to everyone’s satisfaction. But it’s also because Procaccia’s work focuses on exploring the mathematical rules for dividing stuff up fairly. One way to do that is to think abstractly about dessert. For decades, researchers have been asking the seemingly simple question of how to cut a cake fairly. The answer reaches far beyond birthday parties. A mathematical problem at its heart, cake cutting connects strict reasoning to real-world issues of fairness, and so attracts not only mathematicians, but also social scientists, economists and more. “It’s a very elegant model in which you can distill what fairness really is, and reason about it,” Procaccia says. The simplest approach is called the “divider-chooser” method, where one person cuts the cake into two equal pieces in his view, and the other person picks first. Each receives a piece that they feel is as valuable as the other’s. But when personal preferences are taken into account, even the easiest rule becomes complicated. Suppose Alice and Bob are to divide a cake, and Alice knows Bob prefers chocolate, she may knowingly divide the cake unequally so the smaller piece contains more chocolate. Then Bob will choose according to his preference, and Alice will get the larger piece. Both of them are satisfied with what they get, but the meaning of fairness changes in this situation. The cake is a symbol for any divisible good. When cake-cutting principles are employed to settle disagreements, they are potentially helping the world find solutions. Procaccia has used fair division algorithms (算法) to model food distribution. Social scientist Haris Aziz is exploring situations ranging from how to divide up daily tasks to how to best schedule doctors’ shifts in hospitals. Even after decades of investigation, cake cutting isn’t like a simple jigsaw puzzle (拼图) with a well-defined solution. Instead, over time, it has evolved into a kind of mathematical sandbox, a constructive playground that brings together abstract proofs and easy applications. The more researchers explore it, the more there is to explore. 29．What does the underlined word “distill” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Get the essence of. B．Find the opposite of. C．Keep the focus on. D．Reduce the impact on. 30．What can we learn about fairness from the example given in paragraph 3? A．Its standard is stable. B．It prevents unequal division. C．Its concept is complex. D．It dominates personal preferences. 31．What is paragraph 4 mainly about concerning cake cutting? A．The application of its rules. B．The details of its process. C．The problems it produces. D．The harmony it symbolizes. 32．What is the best title for the text? A．Who benefits most from fairness? B．How has fairness changed over time? C．What method works best in cake-cutting? D．Why are researchers so interested in cake-cutting? 【答案】29．A 30．C 31．A 32．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍各个领域的研究人员对切蛋糕这一问题的本质和方法的研究以及切蛋糕的规则在解决现实问题中的应用。 29．词句猜测题。根据第二段“A mathematical problem at its heart, cake cutting connects strict reasoning to real-world issues of fairness, and so attracts not only mathematicians, but also social scientists, economists and more. “It’s a very elegant model in which you can distill what fairness really is, and reason about it,” Procaccia says. (切蛋糕是一个数学问题的核心，它将严格的推理与现实世界的公平问题联系在一起，因此不仅吸引了数学家，也吸引了社会科学家、经济学家等。Procaccia说：“这是一个非常优雅的模型，在这个模型中，你可以distill出什么是公平，并对此进行推理。”)”可知，这里说明人们可以通过切蛋糕问题来提炼理解什么是公平，所以distill的意思应该是“提炼”，和选项A意思一致。故选A。 30．推理判断题。根据第三段“But when personal preferences are taken into account, even the easiest rule becomes complicated. Suppose Alice and Bob are to divide a cake, and Alice knows Bob prefers chocolate, she may knowingly divide the cake unequally so the smaller piece contains more chocolate. Then Bob will choose according to his preference, and Alice will get the larger piece. Both of them are satisfied with what they get, but the meaning of fairness changes in this situation. (但当考虑到个人偏好时，即使是最简单的规则也会变得复杂。假设爱丽丝和鲍勃要分一块蛋糕，爱丽丝知道鲍勃更喜欢巧克力，她可能会故意把蛋糕分得不相等，这样小的一块含有更多的巧克力。然后鲍勃会根据自己的喜好进行选择，爱丽丝会得到更大的一块。他们都对所得到的感到满意，但公平的意义在这种情况下发生了变化。)”可知，公平这一概念是很复杂的。故选C。 31．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The cake is a symbol for any divisible good. When cake-cutting principles are employed to settle disagreements, they are potentially helping the world find solutions. Procaccia has used fair division algorithms(算法) to model food distribution. Social scientist Haris Aziz is exploring situations ranging from how to divide up daily tasks to how to best schedule doctors’ shifts in hospitals. (蛋糕是任何可分割商品的象征。当切蛋糕的原则被用来解决分歧时，它们有可能帮助世界找到解决方案。Procaccia使用公平分配算法对食物分配进行建模。社会科学家Haris Aziz正在探索各种情况，从如何分配日常任务到如何最好地安排医生在医院的轮班。)”可知，这一段主要介绍切蛋糕规则的应用。故选A。 32．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Ariel Procaccia has thought a lot about how to cut a cake over the last 15 years. As the father of three children, he knows how hard it is to divide a birthday cake to everyone’s satisfaction. But it’s also because Procaccia’s work focuses on exploring the mathematical rules for dividing stuff up fairly. One way to do that is to think abstractly about dessert. (Ariel Procaccia在过去的15年里思考了很多关于如何切蛋糕的问题。作为三个孩子的父亲，他知道要让每个人都满意地分一个生日蛋糕有多难。但这也是因为Procaccia的工作专注于探索公平划分事物的数学规则。一种方法是抽象地思考甜点。)”和最后一段“Even after decades of investigation, cake cutting isn’t like a simple jigsaw puzzle(拼图) with a well-defined solution. Instead, over time, it has evolved into a kind of mathematical sandbox, a constructive playground that brings together abstract proofs and easy applications. The more researchers explore it, the more there is to explore. (即使经过几十年的调查，切蛋糕也不像一个简单的拼图游戏，有明确的解决方案。相反，随着时间的推移，它已经演变成一种数学沙盒，一个将抽象证明和简单应用程序结合在一起的建设性游乐场。研究人员对它的探索越多，就越有探索的余地。)”可知，这篇文章主要介绍研究者为什么对切蛋糕问题感兴趣。故选D。 9.（2024届山东省实验中学高三高考模拟试题）According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), hundreds of marine (海洋的) species across the world come under endangered and critically endangered categories. Some of the endangered and recognizable marine species are named here. Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle The Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle, also known as the Atlantic Ridley Sea Turtle, is endangered as the rarest and smallest sea turtle. Distributed throughout the Gulf of Mexico and U.S. Atlantic seaboard, they gather off the coast in northeastern Mexico and come ashore in large groups to lay eggs every year. As marine reptiles (爬行动物), they are threatened by oil spills, lack of food and marine pollution. Vaquita As a rare marine mammal, Vaquita is on the edge of extinction only a half-century after its first sighting. Extensive fishing in the Gulf of California has endangered this marine species, resulting in a gradual drop in population since the 1940s. According to reports, there are only a dozen of these marine mammals left in the world since the percentage of decline in their population was as much as 90% since 2011. Whale Fin Whale is the second-largest mammal on the planet after Blue Whale and it is also a victim of hunting. According to estimates, the global population of Fin Whale ranges from below 100,000 to around 119,000. Humpback Whale, another whale species, has also been listed as an endangered marine species. Before the introduction of the whaling moratorium (暂停) in 1966, the species was hunted for its fur, while the population dropped by 90%. Currently, around 2,500 Humpback Whales survive in the world. Hawaiian Monk Seal A native of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian Monk Seal is one of the earless seals who live on warm beaches, unlike other seals. According to recent research, only 1,400 Hawaiian Monk Seals remain on the Islands. These seals are mainly threatened by predators like tiger sharks. Besides, other reasons like habitat loss and food limitation also contribute to their critical situation. 33．Why do Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles land on the beach in large groups? A．To nest. B．To reproduce. C．To avoid attack. D．To hunt foods. 34．What is the major threat to Hawaiian Monk Seal? A．Global warming. B．Lack of food. C．Natural enemies. D．Habitat pollution. 35．Which of the following is the most critically endangered species? A．Vaquita. B．Fin Whale. C．Humpback Whale. D．Hawaiian Monk Seal. 【答案】33．B 34．C 35．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些濒临灭绝的海洋物种的情况，旨在引起人们对海洋生物保护的关注。 33．细节理解题。根据Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle下面第二段的“Distributed throughout the Gulf of Mexico and U. S. Atlantic seaboard, they gather off the coast in northeastern Mexico and come ashore in large groups to lay eggs every year.(它们分布在墨西哥湾和美国大西洋沿岸，每年都会聚集在墨西哥东北部海岸，成群结队地上岸产卵)”可知，该地的海龟成群结队来到海滩上是为了繁衍后代。故选B。 34．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“According to recent research, only 1,400 Hawaiian Monk Seals remain on the Islands. These seals are mainly threatened by predators like tiger sharks. Besides, other reasons like habitat loss and food limitation also contribute to their critical situation.(根据最近的研究，岛上只剩下1400只夏威夷蒙克海豹。这些海豹主要受到虎鲨等捕食者的威胁。此外，栖息地丧失和食物限制等其他原因也导致了它们的危急状况) ”可知，夏威夷蒙克海豹的主要威胁来自于它们的天敌。故选C。 35．细节理解题。根据Vaquita下面第二段的“According to reports, there are only a dozen of these marine mammals left in the world since the percentage of decline in their population was as much as 90% since 2011.(据报道，自2011年以来，这些海洋哺乳动物的数量下降了90%，现在世界上只剩下十几只)”可知，Vaquita是最濒危的物种。故选A。 10.（2024届湖南省长沙市第一中学高考适应性演练试题）Would you make the same decisions in a foreign language as you would in your native tongue? It may be intuitive that people would make the same choices regardless of the language they are using, or that the difficulty of using a foreign language would make decisions less systematic. We discovered, however, that the opposite is true: Using a foreign language reduces decision-making biases (偏差). Together with his students and collaborators, Professor Keysar has made discoveries about the impact of using a foreign language on choice, the way that language modality affects reasoning, how language affects health decisions and negotiations, and more. In a 2021study, Boaz Keysar, a professor at the University of Chicago in the US, led an experiment concerning how foreign languages relate to human ways of thinking. Whereas people were risk averse for gains and risk seeking for losses when choices were presented in their native tongue, they were not influenced by this framing manipulation in a foreign language. People were asked to make a choice: Take a guarantee of one pound or take a 50 percent chance of winning 2.50 pounds. When presented with this choice in their native language, most people took the safe option of only getting one pound. But they were more willing to make the riskier choice when asked in a foreign language, leading to more profits overall, according to The Guardian. As Keysar put it, “People just hate the prospect (前景) of losing, but they hate it less in a foreign language. ” Keysar and his team did another experiment in which participants were given a series of related words like “dream”, “snooze”, “bed” and “rest”. Later, when asked which words they remembered hearing, people were more likely to mistakenly remember “sleep”, which was not on the list, in their native language. But it was much less likely to happen if they did the test in a foreign language. The evidence is clear: By learning a foreign language, you’re not just learning a language — you’re gaining a new state of mind. 36．What aspect of the Boaz Keysar’s research in 2021 focus on? A．The impact of using a foreign language on choice. B．The way that language modality affects reasoning. C．How language affects health decisions and negotiations. D．The relationship between foreign languages and people’s way of thinking. 37．What does the underlined word “averse” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．willing B．slow C．opposed D．eager 38．Why did Keysar and his team did the second experiment? A．To change people’s attitude to the game. B．To prove a foreign language influences the way of thinking. C．To show the choice is more correct when using a foreign language. D．To prove using a foreign language leads to memories with greater accuracy. 39．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I: Introduction    P: Point    C: Conclusion A． B． C． D． 【答案】36．D 37．C 38．D 39．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了，研究表明使用外语会减少决策偏差。在用母语进行选择时，人们会对收益进行风险规避，而对损失进行风险寻求，但在外语中，他们不会受到这种框架操作的影响。而且，人们在使用外语时思维更缜密，记忆更准确。 36．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In a 2021 study, Boaz Keysar, a professor at the University of Chicago in the US, led an experiment concerning how foreign languages relate to human ways of thinking.(在2021年的一项研究中，美国芝加哥大学的教授Boaz Keysar指导了一项关于外语与人类思考方式之间的关系的一项实验。)”，2021年Boaz Keysar指导一项实验主要研究外语与人们思维方式之间的关系，故选D。 37．词义猜测题。根据第三段划线词averse后文的内容提示“When presented with this choice in their native language, most people took the safe option of only getting one pound.(在用母语进行选择时，大多数人都选择了只有一英镑的安全选项。)”可知，当在用母语进行选择时，人们会选择安全的选择，从而对收益厌恶风险，故此处划线词averse与C项“opposed(反对)”意思相近，用母语进行选择时，人们会选择安全的选项，从而反对收益风险，故选C。 38．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Keysar and his team did another experiment in which participants were given a series of related words like “dream”, “snooze”, “bed” and “rest”. Later, when asked which words they remembered hearing, people were more likely to mistakenly remember “sleep”, which was not on the list, in their native language. But it was much less likely to happen if they did the test in a foreign language.(Keysar和他的团队做了另一个实验，实验中，给参与者提供了一系列相关的单词，如“梦”、“打盹”、“床”和“休息”。 后来，当被问及他们记得听到过哪些单词时，人们更容易错误地记住“睡觉”，而这个单词并不在他们的母语列表中。但如果用外语进行测试，发生这种情况的可能性就小得多。)”可知，本次实验的目的是证明使用外语可以让人记忆更准确，故选D。 39．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Would you make the same decisions in a foreign language as you would in your native tongue?(你用外语是否能与用母语一样做出同样的选择？)”和第二段“Together with his students and collaborators, Professor Keysar has made discoveries(和他的同学与同事一起，Keysar教授发现)”可知，文章前两段为总体描述，再根据第三段“People were asked to make a choice(要求他们做出选择。)”和第四段“Keysar and his team did another experiment(Keysar和他的团队做了另一个实验)”可知，文章三四段为实验例证，最后一段“The evidence is clear(结论很清楚)”为总结，故而是典型的总分总结构，故选A。 11.（2024届海南省琼海市三模试题）Imagine this. You need an image of a balloon for a work presentation and turn to an AI text-to- image generator, like Midjourney or DALL-E, to create a suitable image. You enter the prompt (提示词) “red balloon against a blue sky” but the generator returns an image of an egg instead. What’s going on? The generator you’re using may have been “poisoned”. What does this mean? Text-to-image generators work by being trained on large datasets that include millions or billions of images. Some of the generators have been trained by indiscriminately scraping online images, many of which may be under copyright. This has led to many copyright infringement (侵害) cases where artists have accused big tech companies of stealing and profiting from their work. This is also where the idea of “poison” comes in. Researchers who want to empower individual artists have recently created a tool named “Nightshade” to fight back against unauthorised image scraping. The tool works by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that confuses the computer vision system but leaves the image unaltered to a human’s eyes. If an organization then scrapes one of these images to train a future AI model, its data pool becomes “poisoned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generator return unintended results. As in our earlier example, a balloon might become an egg. The higher the number of “poisoned” images in the training data, the greater the impact. Because of how generative AI works, the damage from “poisoned” images also affects related prompt keywords. For example, if a “poisoned” image of a Picasso work is used in training data, prompt results for masterpieces from other artists can also be affected. Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright. It does challenge a common belief among computer scientists that data found online can be used for any purpose they see fit. Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society. This concern is particularly serious concerning facial recognition. There is a clear connection between facial recognition cases and data poisoning, as both relate to larger questions around technological governance. It may be better to see data poisoning as an innovative solution to the denial of some fundamental human rights. 40．The underlined word “scraping” (para. 2) is closest in meaning to ____. A．facilitating B．collecting C．damaging D．polishing 41．According to the passage, adding poisoned data might ____. A．increase the accuracy of returned information B．cause users to forget the prompt key words C．interfere with the training of generative AI D．discriminate against great masterpieces 42．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Data poisoning is somehow justified to direct attention to human rights. B．Computer scientists has learned to respect the copyright of most artists. C．Nightshade is being abused by human rights activists to recognize faces. D．The issue of technological governance has aroused the lawyers’ interest. 43．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Data Poisoning: Government Empowering Citizens to Protect Themselves B．Data Poisoning: Addressing Facial Recognition Issues Among Artists C．Data Poisoning: Risks and Rewards of Generative AI Data Training D．Data Poisoning: Restricting Innovation or Empowering Artists 【答案】40．B 41．C 42．A 43．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章首先通过一个例子来说明AI文本到图像生成器可能因为被“中毒”数据而返回错误的结果。接着，文章解释了“中毒”数据的含义，即通过特定工具对图像像素进行细微修改，使得这些图像在训练AI模型时会导致模型学习错误，从而产生非预期的输出，这导致了许多侵犯版权的案件，引起艺术家的不满。 40．词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词后的“online images, many of which may be under copyright(在线图片，其中许多可能是受版权保护的)”可知，一些生成器是通过不加选择地抓取在线图像来训练的，其中许多图像可能是受版权保护的，由此可推理出划线词的含义为“收集”，故选B项。 41．细节理解题。根据第三段“The tool works by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that confuses the computer vision system but leaves the image unaltered to a human’s eyes. If an organization then scrapes one of these images to train a future AI model, its data pool becomes “poisoned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generator return unintended results.(该工具通过以人类肉眼无法察觉、但能迷惑计算机视觉系统的方式，对图像的像素进行轻微修改。如果一个组织随后抓取这些图像来训练未来的AI模型，其数据池就会变得“中毒”。这可能导致错误的学习，使得生成器返回非预期的结果。)”可知，添加“中毒”数据可能干扰生成人工智能的训练，故选C项。 42．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright.(可能的是，像Nightshade这样的工具可以被一些用户滥用，故意上传“有毒”图片以混淆AI生成器。但Nightshade的开发者希望这个工具能让大型科技公司更加尊重版权。)”以及最后一段“Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society(例如，人权活动家一直对机器视觉在更广泛社会中的不加选择使用表示关切)”可推理出，数据中毒在某种程度上将人们的注意力引向人权是有道理的，故选A项。 43．主旨大意题。根据第一段“You enter the prompt (提示词) “red balloon against a blue sky” but the generator returns an image of an egg instead.( 你输入了提示词“红色气球对比蓝色天空”，但是生成器返回的却是一张鸡蛋的图片)”、第二段“The generator you’re using may have been “poisoned”(你正在使用的生成器可能已经被“毒化”)”以及“Some of the generators have been trained by indiscriminately scraping online images, many of which may be under copyright. This has led to many copyright infringement cases where artists have accused big tech companies of stealing and profiting from their work.”（一些生成器是通过不加选择地抓取在线图像来训练的，其中许多图像可能属于版权所有。这导致了许多侵犯版权的案件，艺术家指控大型科技公司窃取他们的作品并从中获利）、倒数第二段“Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright.(可能的是，像Nightshade这样的工具可以被一些用户滥用，故意上传“有毒”图片以混淆AI生成器。但Nightshade的开发者希望这个工具能让大型科技公司更加尊重版权。)”以及最后一段“Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society(例如，人权活动家一直对机器视觉在更广泛社会中的不加选择使用表示关切)”可知，本文主要解释了“中毒”数据的含义：即通过特定工具对图像像素进行细微修改，使得这些图像在训练AI模型时会导致模型学习错误，从而产生非预期的输出，这导致了许多侵犯版权的案件，引起艺术家的不满，D项“Data Poisoning: Restricting Innovation or Empowering Artists(数据中毒：限制创新还是授权艺术家)”表达的含义适合用做本文标题，故选D项。 12.（云南省昆明市2023-2024学年高三三模试题）Almost no one knows the world of competitive climbing like Janja Garnbret, an Olympic gold medalist and eight-time world champion. Having risen to the top of the sport, the Slovenian now is using her platform to raise awareness of the “cultural trap” in climbing. She says it is contributing to a widespread issue with eating disorders. The problem is from an outdated idea that weighing less means you climb faster. Such a mindset has created an environment where young athletes start skipping or cutting down on meals, she says, sometimes to disastrous effect. Despite not having issues with eating disorders herself, she is more than aware of friends and fellow competitors who have damaged their bodies in the pursuit of a thinner figure. “I have to recognize that weight does have some role to play in the sport. I also want to win, but I’m a strong believer that you can do climbing, or any sport, in a healthy way. Luckily I didn’t fall into this trap.” She says. “I was trying hard to help them get out of it, but it didn’t work. It was really hard for me to see them destroying themselves, mentally and physically.” It was experiences such as this that inspired Gambret to post a message on the social platform in July 2023 about eating disorders. The post sparked a huge response throughout the climbing community and attracted support from the likes of US rock climber Sasha DiGiulian. In her message, Garnbret spoke about Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) — a syndrome (综合征) that occurs when someone of any gender has overtrained and/or undereaten for a long period in an attempt to improve their athletic performance, often without knowing the dangers of failing to compensate (补偿) for the energy they consume in training, racing and their daily lives. Left untreated, medical experts say REDs can damage an athlete’s bone health, immune system, and psychological health, as well as his athletic performance. 44．What does the “cultural trap” in the text refer to? A．The defeat of eating disorders. B．The pursuit of a thinner figure. C．The idea of keeping daily meals. D．The mindset of climbing to the top. 45．Why did Garnbret decide to post the message on the social platform? A．She used to fall into the cultural trap. B．Her efforts to help dieters were in vain. C．Her achievements deserved to be shared. D．She wanted to receive support from DiGiulian. 46．What may lead to REDs according to the text? A．Severe mental problems. B．The habit of overeating. C．Over-exercise for a long time. D．The poor athletic performance. 47．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Road to a World Champion B．Rising to Fame on Social Media C．The Challenge of Climbing with REDs D．Warning against Cultural Trap in Climbing 【答案】44．B 45．B 46．C 47．D 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲述了奥运金牌得主和八次世界冠军Janja Garnbret如何利用自己的影响力，通过社交平台发文，提醒人们关注攀岩运动中存在的“文化陷阱”，即过度追求瘦身，导致饮食失调的问题。 44．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Having risen to the top of the sport, the Slovenian now is using her platform to raise awareness of the “cultural trap” in climbing. She says it is contributing to a widespread issue with eating disorders”（ 在攀登到这项运动的顶峰之后，这位斯洛文尼亚人现在正在利用她的平台来提高人们对攀岩“文化陷阱”的认识。她说，这导致了普遍存在的饮食失调问题）以及第二段“ The problem is from an outdated idea that weighing less means you climb faster. Such a mindset has created an environment where young athletes start skipping or cutting down on meals, she says, sometimes to disastrous effect.”（问题来自于一个过时的观念，即体重越轻，攀岩速度越快。这种心态造成了一种状况，年轻的运动员开始减少或者跳过饭食，她说，有时候这会产生灾难性的效果。）可知，文化陷阱指的是过度追求瘦身的观念。故选B。 45．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“I was trying hard to help them get out of it, but it didn’t work. It was really hard for me to see them destroying themselves, mentally and physically.”It was experiences such as this that inspired Gambret to post a message on the social platform in July 2023 about eating disorders. ”（我努力帮助他们摆脱这个问题，但是没有成功。看到他们在精神和身体上自我摧毁，我感到非常难过。正是这样的经历激发了Gambret于2023年7月在社交平台上发布了一条关于饮食失调的信息。）可知，Garnbret发文是因为她尝试帮助那些陷入饮食失调的人，但是没有成功。故选B。 46．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“In her message, Garnbret spoke about Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)—a syndrome(综合征) that occurs when someone of any gender has overtrained and/or undereaten for a long period in an attempt to improve their athletic performance, often without knowing the dangers of failing to compensate(补偿) for the energy they consume in training, racing and their daily lives.”（在她的信息中，Garnbret谈到运动中的相对能量缺乏症（REDs）是一种综合症，当任何性别的人为了提高他们的运动表现，长时间过度训练和/或饮食不足，常常不知道他们在训练、比赛和日常生活中消耗的能量未能得到补偿的危险。）可知，长时间过度训练可能导致REDs。故选C。 47．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第一段 “Having risen to the top of the sport, the Slovenian now is using her platform to raise awareness of the “cultural trap” in climbing. She says it is contributing to a widespread issue with eating disorders”（ 在攀登到这项运动的顶峰之后，这位斯洛文尼亚人现在正在利用她的平台来提高人们对攀岩“文化陷阱”的认识。她说，这导致了普遍存在的饮食失调问题）可知，文章主要讲述了Janja Garnbret如何利用自己的影响力，通过社交平台发文，提醒人们关注攀岩运动中的“文化陷阱”，即过度追求瘦身，导致饮食失调的问题。因此，D选项“攀登时警惕文化陷阱”。故选D。 13.（2024届青海省西宁市大通高三三模试题）Polly Arrowsmith is a clever bargain shopper, and knows exactly when her three local supermarkets make their daily price down. She estimates that hunting out food with yellow discounted labels saves her hundreds of pounds a year. But all this could soon be coming to an end. That’s because supermarkets are adopting dynamic pricing, controlled by artificial intelligence (AI) software. It involves digital price tags that are displayed either on the shelf below the food items, or on high-tech labels attached the product itself. These prices are automatically, and wirelessly, updated by the AI when a particular item approaches its sell-by date. The AI also examines how much stock (库存) the store is holding of that item and makes the decision as to whether a markdown is requiredor not. Besides, it can help supermarkets better understand how to manage stock supply and avoid over-ordering. So we’re actually turning the current food waste problem into an opportunity and can help cut supermarkets’ food waste by more than a third. Matt Wills, the co-founder of a firm called Acumen, warns that there are potential disadvantages to dynamic pricing. “Not knowing what the reference price is, consumers might not realise they are getting a deal at all,” he says. “This could also cause added complications for people who retired, if items are seen to be continually changing in price.” The key, Mr. Wills believes, will be for supermarkets to have strict guidelines to ensure they can offer the benefits that dynamic pricing can bring, while ensuring AI doesn’t create unintended negative consequences for shoppers. Whether shoppers will welcome the change is another question, but Mr. Wills believes they’ll be won over by the price reductions they receive. Ms. Arrowsmith admits she will miss the yellow discount stickers that have become part of her shopping routine. However, she also says she wants to see less food going to waste. “I’m happy to forgo really cheap pricing,” she says. 48．Why are yellow discount labels disappearing? A．They are easy to hunt out. B．They expose some safety issues. C．They cause great damage to shoppers. D．They are replaced with digital pricing. 49．What is mainly discussed in paragraph 2? A．The advantages of using the AI. B．The display of digital price tags. C．The management of stock supply. D．The problem of current food waste. 50．What can we learn about AI-driven pricing according to Matt Wills? A．It offers the cheapest price. B．It greatly reduces food stock. C．It has side effect on retirees. D．It gives rise to legal problems. 51．What does the underlined word “forgo” in the last paragraph mean? A．Pay off. B．Give up. C．Agree on. D．Cut down. 【答案】48．D 49．A 50．C 51．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍超市黄色打折标签即将被电子标签代替。 48．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But all this could soon be coming to an end. That’s because supermarkets are adopting dynamic pricing(但这一切可能很快就要结束了。这是因为超市正在采用动态定价)”可知，黄色打折标签即将消失，是因为它们即将被电子标签代替。故选D。 49．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“These prices are automatically, and wirelessly, updated by the AI when a particular item approaches its sell-by date. The AI also examines how much stock (库存) the store is holding of that item(当特定商品接近销售日期时，这些价格会由人工智能自动无线更新。人工智能还会检查该商品的库存)”及“Besides, it can help supermarkets better understand how to manage stock supply and avoid over-ordering.(此外，它可以帮助超市更好地了解如何管理库存供应，避免过度订购)”可知，第二段主要讲的是使用这个AI 软件的好处。故选A。 50．细节理解题。根据第三段中“This could also cause added complications for people who retired, if items are seen to be continually changing in price.(如果看到物品的价格不断变化，这也可能给退休人员带来更多的麻烦)”可知，电子标签可能会给退休人员带来负面影响。故选C。 51．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文中“However, she also says she wants to see less food going to waste.(然而，她也表示，她希望看到更少的食物被浪费)”可知，她很愿意放弃便宜的定价，forgo意为“放弃”，故选 B。 14.（2024届重庆市第八中学高三三模试题）In Oceanside, a coastal suburb about 40 miles north of San Diego, the palm trees wave and the temperature is almost perfect. Teenagers watch surfers ride glassy waves. Every day it feels like the most perfect summer day. There is just one problem: The sand is disappearing. While many visitors, and even lifelong Californians in the industrial state, might see wide areas of sand as part of the state’s natural beauty, the reality is that over decades, the coast has become a highly engineered wonder. Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica. But a range of forces have shrunk beaches all along California’s coastline. California could lose as much as 75% of its beaches by 2100, given the sea level rise related to climate change. Over time, beach sand gets s wept up into the water. Some of it moves towards other beaches. Besides, dams and concrete canals have reduced the amount of river sediment (沉淀物) flowing downstream that could help fill beaches as a supplement (补充). If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them. But in California, the development in many places along the coast has created a hard barrier, disturbing that natural evolution. Over the years, local governments worked together on a few major sand supplement projects. But those, still, have proved to be fleeting solutions. “Everything we do is a short-term fix,” said Gary Griggers, a professor specializing in coastal science. In recent years, as the sand’s disappearance grew more extreme, longtime Oceanside residents formed an organization called Save Oceanside Sand. A beach town cannot exist without a beach. Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches. “It’s really a race. I think there’s absolutely nothing we can do to hold back the Pacific Ocean,” said Gairy Griggers. 52．What does the author mean by mentioning the engineered wonder? A．Most visitors are engineers. B．California is an industrial state. C．It’s the perfect holiday vacation. D．The beach is artificially maintained. 53．What is a reason for the crisis of beaches along California’s coastline? A．Sand supplement has been added. B．Sea level rise results in climate change. C．Much river sediment is flowing downstream. D．Human intervention blocks the natural evolution. 54．What does the underlined word “fleeting” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Efficient. B．Temporary. C．Sustainable. D．Complex. 55．Which of the following was done to preserve Californian beaches? A．Design contests were held. B．Dams and canals were built. C．Man-made beaches were expanded. D．Sand-themed postcards were published. 【答案】52．D 53．D 54．B 55．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。在圣地亚哥以北约40英里的海滨郊区，有一片怡人沙滩。殊不知，这片游客眼中的“自然风光”竟是人工造景。几十年来，这片沙滩的沙子在不断减少，当地的人们尝试了各种各样的方法，以拯救这片美丽的沙滩。 52．细节理解题。根据第二段“Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica.(在上个世纪，从其他地方挖出的数百万立方码的沙子被添加进去，建造了像圣莫尼卡那样值得明信片的海滩)”可知，这片沙滩的沙子是从别处搬来的，是靠人工维持的。故选D。 53．细节理解题。根据第三段“If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them.(如果允许海岸线在没有人为干预的情况下进化，海滩可以继续以我们所知道的方式存在)”可知，人为干预阻碍了沙滩的自然进化，给沙滩带来了危机。故选D。 54．词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“Everything we do is a short-term fix(我们所做的一切都是短期的解决办法)”可知，这些解决方法都是短暂的。故划线词意思是“短暂的”。故选B。 55．细节理解题。根据第四段“Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches.(这里的领导人发起了一些国际设计竞赛，旨在寻找新的方法来获取和保持城市海滩上的沙子)”可知，人们举行了一些国际的设计比赛活动，来拯救沙滩。故选A。 15.（2024届福建省漳州市高三第三次质量检测试题）“The opposite of play isn’t work; it’s depression,” says play researcher Stuart Brown. “The adult-play shortage is becoming a public health crisis.” Play may appear insignificant, but recent studies indicate it may be as essential as the need for sleep. Playfulness helps some young animals learn to master their bodies and their environments — and once they do, most stop playing as adults. “Adult play promotes qualities that we humans could use more of,” says Jeff Harry, a play consultant. Unfortunately, social standards restrain (抑制) our urge to let loose. “Being a playful adult is really disapproved in our society,” he says. “You don’t want people to think that you’re childish.” “It hasn’t always been this way,” says Peter Gray, a play researcher at Boston University. When Gray reviewed descriptions of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes, he noticed that they were often described as “good-humored” and “joyful”. “What we would call work — hunting and gathering — was fun,” he says. “Generally speaking, we like to do the things that are necessary for our survival. Humans took one giant step away from fun when we started planting crops. Then we invented factories and lost sight of play entirely,” Gray adds. We may be able to reverse this situation, says Harry. As we fully make the transition to a knowledge-based economy, work and play are beginning to merge (合并) again. Some of today’s most successful companies, such as Google and Apple, were started by people tinkering (小修补) in their garages. “Play is all about looking at a tough world with creativity and optimism,” Brown says. He goes so far as to declare that “adult play is necessary for our survival as a species”. The next time I’m caught playing, I know exactly what I’ll say, “I am not wasting time, or acting immature. I’m playing for the benefit of all humanity. You’re welcome.” 56．Why does Stuart Brown consider adult play essential? A．It promotes creativity. B．It battles depression. C．It facilitates cooperation. D．It improves adaptivity. 57．What societal factor restrains adult play according to Jeff Harry? A．Fear of judgment from others. B．Lack of sufficient time for leisure. C．Cultural emphasis on personal values. D．Pressure from work-related responsibilities 58．Which statement will Peter Gray agree with according to Paragraph 3? A．Adult play contributes positively to work. B．Social attitudes toward play regularly shift. C．Humans initially found joy in survival activities. D．Industrialization closely connected work and play. 59．What is the purpose of the text? A．To stress the significance of adult play. B．To discuss the evolution of work and play. C．To advocate playfulness in modern businesses. D．To explore the impact of adult play on depression. 【答案】56．B 57．A 58．C 59．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了成人玩游戏对个体和社会的重要性，呼吁社会重新认识并重视成人玩游戏的作用。 56．细节理解题。根据第一段中Stuart Brown所说的话“The opposite of play isn’t work; it’s depression (游戏的反义词不是工作，而是抑郁)”和“The adult-play shortage is becoming a public health crisis. (成人游戏的短缺正成为一场公共健康危机)”可知，Stuart Brown认为成人玩游戏重要的原因在于它可以对抗抑郁。故选B项。 57．细节理解题。根据第二段中Jeff Harry所说的话“Being a playful adult is really disapproved in our society (在我们的社会里，做一个爱玩的成年人是不被认可的)”和“You don’t want people to think that you’re childish. (你不想让别人觉得你幼稚)”可知，Jeff Harry认为成人害怕被别人评判的心理导致他们限制自己进行游戏。故选A项。 58．推理判断题。根据第三段中“When Gray reviewed descriptions of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes, he noticed that they were often described as “good-humored” and “joyful”. “What we would call work — hunting and gathering — was fun,” he says. (当Gray回顾对最后幸存的狩猎采集部落的描述时，他注意到他们经常被描述为“幽默”和“快乐”。“我们所谓的工作——狩猎和采集——很有趣，”他说)”和“Generally speaking, we like to do the things that are necessary for our survival. (一般来说，我们喜欢做生存所必需的事情)”可知，Peter Gray发现这些部落在狩猎和采集这样的生存活动中得到了乐趣，变得幽默而快乐。由此推知，他会赞同“人类最初在生存活动中找到快乐”的观点。故选C项。 59．推理判断题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“Play may appear insignificant, but recent studies indicate it may be as essential as the need for sleep. (玩耍可能看起来微不足道，但最近的研究表明，它可能和睡眠一样重要)”可知，文章主要讨论了成人玩游戏对个体和社会的重要性。研究表明，游戏不仅可以帮助小动物学会控制自己和环境，还可以帮助成人对抗抑郁。然而，社会往往并不认可成人玩游戏的行为。但实际上，狩猎采集部落中的工作实际上是有趣而快乐的。由此可知，文章的写作目的在于强调成人玩游戏的重要性。故选A项。 ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$