专题01 日清十考点+名词、冠词精讲-2024年八升九英语暑期无忧衔接（通用版）

专题01 日清十考点+名词、冠词精讲 1.日清十考点 2.名词、冠词精讲 日清十考点 考点一 ability have the ability to do sth. able (反) inability n.才能；能力 = be able to do sth. 有能力做某事 adj.能够的；有能力的 n.无能力；无才能 (1)我相信我有能力组织一次生日聚会。(汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ (2) The two-year-old boy opened the book as if he were (ability) to read. (3) We have a sense of to solve problems.我们有一种无力解决问题的感觉。 考点二 【辨析】include与including include 及物动词，前面要有主语。 including 介词，一般用在逗号后面，或者是冒号的前面，总之是用标点隔开用的，但有时它也可以放在句子中。 (1)这次游览包括参观科学博物馆。(汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ (2) They have many pets， (include) three cats. 考点三 suddenly adv.突然；忽然 sudden adj.突然的；忽然的 (1)We were shocked by the news.这突然的消息使我们震惊。 (2)The man (sudden) shouted with pain. 考点四 win (过去式) (过去分词) win v.(在比赛中)获胜，赢 won won n. (在比赛、竞赛等中的)胜利 They have not had a win so far this season.他们这一赛季迄今还没有赢过一场。 【辨析】beat与win beat “获胜”，“打赢某人”用beat sb.，即“击败某人”；beat 的宾语通常是sb. win “获胜”，win的宾语通常是比赛或奖杯。 Are you sure to them and the match？你们有把握打败他们赢得比赛吗？ 考点五 【辨析】look for，find与find out look for 侧重寻找的过程。如： He is looking for his shoes.他正在找他的鞋子。 find 侧重寻找的结果。如： He didn’t find his bike.他没找到他的自行车。 find out 指(经过调查)发现；查明(真相)等。如： Please find out when the train leaves.请查一下火车什么时候离站。 考点六 【辨析】be famous for和be famous as be famous for 因为……出名，后接出名的原因。 be famous as 作为……出名，主要指作为某种身份或职业而出名，作为某个产地或地方而出名。通常主语和后面的名词意思一致。 (1)France its fine food and wine.法国以它的美食和酒而出名。 (2)Hangzhou a tourist place.杭州作为旅游地方而出名。 考点七 instead 副词，意为“代替；顶替”，常置于句末 instead of of 后跟被代替的人或事，可用名词、代词等 (1)We’ve no coffee. Would you like tea ？我们没有咖啡了，改喝茶好吗？ (2)Let’s play cards watching TV.咱们玩纸牌吧，别看电视了。 考点八 there be……有…… be动词就近原则 (1)There and two pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和两支笔。 (2)There and a book on the desk.在桌子上有两支笔和一本书。 考点九 challenge sb. to sth. challenge sb. to do sth. 挑战某人某事 挑战某人做某事 I him to (play) a game of chess.我邀他下棋。 考点十 promise sb. sth. promise to do sth. make a promise keep one’s promise break one’s promise 许诺给某人某物 答应做某事 许下诺言 遵守诺言 违背诺言；说话不算数 (1)He me the book.他答应给我这本书。 (2)He us.他答应要帮助我们。 语法精讲 名词 考点一　名词辨析 一、名词的分类 名词即表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表: 类别 意义 例词 专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词 Lucy,China,the Great Wall,the Great Hall of the People 普 通 名 词 个体 名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball,dog 集体 名词 表示一群人或一类事物的词 family,police,class,group,team 物质 名词 表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小个体的物质的词 rice,water,porridge,air,wool,wheat,steel 抽象 名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 knowledge,danger,health,life,interest,love 二．知识拓展 常用近义词辨析 1.family,house与home 单词 意义 例句 family 指“家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房 My family are very friendly. 我的家人都很友好。 house house有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点 They lived in a small house. 他们住在一个小房子里。 home 作“家”讲时,指人们生活、居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境 He left home for Beijing. 他离开家去北京了。 2.job与work 单词 意义 例句 job 可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工” Selling newspapers is his part-time job.卖报纸是他的兼职。 work 不可数名词,指“工作,劳动” He has been out of work. 他失业了。 3.problem与question 单词 意义 例句 problem 一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,常与之搭配的动词是solve They still have some serious problems to solve.他们仍有一些严重的问题需要解决。 question 总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”,常与动词ask,answer等连用 He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。 4.voice,noise与sound 单词 意义 例句 voice 指人的嗓音 I recognized her voice at once. 我立刻听出了她的声音。 noise 吵闹声,不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声 Don’t make so much noise. 别这么大声嚷嚷。 sound 指人所听到的自然界的任何声音 I heard a strange sound from the empty room.我听到空房间里传来奇怪的声音。 5.cause,reason与excuse 单词 意义 例句 cause 造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”,后接介词of The police are looking into the cause of the accident. 警方正在调查事故的原因。 reason 说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,后接介词for You must tell him the reason for wanting to change your job. 你必须告诉他你想换工作的原因。 excuse (尤指不完全真实的)借口,托词 Late again!What’s your excuse for it this time? 又迟到了!这次你的借口是什么? 6.journey,trip与travel 单词 意义 例句 journey 适用范围很广,可指海、陆、空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行,强调往返性 It’s a long journey from here to Hong Kong.从这儿到香港的旅程很远。 trip 指短时间、短距离的旅行,强调往返性,与journey可互换使用 How was your school trip to the zoo last weekend?你们上周末去动物园的学校旅行玩得怎么样? travel 泛指旅游,不侧重往返性,可以是单程旅行 Many people are fond of travel. 很多人喜欢旅游。 选择适当的词填空 ①Tom regards Nanjing as his second　 　(family;house;home)because he has been here for over ten years.  ②Li Ling wants to be a singer.She thinks it’s an interesting　 　(work;job).  ③The　 　was that he gave me no chance to answer his　 　(question;problem).  ④At the foot of the hill,you could hear nothing but the　 　(voice;noise;sound)of the running water.  考点二　名词的数和格 一、名词的数 (一)可数名词的复数形式 1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)与不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数形式构成的部分规则如下: 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加-s 在清辅音后读/s/ 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/ 在t后读/ts/ 在d后读/dz/ cake—cakes bag—bags student—students bed—beds 以-s,-x,-sh,-ch等结尾的词 加-es 读/ɪz/ bus—buses　box—boxes　watch—watches 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 变y为i,再加-es 读/z/ baby—babies city—cities　country—countries lady—ladies 以元音字母加-y结尾的词 加-s 读/z/ toy—toys　monkey—monkeys 以f(fe)结尾的词 变f(fe)为ves 读/vz/ leaf—leaves　wolf—wolves　life—lives 以-ce,-se,-ze,-(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读/ɪz/ face—faces　orange—oranges 不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 读音改变 man—men　woman—women　foot—feet　tooth—teeth 单复数形式相同 读音不变 fish—fish　sheep—sheep　deer—deer Chinese—Chinese　Japanese—Japanese 其他形式 /maʊs/—/maɪs/ mouse—mice 2.某国人变复数 (1)中国人Chinese→Chinese (2)英国人Englishman→Englishmen (3)阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs 可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。 3.以-o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。如: Negro→Negroes 　　　 hero→heroes tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes 而其他一般在词尾加-s。如: zoo→zoos radio→radios 4.复合名词前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如: man teacher→men teachers boy student→boy students 5.字母、数字、引语或缩略词语的复数形式是在其后加-’s或-s。如: There are two fs in the word“office”. 单词office里有两个f。 Many VIPs are coming to our city. 许多重要人物将到我们市来。 6.有些以-f结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。如: roof→roofs 屋顶　　　belief→beliefs 信仰 proof→proofs 证据 chief→chiefs 首领 7.一些名词加-s后,读音会发生变化。如: bath/bɑːɵ/→baths/bɑːðz/洗浴 mouth/maʊɵ/→mouths/maʊðz/嘴 truth/truːɵ/→truths/truːðz/ 真理 youth/juːɵ/→youths/juːðz/ 青年男子 一．用所给单词的正确形式填空 ①The doctor told me to eat more 　 　(fish)because it’s good for health.  ②Those you admire very much are called 　 　(hero).  ③How many 　 　(woman doctor)are there in the hospital?  ④Most of the tourists on the coach are 　 　(German),and only two of them are 　 　(Japanese).  二．选择填空 1.There are few 　　　in the fridge. Let's go and buy some peas, carrots and cabbages.  A.vegetables　　　 B.fruit C.meat　　　 D.eggs 2.All the 　　　teachers and 　　　　students are having a meeting there.   A.women;girls　　　 B.women;girl C.woman;girls　　　 D.woman;girl (二)不可数名词的数量表达 1.概述:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语名词的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致。 2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,计量名词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如: a piece of paper一张纸 a drop of water一滴水 two cups of tea两杯茶 (三)注意 1.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如: work(工作)—a work(一部著作) glass(玻璃)—a glass(一个玻璃杯) paper(纸)—a paper(一份报纸/文件/试卷) tea(茶)—a tea(一杯茶) wood(木头)—a wood(一片树林) room(空间)—a room(一个房间) 2.有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。如: physics物理,maths数学,politics政治,news新闻 3.“数词+名词(+形容词)”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。如: She is a five-year-old girl.她是一个五岁的女孩。 (five-year-old不能说成five-years-old) a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币 a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞 a two-inch-thick dictionary 一本两英寸厚的字典 a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑 二、名词所有格 1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是􀆳s所有格,另一种是of所有格。如: Beijing is China’s capital. Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。 2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如: This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。 Lily and Lucy’s mother is a nurse.莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。 用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加-􀆳s表示所有关系。如: These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。 Wei Hua’s and John’s licenses are missing. 魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。 3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加-’;不以-s结尾的词在词尾加-’s。如: 教师节 Teachers’ Day　儿童节Children’s Day 4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如: the door of the room房间的门 5.双重所有格有两种形式:①of+名词所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。如: He is a friend of my brother’s.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。 Is she a daughter of yours?她是你的女儿吗? 注意　双重所有格和一般所有格的区别:a photo of John’s(照片属于John,但照片上的人不一定是John);a photo of John(照片上的人是John本人)。 6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上-’s代表全称。如: at the doctor’s 在诊所 7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词,如someone,everybody等和else连用时,-’s应加在else后。如: somebody else’s pencil别人的铅笔 8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加-􀆳s或-􀆳来构成所有格。如: (1)用于时间two weeks’ time 两个星期的时间 (2)用于度量thirteen tons’ weight 13吨的重量five hundred metres’ distance 五百米的距离 (3)用于价值a hundred yuan’s order一百元的订货单a million pounds’ note一百万英镑的钞票 (4)用于天体the earth’s satellite地球卫星 (5)用于国家Belgium’s capital 比利时的首都 (6)用于城市Changchun’s agriculture 长春的农业 一．用所给单词的正确形式填空 ①I’ve got a toothache, so I need to go to the 　 　(dentist).  ②It’s not far from here. It’s only five 　 　 (minute)walk.  ③Yesterday I met a friend of my 　 　(father).  ④　 　(mother)Day is on the second Sunday of May every year.  5.The theme park is about　　　ride from the museum. You should start out right now.  A.two hour　　　 B.two hours' C.two hour's　　　 D.two hours 一、语法选择 It was the district's sports meet. My 　1　 still hadn't recovered (痊愈) from an earlier injury. I had questioned whether or not I should attend the meet. But there I was, ready for the 　2　 run.  “Ready...set...” The gun sounded and we were off. The other 　3　 rushed ahead of me. I felt ashamed as I fell farther and farther behind.  “Hooray!” the crowd shouted. It was the loudest cheer I had ever heard at a meet. The first-place 　4　 was two laps (圈) ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line.  “Maybe I should give up,” I thought as I ran. However, I kept going. During the last two laps, I ran in 　5　 and decided not to race next year, even if my foot had healed by then.  When I finished, I heard louder 　6　. I turned around and saw that the boys were preparing for their own run. “They must be cheering for the 　7　,” I thought.  I was leaving the meet when several girls came up to me. “Wow, you've shown a lot of 　8　!” One of them told me. “We were cheering for you. Did you hear us?”  I had hope again and decided to stick to the run the next year. I realized that 　9　 and courage aren't always measured (衡量) in medals or victories, but in the 　10　 we overcome. The strongest people are not always those who win, but those who don't give up, even when they are losing.  1.A.foot　　　 B.feet　　　 C.hands　　　 D.hand 2.A.3,000 meter　　　 B.3,000 meter's C.3,000-meters　　　 D.3,000-meter 3.A.girl　　　 B.girls　　　 C.boy　　　 D.boys 4.A.runner　　　 B.runners C.runner's　　　 D.runners' 5.A.pain　　　 B.pains　　　 C.joy　　　 D.joys 6.A.cheer　　　 B.cheers　　　 C.noises　　　 D.noise 7.A.boy　　　 B.boys　　　 C.girl　　　 D.girls 8.A.courage　　　 B.courages C.success　　　 D.successes 9.A.failure　　　 B.failures C.strength　　　 D.strengths 10.A.trouble　　　 B.troubles C.difficulty　　　 D.difficulties 二、短文填空 A video star gets a job promoting tourism Tamdrin is a Sichuan man at the　1　of 20.He became famous unexpectedly after a photographer posted a 　2　of him on Douyin in 2020. In the video, he wore a traditional costume and smiled in front of the 　3　. Many netizens were attracted by his good 　4　 and innocent (天真无邪的) smile. They said that Tamdrin had “stars” in his eyes and that his 　5　 was “angelic and comforting”.  On November 19th, Tamdrin posted his first video on his own Douyin account. He introduced his white 　6　 in broken Mandarin. He said that his favorite hobby was horse riding. The video was viewed by more than 14 million people and attracted more than 1.8 million followers in one day.  Tamdrin has been given a 　7　 promoting tourism in Sichuan Province's Litang County by a company. He will get a monthly 　8　 of 3,500 yuan as well as insurance and subsidies.  1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　 6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　  冠词 考点一　不定冠词a/an的用法 1.不定冠词a/an的基本用法 用法 示例 在叙述时用于第一次提到的人或物前 This is a book. 指人或事物的某一类别,以区别于其他种类 A plane is a machine that can fly. 泛指某人或某物 A young man is waiting for you. 用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一阵、一份、一类、一场”等 There’ll be a strong wind in South China. 用于可视为一个整体的两个名词前 a knife and fork “a+序数词”表示“又一,再一” The cake is delicious and I would like a second one. 用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“每一”的意思,相当于every five lessons a week 2.不定冠词a,an的区别 a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前 a teacher,a good student an用在以元音音素开头的单词前 an apple tree,an interesting story 注意:①判断一个词前用a还是an,是根据其读音,而不是根据其字母。我们可以这样记忆:不见元音不加an,不看字母看发音。 ②在26个字母中,前面用an的字母有:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x,其他用a。 ③要注意区别以“u”开头的单词:当“u”发/ʌ/音时前用an,如:an umbrella,an unusual story,an unhappy boy;当“u”发/juː/音时前用a,如:a university,a useful book。 3.含有a的常见固定词组: a few/little/bit一点儿;have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/rest游泳/散步/谈话/看一看/跳舞/喝点东西/休息;have a cold感冒;have a good time玩得高兴;in a hurry匆忙;for a while一会儿;keep a diary写日记;do sb.a favor帮助某人。 一．用冠词a或an填空 ①　 　hour ②　 　European country ③　 　“b” ④　 　“s”  ⑤　 　orange ⑥　 　unusual story ⑦　 　island ⑧　 　new bike ⑨　 　e-mail  ⑩　 　important invention 　 　useful book  　 　NBA player  　 　eight-year-old girl  　 　honest person   二．选择填空 1.Tony is a kind boy and I'm very lucky to have 　　　friend like him.  A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 2.As　　　teacher, it's important to be　　　good role model for their students.  A.the;a　　　 B.a;the　　　 C.a;a　　　 D.the;the 3.She is 　　　eight-year-old girl.  A.an　　　 B.a　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 4.It takes us 　　　hour or more to go to my hometown by train.  A.a　　　 B.an C.the　　　 D./ 5.What 　　unusual school trip we had! I will never forget it.  A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 考点二　定冠词the的用法 1.定冠词the的基本用法 用法 示例 表示双方都知道的人或事物 Give me the book,please. 特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物 Do you know the girl in red? 表示世界上独一无二的事物 The moon moves around the earth. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面以及对两个人或事物进行比较时的比较级前 The first lesson is very easy. He is the younger of the two boys. 用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻俩 The Greens are watching TV now. 用在单数可数名词前表一类人或事物 The orange is orange. 与某些形容词连用表一类人 We should help the old. 用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前,或由普通名词构成的专有名词之前 the Great Wall,the Summer Palace 用在表示方位或西洋乐器名称的名词之前 I like playing the piano. 口诀助记:特指双熟悉,上文已提及,世上独无二,序数最高级,普通专有名,习语及乐器。 2.定冠词可用于某些固定短语中,如: in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/晚上;in the daytime在白天;in the end最后;all the time一直;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说一下;in the open air在户外;at the age of在……岁时;at the beginning of在……开始时;on the other side of在……的另一边;in the middle of在……中间;at the moment现在 3.定冠词的位置 当定冠词与all,half,both,double等词连用修饰名词时,定冠词放在这些词之后。 Look!All the books are here. 瞧!所有的书都在这儿。 Both the boys are from Class 1,Grade 2. 这两个男孩都是二年级一班的。 They walked half the journey.他们走了旅程的一半。 4.定冠词和不定冠词易混点 ①序数词前用定冠词与不定冠词的区别 “the+序数词”表示“第几……”;“a+序数词(first除外)”表示“又一,再一”。 Give me a second chance,OK?再给我一次机会,好吗? ②a number of,the number of a number of意思是“一些”;the number of意思是“……的数目,……的数量”,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。 A number of students like playing computer games.一些学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。 The number of the students is about 1,500 in our school.我们学校学生数目大约是1,500。 一．用适当的冠词填空 ①　 　number of students from the US are visiting our school next month.Let’s get ready for it.  ②　 　number of the students from the US is twenty.Let’s get ready to welcome them.  二．选择填空 1.Tianwen 1 probe(探测器) sent 　　　first picture of Mars back to China in February, 2021.  A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the 2.Everyone needs to know 　　　importance of rubbish sorting(分类).  A.an　　　 B.不填　　　 C.the 3.This is 　　　story of friendship. Let's read 　　　story together.  A.a;an　　　 B.an;the　　　 C.an;a　　　 D.a;the 4.Leap is 　　　film on the Chinese women's national volleyball team. 　　　film is directed by Peter Ho-sun Chan.  A.a;A　　　 B.a;The　　　 C.the;The　　　 D.the;A 考点三　零冠词的用法 1.下列情况用零冠词 不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时 Animals can’t live without water. Horses are helpful animals. 某些专有名词(如人名、地名、国家名等)、物质名词和抽象名词表示泛指时 China is a great country. Mary lives in New York. Paper is made from wood. 名词前已有指示代词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时 Every student likes English in our class. 在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前 This is Professor Li. 在三餐、球类运动及学科名词之前 I went to school without breakfast this morning. He often plays football after school. 由“专有名词+普通名词”构成的表示街名、路名、山名等的词前 Nanjing Road Hainan Island 与by连用的交通工具名称前 by car,by train 在节假日名称前 New Year’s Day,Women’s Day 2.在某些固定词组和习惯用语中用零冠词。如: day after day一天天地;face to face面对面地;side by side肩并肩地;hand in hand手拉手;from beginning to end自始至终;day and night日日夜夜;sooner or later迟早;husband and wife夫妻;at home 在家;by mistake 错误地;at first起初;at last最后;at once 立刻;at noon 在中午;at work在工作;on time准时;in surprise 惊奇地;at night 在晚上;on foot 步行;on business因公出差;on holiday 在度假;in class 在课上;go home回家;for example 例如;go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing 去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼 1.—Shall we play　　　basketball this afternoon?  —Good idea! Do you have　　　basketball?  A.the;a　　　 B.a;a　　　 C./;/　　　 D./;a 二．知识拓展 有定冠词和无定冠词的区别 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 一、语法选择 There were two men who lived next to each other. One of them was a retired teacher and 　1　 other was 　2　 insurance agent (保险代理人). Both of them had planted many different plants in their gardens. 　3　 retired teacher rarely watered his plants and didn't pay 　4　 lot of attention to them. But 　5　 his neighbor was very careful with his plants and watered them often.  The retired teacher's plants were small, but still looked okay, while the insurance agent's plants were much bigger and greener. One night, there was heavy rain and wind due to 　6　 minor (较小的) storm. 　7　 next morning, both of the neighbors came out to check on their gardens. The insurance agent saw that his plants had been ripped from 　8　 ground and were totally destroyed. But the retired teacher's plants were not damaged at all but stood firm.  The insurance agent was surprised. He went to consult (咨询) the retired teacher. “We both grew 　9　 same plants and I cared for my plants better than you did. How could your plants still be okay?”  The retired teacher smiled and said, “Because you gave your plants too much attention. You made it too easy for them to grow. I gave my plants just 　10　 little bit of water, so their roots had to grow deeper to absorb (吸收) more water. That is why my plants survived.”  1.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 2.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 3.A.A　　　 B.An　　　 C.The　　　 D./ 4.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 5.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 6.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 7.A.A　　　 B.An　　　 C.The　　　 D./ 8.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 9.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 10.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 二、短文填空 When you catch 　1　 endangered animal, it's right to set it free.  　2　 fisherman went above and beyond to save 　3　 dolphin after catching it in his net by accident. Many people got together to watch as 　4　 fisherman freed the dolphin from the net and then put it safely back into the water.  It took place in Purnia, India, on July 3, Southwest News Service reported.The animal was a Ganges River dolphin, 　5　 kind of endangered species(濒危物种) protected by the Indian Wildlife Act.  1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　  When a friend comes to you after a stressful day, how do you comfort them? Do you let them rant? Do you pour them a glass of wine? Those could work. But a new study finds that a very effective technique is also simple and easy. "Hugging." Michael Murphy is a psychology postdoc at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. He wanted to know if people who received hugs regularly could handle stress and conflict better. "Individuals who report perceiving the availability of a network of supportive individuals tend to show better adaptation when faced with stress." But just because you have a support network does not mean that you definitely feel that support. So some researchers have argued that many of the behaviors we use to support others who are stressed might actually be counterproductive because these behaviors might unintentionally communicate to others that they're not competent to manage stress. Murphy and his team interviewed 404 men and women every evening for two weeks. the researchers found that individuals who experienced a conflict were not as negatively affected if they received a hug that day as were participants who experienced conflict and didn't get a hug. Murphy and his team also saw that people who received a hug didn't carry the negative effect to the next day, while those who did not receive a hug would. Murphy does include this caveat: "So our findings should not be taken as evidence that people should just start hugging anyone and everyone who seems distressed. A hug from one boss at work or a stranger on the street—that could be viewed as neither consensual or positive." 1. What‘s the effective and simple technique when your friends are stressed? A：Pour them a glass of wine B：Let them rant C：Give them a hugging D：Work with them 2. What does the underlined word “definitely ” refer to? A：certainly B：successfully C：positively D：truly 3. How did the researchers get their result？ A：By comparing with the old statistics B：By doing some interviews C：By doing some psychological research D：By managing stress in person 4.What can we learn from the passage？ A: That you have a support network means you definitely feel that support. B：A hug from strangers could be viewed as neither sincere nor positive." C：Individuals who experienced a conflict were not as positively affected if they received a hug that day D: Giving your friends a hugging means they're not competent to manage stress. ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ ( 第 2 页 共 20 页 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题01 日清十考点+名词、冠词精讲 1.日清十考点 2.名词、冠词精讲 日清十考点 考点一 ability have the ability to do sth. able (反) inability n.才能；能力 = be able to do sth. 有能力做某事 adj.能够的；有能力的 n.无能力；无才能 (1)我相信我有能力组织一次生日聚会。(汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ (2) The two-year-old boy opened the book as if he were (ability) to read. (3) We have a sense of inability to solve problems.我们有一种无力解决问题的感觉。 (1)I believe I have the ability to/am able to organize a birthday party (2) able 考点二 【辨析】include与including include 及物动词，前面要有主语。 including 介词，一般用在逗号后面，或者是冒号的前面，总之是用标点隔开用的，但有时它也可以放在句子中。 (1)这次游览包括参观科学博物馆。(汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ (2) They have many pets， (include) three cats. (1)The tour included/includeds a visit to the Science Museum (2)including 考点三 suddenly adv.突然；忽然 sudden adj.突然的；忽然的 (1)We were shocked by the sudden news.这突然的消息使我们震惊。 (2)The man (sudden) shouted with pain.Suddenly 考点四 win (过去式) (过去分词) win v.(在比赛中)获胜，赢 won won n. (在比赛、竞赛等中的)胜利 They have not had a win so far this season.他们这一赛季迄今还没有赢过一场。 【辨析】beat与win beat “获胜”，“打赢某人”用beat sb.，即“击败某人”；beat 的宾语通常是sb. win “获胜”，win的宾语通常是比赛或奖杯。 Are you sure to beat them and win the match？你们有把握打败他们赢得比赛吗？ 考点五 【辨析】look for，find与find out look for 侧重寻找的过程。如： He is looking for his shoes.他正在找他的鞋子。 find 侧重寻找的结果。如： He didn’t find his bike.他没找到他的自行车。 find out 指(经过调查)发现；查明(真相)等。如： Please find out when the train leaves.请查一下火车什么时候离站。 考点六 【辨析】be famous for和be famous as be famous for 因为……出名，后接出名的原因。 be famous as 作为……出名，主要指作为某种身份或职业而出名，作为某个产地或地方而出名。通常主语和后面的名词意思一致。 (1)France is famous for its fine food and wine.法国以它的美食和酒而出名。 (2)Hangzhou is famous as a tourist place.杭州作为旅游地方而出名。 考点七 instead 副词，意为“代替；顶替”，常置于句末 instead of of 后跟被代替的人或事，可用名词、代词等 (1)We’ve no coffee. Would you like tea instead？我们没有咖啡了，改喝茶好吗？ (2)Let’s play cards instead of watching TV.咱们玩纸牌吧，别看电视了。 考点八 there be……有…… be动词就近原则 (1)There is a book and two pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和两支笔。 (2)There are two pens and a book on the desk.在桌子上有两支笔和一本书。 考点九 challenge sb. to sth. challenge sb. to do sth. 挑战某人某事 挑战某人做某事 I challenged him to (play) a game of chess.我邀他下棋。 考点十 promise sb. sth. promise to do sth. make a promise keep one’s promise break one’s promise 许诺给某人某物 答应做某事 许下诺言 遵守诺言 违背诺言；说话不算数 (1)He promised me the book.他答应给我这本书。 (2)He promised to help us.他答应要帮助我们。 语法精讲 名词 考点一　名词辨析 一、名词的分类 名词即表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表: 类别 意义 例词 专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词 Lucy,China,the Great Wall,the Great Hall of the People 普 通 名 词 个体 名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball,dog 集体 名词 表示一群人或一类事物的词 family,police,class,group,team 物质 名词 表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小个体的物质的词 rice,water,porridge,air,wool,wheat,steel 抽象 名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 knowledge,danger,health,life,interest,love 二．知识拓展 常用近义词辨析 1.family,house与home 单词 意义 例句 family 指“家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房 My family are very friendly. 我的家人都很友好。 house house有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点 They lived in a small house. 他们住在一个小房子里。 home 作“家”讲时,指人们生活、居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境 He left home for Beijing. 他离开家去北京了。 2.job与work 单词 意义 例句 job 可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工” Selling newspapers is his part-time job.卖报纸是他的兼职。 work 不可数名词,指“工作,劳动” He has been out of work. 他失业了。 3.problem与question 单词 意义 例句 problem 一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,常与之搭配的动词是solve They still have some serious problems to solve.他们仍有一些严重的问题需要解决。 question 总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”,常与动词ask,answer等连用 He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。 4.voice,noise与sound 单词 意义 例句 voice 指人的嗓音 I recognized her voice at once. 我立刻听出了她的声音。 noise 吵闹声,不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声 Don’t make so much noise. 别这么大声嚷嚷。 sound 指人所听到的自然界的任何声音 I heard a strange sound from the empty room.我听到空房间里传来奇怪的声音。 5.cause,reason与excuse 单词 意义 例句 cause 造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”,后接介词of The police are looking into the cause of the accident. 警方正在调查事故的原因。 reason 说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,后接介词for You must tell him the reason for wanting to change your job. 你必须告诉他你想换工作的原因。 excuse (尤指不完全真实的)借口,托词 Late again!What’s your excuse for it this time? 又迟到了!这次你的借口是什么? 6.journey,trip与travel 单词 意义 例句 journey 适用范围很广,可指海、陆、空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行,强调往返性 It’s a long journey from here to Hong Kong.从这儿到香港的旅程很远。 trip 指短时间、短距离的旅行,强调往返性,与journey可互换使用 How was your school trip to the zoo last weekend?你们上周末去动物园的学校旅行玩得怎么样? travel 泛指旅游,不侧重往返性,可以是单程旅行 Many people are fond of travel. 很多人喜欢旅游。 随堂练习 选择适当的词填空 ①Tom regards Nanjing as his second　home　(family;house;home)because he has been here for over ten years.  ②Li Ling wants to be a singer.She thinks it’s an interesting　job　(work;job).  ③The　problem　was that he gave me no chance to answer his　question　(question;problem).  ④At the foot of the hill,you could hear nothing but the　sound　(voice;noise;sound)of the running water.  考点二　名词的数和格 一、名词的数 (一)可数名词的复数形式 1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)与不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数形式构成的部分规则如下: 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加-s 在清辅音后读/s/ 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/ 在t后读/ts/ 在d后读/dz/ cake—cakes bag—bags student—students bed—beds 以-s,-x,-sh,-ch等结尾的词 加-es 读/ɪz/ bus—buses　box—boxes　watch—watches 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 变y为i,再加-es 读/z/ baby—babies city—cities　country—countries lady—ladies 以元音字母加-y结尾的词 加-s 读/z/ toy—toys　monkey—monkeys 以f(fe)结尾的词 变f(fe)为ves 读/vz/ leaf—leaves　wolf—wolves　life—lives 以-ce,-se,-ze,-(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读/ɪz/ face—faces　orange—oranges 不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 读音改变 man—men　woman—women　foot—feet　tooth—teeth 单复数形式相同 读音不变 fish—fish　sheep—sheep　deer—deer Chinese—Chinese　Japanese—Japanese 其他形式 /maʊs/—/maɪs/ mouse—mice 2.某国人变复数 (1)中国人Chinese→Chinese (2)英国人Englishman→Englishmen (3)阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs 可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。 3.以-o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。如: Negro→Negroes 　　　 hero→heroes tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes 而其他一般在词尾加-s。如: zoo→zoos radio→radios 4.复合名词前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如: man teacher→men teachers boy student→boy students 5.字母、数字、引语或缩略词语的复数形式是在其后加-’s或-s。如: There are two fs in the word“office”. 单词office里有两个f。 Many VIPs are coming to our city. 许多重要人物将到我们市来。 6.有些以-f结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。如: roof→roofs 屋顶　　　belief→beliefs 信仰 proof→proofs 证据 chief→chiefs 首领 7.一些名词加-s后,读音会发生变化。如: bath/bɑːɵ/→baths/bɑːðz/洗浴 mouth/maʊɵ/→mouths/maʊðz/嘴 truth/truːɵ/→truths/truːðz/ 真理 youth/juːɵ/→youths/juːðz/ 青年男子 一．用所给单词的正确形式填空 ①The doctor told me to eat more 　fish　(fish)because it’s good for health.  ②Those you admire very much are called 　heroes　(hero).  ③How many 　women doctors　(woman doctor)are there in the hospital?  ④Most of the tourists on the coach are 　Germans　(German),and only two of them are 　Japanese　(Japanese).  二．选择填空 1.There are few 　　　in the fridge. Let's go and buy some peas, carrots and cabbages.  A.vegetables　　　 B.fruit C.meat　　　 D.eggs 答案　A　本题考查名词。few修饰可数名词复数,且根据后文的peas, carrots and cabbages可知,这里说的是蔬菜。故选A。 2.All the 　　　teachers and 　　　　students are having a meeting there.   A.women;girls　　　 B.women;girl C.woman;girls　　　 D.woman;girl 答案　B　本题考查名词。当名词作定语修饰另一个名词时,前一个名词用法相当于形容词,不能用复数形式,但man和woman除外,即当man和woman作定语修饰其他复数名词时,man和woman也要变成复数。在本句中,第一个作定语的名词是woman, 另一个是girl, 所以前者要变成复数women,后者保持单数girl。故选B。 (二)不可数名词的数量表达 1.概述:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语名词的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致。 2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,计量名词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如: a piece of paper一张纸 a drop of water一滴水 two cups of tea两杯茶 (三)注意 1.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如: work(工作)—a work(一部著作) glass(玻璃)—a glass(一个玻璃杯) paper(纸)—a paper(一份报纸/文件/试卷) tea(茶)—a tea(一杯茶) wood(木头)—a wood(一片树林) room(空间)—a room(一个房间) 2.有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。如: physics物理,maths数学,politics政治,news新闻 3.“数词+名词(+形容词)”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。如: She is a five-year-old girl.她是一个五岁的女孩。 (five-year-old不能说成five-years-old) a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币 a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞 a two-inch-thick dictionary 一本两英寸厚的字典 a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑 二、名词所有格 1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是􀆳s所有格,另一种是of所有格。如: Beijing is China’s capital. Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。 2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如: This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。 Lily and Lucy’s mother is a nurse.莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。 用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加-􀆳s表示所有关系。如: These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。 Wei Hua’s and John’s licenses are missing. 魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。 3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加-’;不以-s结尾的词在词尾加-’s。如: 教师节 Teachers’ Day　儿童节Children’s Day 4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如: the door of the room房间的门 5.双重所有格有两种形式:①of+名词所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。如: He is a friend of my brother’s.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。 Is she a daughter of yours?她是你的女儿吗? 注意　双重所有格和一般所有格的区别:a photo of John’s(照片属于John,但照片上的人不一定是John);a photo of John(照片上的人是John本人)。 6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上-’s代表全称。如: at the doctor’s 在诊所 7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词,如someone,everybody等和else连用时,-’s应加在else后。如: somebody else’s pencil别人的铅笔 8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加-􀆳s或-􀆳来构成所有格。如: (1)用于时间two weeks’ time 两个星期的时间 (2)用于度量thirteen tons’ weight 13吨的重量five hundred metres’ distance 五百米的距离 (3)用于价值a hundred yuan’s order一百元的订货单a million pounds’ note一百万英镑的钞票 (4)用于天体the earth’s satellite地球卫星 (5)用于国家Belgium’s capital 比利时的首都 (6)用于城市Changchun’s agriculture 长春的农业 一．用所给单词的正确形式填空 ①I’ve got a toothache, so I need to go to the 　dentist’s　(dentist).  ②It’s not far from here. It’s only five 　minutes’　 (minute)walk.  ③Yesterday I met a friend of my 　father’s　(father).  ④　Mother’s　(mother)Day is on the second Sunday of May every year.  5.The theme park is about　　　ride from the museum. You should start out right now.  A.two hour　　　 B.two hours' C.two hour's　　　 D.two hours 答案　B　本题考查名词。hour小时,为可数名词,前面有数字two修饰,应用复数形式,且此处意为“两小时的旅程”应用所有格形式。故答案为B。 一、语法选择 It was the district's sports meet. My 　1　 still hadn't recovered (痊愈) from an earlier injury. I had questioned whether or not I should attend the meet. But there I was, ready for the 　2　 run.  “Ready...set...” The gun sounded and we were off. The other 　3　 rushed ahead of me. I felt ashamed as I fell farther and farther behind.  “Hooray!” the crowd shouted. It was the loudest cheer I had ever heard at a meet. The first-place 　4　 was two laps (圈) ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line.  “Maybe I should give up,” I thought as I ran. However, I kept going. During the last two laps, I ran in 　5　 and decided not to race next year, even if my foot had healed by then.  When I finished, I heard louder 　6　. I turned around and saw that the boys were preparing for their own run. “They must be cheering for the 　7　,” I thought.  I was leaving the meet when several girls came up to me. “Wow, you've shown a lot of 　8　!” One of them told me. “We were cheering for you. Did you hear us?”  I had hope again and decided to stick to the run the next year. I realized that 　9　 and courage aren't always measured (衡量) in medals or victories, but in the 　10　 we overcome. The strongest people are not always those who win, but those who don't give up, even when they are losing.  1.A.foot　　　 B.feet　　　 C.hands　　　 D.hand 2.A.3,000 meter　　　 B.3,000 meter's C.3,000-meters　　　 D.3,000-meter 3.A.girl　　　 B.girls　　　 C.boy　　　 D.boys 4.A.runner　　　 B.runners C.runner's　　　 D.runners' 5.A.pain　　　 B.pains　　　 C.joy　　　 D.joys 6.A.cheer　　　 B.cheers　　　 C.noises　　　 D.noise 7.A.boy　　　 B.boys　　　 C.girl　　　 D.girls 8.A.courage　　　 B.courages C.success　　　 D.successes 9.A.failure　　　 B.failures C.strength　　　 D.strengths 10.A.trouble　　　 B.troubles C.difficulty　　　 D.difficulties 文章讲述了作者在校运会上带伤坚持参加三千米赛跑的经历。 1.A　本题考查名词单复数和词义辨析。根据第五段中even if my foot had healed by then可知,作者受伤的是一只脚。故选A。 2.D　本题考查数词和名词构成复合形容词。3,000-meter=3,000 meters'三千米的,用作定语,修饰名词run。故选D。 3.B　本题考查名词单复数和词义辨析。根据第六段中的I turned around and saw that the boys were preparing for their own run.可知,作者是女孩,the other girls指的是除作者之外的其他女孩。故选B。 4.A　本题考查名词。the first-place runner排在第一名的跑步选手,故选A。 5.A　本题考查固定短语。in pain痛苦地。故选A。 6.B　本题考查名词单复数和词义辨析。cheer欢呼,在本句中用作名词。根据上下文可知,观众被作者的精神所感动,当她通过终点线时,大家都高声欢呼。由于是众多人的欢呼声,所以用复数形式。故选B。 7.B　本题考查名词单复数和词义辨析。根据前一句I turned around and saw that the boys were preparing for their own run.可知,接下来是男子组赛跑了,所以作者认为大家肯定是为男生们欢呼。故选B。 8.A　本题考查不可数名词和词义辨析。courage勇气, 是不可数名词。作者带伤完成了比赛,是鼓足了很大的勇气才完成的,所以同学们对她表现出来的勇气极为赞赏。故选A。 9.C　本题考查名词单复数和词义辨析。根据上下文,与and后面courage相对应的应该是strength,而strength作“力量”讲时,是不可数名词,故选C。 10.D　本题考查名词单复数和词义辨析。根据设空处后面的定语从句we overcome可知应是克服困难,又因需要克服的困难有很多,所以应该用复数形式,故选D。 二、短文填空 A video star gets a job promoting tourism Tamdrin is a Sichuan man at the　1　of 20.He became famous unexpectedly after a photographer posted a 　2　of him on Douyin in 2020. In the video, he wore a traditional costume and smiled in front of the 　3　. Many netizens were attracted by his good 　4　 and innocent (天真无邪的) smile. They said that Tamdrin had “stars” in his eyes and that his 　5　 was “angelic and comforting”.  On November 19th, Tamdrin posted his first video on his own Douyin account. He introduced his white 　6　 in broken Mandarin. He said that his favorite hobby was horse riding. The video was viewed by more than 14 million people and attracted more than 1.8 million followers in one day.  Tamdrin has been given a 　7　 promoting tourism in Sichuan Province's Litang County by a company. He will get a monthly 　8　 of 3,500 yuan as well as insurance and subsidies.  1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　 6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　  语篇解读　 本文讲述了丁真意外走红网络并得到了一份促进家乡旅游业的工作。 1.age　本题考查名词。at the age of 在……岁时。 2.video　本题考查名词。根据下文In the video, he wore a traditional costume and...可知,摄影师上传的是丁真的视频。 3.camera　本题考查名词。根据上下文可知,丁真是在摄影师的摄影机前微笑。 4.looks　本题考查名词。根据下文的smile可知,此处指的是丁真的容貌。looks(尤指吸引人的)相貌,容貌。 5.smile　本题考查名词。根据上文innocent smile和本句中“stars” in his eyes可知,这里指的是丁真的笑容。 6.horse　本题考查名词。根据下一句He said that his favorite hobby is horse riding.可知,他介绍的是他的白马。 7.job　本题考查名词。根据文章标题可知,公司给丁真的是一份工作。 8.salary/wage/pay　本题考查名词。根据空前的monthly和空后的of 3,500 yuan可知,这里说的是丁真的薪水,故填salary/wage/pay都可以。 冠词 考点一　不定冠词a/an的用法 1.不定冠词a/an的基本用法 用法 示例 在叙述时用于第一次提到的人或物前 This is a book. 指人或事物的某一类别,以区别于其他种类 A plane is a machine that can fly. 泛指某人或某物 A young man is waiting for you. 用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一阵、一份、一类、一场”等 There’ll be a strong wind in South China. 用于可视为一个整体的两个名词前 a knife and fork “a+序数词”表示“又一,再一” The cake is delicious and I would like a second one. 用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“每一”的意思,相当于every five lessons a week 2.不定冠词a,an的区别 a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前 a teacher,a good student an用在以元音音素开头的单词前 an apple tree,an interesting story 注意:①判断一个词前用a还是an,是根据其读音,而不是根据其字母。我们可以这样记忆:不见元音不加an,不看字母看发音。 ②在26个字母中,前面用an的字母有:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x,其他用a。 ③要注意区别以“u”开头的单词:当“u”发/ʌ/音时前用an,如:an umbrella,an unusual story,an unhappy boy;当“u”发/juː/音时前用a,如:a university,a useful book。 3.含有a的常见固定词组: a few/little/bit一点儿;have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/rest游泳/散步/谈话/看一看/跳舞/喝点东西/休息;have a cold感冒;have a good time玩得高兴;in a hurry匆忙;for a while一会儿;keep a diary写日记;do sb.a favor帮助某人。 一．用冠词a或an填空 ①　an　hour ②　a　European country ③　a　“b” ④　an　“s” ⑤　an　orange ⑥　an　unusual story  ⑦　an　island ⑧　a　new bike ⑨　an　e-mail  ⑩　an　important invention 　a　useful book  　an　NBA player  　an　eight-year-old girl  　an　honest person   二．选择填空 1.Tony is a kind boy and I'm very lucky to have 　　　friend like him.  A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 答案　A　本题考查冠词。此处用不定冠词表示泛指,friend的发音以辅音音素开头,故选A。 2.As　　　teacher, it's important to be　　　good role model for their students.  A.the;a　　　 B.a;the　　　 C.a;a　　　 D.the;the 答案　C　本题考查冠词。根据语境可知这两处都表泛指,用不定冠词。故答案为C。 3.She is 　　　eight-year-old girl.  A.an　　　 B.a　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 答案　A　本题考查冠词。在这里表示数量“一”,所以用不定冠词;又因eight的发音以元音音素开头,因此其前应为an。故本题答案是A。 4.It takes us 　　　hour or more to go to my hometown by train.  A.a　　　 B.an C.the　　　 D./ 答案　B　本题考查冠词。根据句意可知,这里表示一小时。hour的发音以元音音素开头,所以此空应用an。故选B。 5.What 　　unusual school trip we had! I will never forget it.  A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 答案　B　本题考查不定冠词。trip为可数名词,使用不定冠词表示数量“一”。设空处后面的unusual的发音以元音音素开头,故选B。 考点二　定冠词the的用法 1.定冠词the的基本用法 用法 示例 表示双方都知道的人或事物 Give me the book,please. 特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物 Do you know the girl in red? 表示世界上独一无二的事物 The moon moves around the earth. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面以及对两个人或事物进行比较时的比较级前 The first lesson is very easy. He is the younger of the two boys. 用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻俩 The Greens are watching TV now. 用在单数可数名词前表一类人或事物 The orange is orange. 与某些形容词连用表一类人 We should help the old. 用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前,或由普通名词构成的专有名词之前 the Great Wall,the Summer Palace 用在表示方位或西洋乐器名称的名词之前 I like playing the piano. 口诀助记:特指双熟悉,上文已提及,世上独无二,序数最高级,普通专有名,习语及乐器。 2.定冠词可用于某些固定短语中,如: in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/晚上;in the daytime在白天;in the end最后;all the time一直;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说一下;in the open air在户外;at the age of在……岁时;at the beginning of在……开始时;on the other side of在……的另一边;in the middle of在……中间;at the moment现在 3.定冠词的位置 当定冠词与all,half,both,double等词连用修饰名词时,定冠词放在这些词之后。 Look!All the books are here. 瞧!所有的书都在这儿。 Both the boys are from Class 1,Grade 2. 这两个男孩都是二年级一班的。 They walked half the journey.他们走了旅程的一半。 4.定冠词和不定冠词易混点 ①序数词前用定冠词与不定冠词的区别 “the+序数词”表示“第几……”;“a+序数词(first除外)”表示“又一,再一”。 Give me a second chance,OK?再给我一次机会,好吗? ②a number of,the number of a number of意思是“一些”;the number of意思是“……的数目,……的数量”,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。 A number of students like playing computer games.一些学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。 The number of the students is about 1,500 in our school.我们学校学生数目大约是1,500。 一．用适当的冠词填空 ①　A　number of students from the US are visiting our school next month.Let’s get ready for it.  ②　The　number of the students from the US is twenty.Let’s get ready to welcome them.  二．选择填空 1.Tianwen 1 probe(探测器) sent 　　　first picture of Mars back to China in February, 2021.  A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the 答案　C　本题考查冠词。序数词前加定冠词the。故选C。 2.Everyone needs to know 　　　importance of rubbish sorting(分类).  A.an　　　 B.不填　　　 C.the 答案　C　本题考查冠词。the importance of...表示“……的重要性”,故选C。 3.This is 　　　story of friendship. Let's read 　　　story together.  A.a;an　　　 B.an;the　　　 C.an;a　　　 D.a;the 答案　D　本题考查定冠词、不定冠词的用法。第一个空填a,用于第一次提到的事物前,且story的发音以辅音音素开头。第二个空填the,特指上文已经提过的人或事物,故选D。 4.Leap is 　　　film on the Chinese women's national volleyball team. 　　　film is directed by Peter Ho-sun Chan.  A.a;A　　　 B.a;The　　　 C.the;The　　　 D.the;A 答案　B　本题考查冠词的用法。第一空泛指一部电影,用不定冠词;第二空特指前面提到的这部电影,用定冠词。故选B项。 考点三　零冠词的用法 1.下列情况用零冠词 不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时 Animals can’t live without water. Horses are helpful animals. 某些专有名词(如人名、地名、国家名等)、物质名词和抽象名词表示泛指时 China is a great country. Mary lives in New York. Paper is made from wood. 名词前已有指示代词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时 Every student likes English in our class. 在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前 This is Professor Li. 在三餐、球类运动及学科名词之前 I went to school without breakfast this morning. He often plays football after school. 由“专有名词+普通名词”构成的表示街名、路名、山名等的词前 Nanjing Road Hainan Island 与by连用的交通工具名称前 by car,by train 在节假日名称前 New Year’s Day,Women’s Day 2.在某些固定词组和习惯用语中用零冠词。如: day after day一天天地;face to face面对面地;side by side肩并肩地;hand in hand手拉手;from beginning to end自始至终;day and night日日夜夜;sooner or later迟早;husband and wife夫妻;at home 在家;by mistake 错误地;at first起初;at last最后;at once 立刻;at noon 在中午;at work在工作;on time准时;in surprise 惊奇地;at night 在晚上;on foot 步行;on business因公出差;on holiday 在度假;in class 在课上;go home回家;for example 例如;go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing 去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼 1.—Shall we play　　　basketball this afternoon?  —Good idea! Do you have　　　basketball?  A.the;a　　　 B.a;a　　　 C./;/　　　 D./;a 答案　D　本题考查冠词。球类运动前面不加冠词。第二空处是指有“篮球”这个物品,填不定冠词a,表示数量“一”。故选D。 二．知识拓展 有定冠词和无定冠词的区别 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 一、语法选择 There were two men who lived next to each other. One of them was a retired teacher and 　1　 other was 　2　 insurance agent (保险代理人). Both of them had planted many different plants in their gardens. 　3　 retired teacher rarely watered his plants and didn't pay 　4　 lot of attention to them. But 　5　 his neighbor was very careful with his plants and watered them often.  The retired teacher's plants were small, but still looked okay, while the insurance agent's plants were much bigger and greener. One night, there was heavy rain and wind due to 　6　 minor (较小的) storm. 　7　 next morning, both of the neighbors came out to check on their gardens. The insurance agent saw that his plants had been ripped from 　8　 ground and were totally destroyed. But the retired teacher's plants were not damaged at all but stood firm.  The insurance agent was surprised. He went to consult (咨询) the retired teacher. “We both grew 　9　 same plants and I cared for my plants better than you did. How could your plants still be okay?”  The retired teacher smiled and said, “Because you gave your plants too much attention. You made it too easy for them to grow. I gave my plants just 　10　 little bit of water, so their roots had to grow deeper to absorb (吸收) more water. That is why my plants survived.”  1.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 2.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 3.A.A　　　 B.An　　　 C.The　　　 D./ 4.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 5.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 6.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 7.A.A　　　 B.An　　　 C.The　　　 D./ 8.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 9.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 10.A.a　　　 B.an　　　 C.the　　　 D./ 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了邻居两人对待花草的不同态度和不同结果。 1.C　本题考查冠词。one...the other...一个……另一个……,故选C。 2.B　本题考查冠词。此处用不定冠词表泛指,且insurance的发音以元音音素开头,故选择B。 3.C　本题考查定冠词。retired teacher上文提到过,表特指,故选择C。 4.A　本题考查不定冠词。a lot of许多。故选择A。 5.D　本题考查零冠词。名词前已有形容词性物主代词限定,所以用零冠词。故选择D。 6.A　本题考查不定冠词。这里表示泛指,且minor的发音以辅音音素开头,故选择A。 7.C　本题考查定冠词。The next morning在此处特指暴风雨之后的第二天早上。故选择C。 8.C　本题考查定冠词。the ground 地面,是独一无二的事物,故选择C。 9.C　本题考查定冠词。the same 同样的,表特指。故选择C。 10.A　本题考查不定冠词。 a little bit of一点。故选择A。 二、短文填空 When you catch 　1　 endangered animal, it's right to set it free.  　2　 fisherman went above and beyond to save 　3　 dolphin after catching it in his net by accident. Many people got together to watch as 　4　 fisherman freed the dolphin from the net and then put it safely back into the water.  It took place in Purnia, India, on July 3, Southwest News Service reported.The animal was a Ganges River dolphin, 　5　 kind of endangered species(濒危物种) protected by the Indian Wildlife Act.  1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　  语篇解读　 本文是一篇新闻报道,讲述了一位渔民打渔时误捕到一只海豚,然后又把它安全放生。 1.an　本题考查不定冠词。此处用不定冠词表示泛指,且endangered的发音以元音音素开头,故填an。 2.A　本题考查不定冠词。在本文中,fisherman第一次提到,表示泛指,且它的发音以辅音音素开头,故填A。 3.a　本题考查不定冠词。此处泛指一只海豚,且dolphin的发音以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。 4.the　本题考查定冠词。在本句中,fisherman特指上文提到的渔夫。 5.a　本题考查不定冠词。不定冠词表泛指,故填a。 When a friend comes to you after a stressful day, how do you comfort them? Do you let them rant? Do you pour them a glass of wine? Those could work. But a new study finds that a very effective technique is also simple and easy. "Hugging." Michael Murphy is a psychology postdoc at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. He wanted to know if people who received hugs regularly could handle stress and conflict better. "Individuals who report perceiving the availability of a network of supportive individuals tend to show better adaptation when faced with stress." But just because you have a support network does not mean that you definitely feel that support. So some researchers have argued that many of the behaviors we use to support others who are stressed might actually be counterproductive because these behaviors might unintentionally communicate to others that they're not competent to manage stress. Murphy and his team interviewed 404 men and women every evening for two weeks. the researchers found that individuals who experienced a conflict were not as negatively affected if they received a hug that day as were participants who experienced conflict and didn't get a hug. Murphy and his team also saw that people who received a hug didn't carry the negative effect to the next day, while those who did not receive a hug would. Murphy does include this caveat: "So our findings should not be taken as evidence that people should just start hugging anyone and everyone who seems distressed. A hug from one boss at work or a stranger on the street—that could be viewed as neither consensual or positive." 1. What‘s the effective and simple technique when your friends are stressed? A：Pour them a glass of wine B：Let them rant C：Give them a hugging D：Work with them 2. What does the underlined word “definitely ” refer to? A：certainly B：successfully C：positively D：truly 3. How did the researchers get their result？ A：By comparing with the old statistics B：By doing some interviews C：By doing some psychological research D：By managing stress in person 4.What can we learn from the passage？ A: That you have a support network means you definitely feel that support. B：A hug from strangers could be viewed as neither sincere nor positive." C：Individuals who experienced a conflict were not as positively affected if they received a hug that day D: Giving your friends a hugging means they're not competent to manage stress. 译文： 当你的朋友经历了紧张的一天前来找你，你会怎么安慰他们呢?让他们破口痛骂一番?还是递给他们一杯酒?这些都是可行的，但一项新的研究发现，还有一种非常有效的简单方法：“拥抱”。 迈克尔·墨菲是匹兹堡卡内基梅隆大学的心理学博士后。他想知道，经常获得拥抱的人是否能更好地处理压力和冲突。“那些表示身处在具有支持性圈子里的人，会倾向于在面对压力时表现出更好的适应性。” 但仅仅因为你有一个具有支持性的交际圈子并不意味着你肯定感觉到这种支持。 “一些研究人员认为，我们用来支持受压者的许多行为实际上可能会适得其反，因为这些行为可能会在无意中向其他人传递出这样一种信息：他们没有能力调节压力。”墨菲及其团队在两周的时间里每天晚上都会进行采访，他们共采访了404名男性和女性。 研究人员发现，经历过矛盾冲突的人，如果在当天得到一个拥抱，那其受到的负面影响会小于那些经历了矛盾冲突但未获得拥抱的人。墨菲及其团队还发现，获得拥抱的人不会把负面影响带到第二天，而那些没有得到拥抱的人则会将负面影响带到第二天。 墨菲确实提出了这一警告：“我们的研究结果不应被当做‘人们应该开始拥抱任何看起来很痛苦的人'的证据。来自上司或街头陌生人的拥抱，可能既不真诚，也不积极。” 答案解析： 1.D 根据第一段中的“But a new study finds that a very effective technique is also simple and easy. "Hugging."”可知， 但一项新的研究发现，还有一种非常有效的简单方法：“拥抱”。可知答案为D项。 2.A根据前后文语境可知，But just because you have a support network does not mean that you definitely feel that support.此处指但仅仅因为你有一个具有支持性的交际圈子并不意味着你肯定感觉到这种支持。可知答案为A项。 3.B 根据第四段最后一句可知Murphy and his team interviewed 404 men and women every evening for two weeks. 他们共采访了404名男性和女性。可知答案为B项 4.B根据最后一段最后一句“A hug from one boss at work or a stranger on the street—that could be viewed as neither consensual or positive." 来自上司或街头陌生人的拥抱，可能既不真诚，也不积极。”可知答案为B ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ ( 第 2 页 共 20 页 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$