Unit 3 Sea Exploration Discover useful structures过去分词 讲义-2023-2024学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册

动词不定式【2019人教版高中英语语法知识】 Unit3 Sea Exploration 动词不定式 动词不定式(t0+动词原形)是非谓语动词的一种形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。不定式不受主语人称和谓语动词时态变化的影响。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。 1. 动词不定式的形式变化 时态变化 主动语态 被动语态 不定式的一般式 to do to be done 不定式的进行式 to be doing / 不定式的完成式 to have done to have been done 不定式的完成进行式 to have been doing / 2. 动词不定式的否定式:not +to do She persuaded me not to go to the dangerous area.她说服我不要去那个危险的 地方。动词不定式的句法功能 (1)动词不定式作主语 动词不定式(短语)作主语,谓语动词常用单数。 To see is to believe.眼见为实。 To climb up the mountain road is easy while to go down the hills is hard.上山容 易下山难。 温馨提示：有时为了避免头重脚轻,习惯将不定式移到后面，主语由it 代替,it叫作形式主语。 It is necessary for office workers to exercise regularly. 经常锻炼对上班族来说很有必要。 (2) 动词不定式作表语 动词不定式作表语,通常用来说明主语的具体内容或者性质。常见的用来作主语的名词有aim，duty， dream, hope, idea, plan, ambition， purpose ， work ,job 等。 A college counsellor's job is to help students adjust to college life. 大学辅导员的工作是帮助学生们适应大学生活。 His ambition is to reclaim the world championship title. 他的抱负是夺回世界冠军。 有些时候,系动词会是appear, seem, prove, turn out , remain等。 What students do at college seems to matter much more than where they go.学生 在大学里做什么似乎比去哪所大学重要得多。 温馨提示：当主语部分有动词 do或 do 的某种形式时,不定式作表语时通常省略to。 All I could do now is keep silent.我现在所能做的就是保持沉默。 (3)动词不定式作宾语 有些动词后面常跟动词不定式作宾语,常见的这类词有: hope，wish，expect, agree, promise，undertake(答应)， intend, want, aim，plan，desire，arrange，manage,decide, determine , pretend， choose， offer, demand， refuse , threaten ， prepare , fail , ask , learn 等。 She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund.当我们承诺把这笔钱放到她的教育基金 里时,她决定卖掉几件不太常用的较大的物品。 知识拓展： ①当不定式作宾语,且后面有自己的宾语补足语时,常常用it作形式宾语,将不定式放于宾语补足语之后。常见的有这种用法的动词有:consider，feel, find, make, think 等。构成的结构为:谓语动词+it +宾补 +to do。 They all feel it very hard to learn German.他们都认为学习德语很困难。 The rough road makes it difficult to get to the destination.崎岖不平的路使得到 达目的地变得困难。 ②动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但是个别介词(如 but， except)可以接不定式。常用的结构为:have no choice but to do sth, have nothing to do but/except do sth。此类结构遵循“前有do 后无 to”的原则。 This girl had no choice but to wait.这个女孩别无选择,只能等待。 She has nothing to do but sit quietly.她无事可做,只能静静地坐着。 (4)动词不定式作宾语补足语 动词不定式可以在某些动词后充当宾语补足语,常见的此类动词有:ask，cause，advise, allow,forbid, permit,force, instruct, want, order, encourage,persuade,remind，request,teach, tell, urge, invite , warn, command, enable等。 以ask为例子,表达肯定意思的结构为ask sb to do sth，表达否定意思的结构为ask sb not to do sth。 He asked me to give a presentation to the class.他让我给同学们做个演示。 The doctor advised him to stop smoking.医生建议他戒烟。特别注意①有些词不能用于这个结构中,如hope，suggest, demand,agree 等。 ②有些感官动词和使役动词后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,to 经常被省略。这些词有:五看( see ，watch,notice, observe , look at) ;二听( hear, listen to);一感觉(feel);三使役( make， have, let )。 需要注意的是,当上述动词用于被动语态时，to应还原。 The teacher made me wait while she talked to other students.这个老师在和其他 学生谈话,让我等一下。 Tom is always working hard, so he doesn't have to be made to study hard.汤姆学 习一直很刻苦,所以他不必让别人强迫他努力学习。 (5)动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语一般情况下会置于被修饰词的后面,并且与被修饰词构成一定的逻辑关系。 ①主动关系:被修饰词是不定式表示的动作的发出者。此时被修饰词通常被only，first, next，序数词或者形容词的最高级修饰。 He's always the first person of the team to put forward a solution to a problem.他总是团队里第一个提出问题解决方案的人。 ②被动关系:被修饰词是动词不定式表示的动作的承受者。此时需要注意,如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词,其后需要增加必要的介词。 There are many interesting things to see.有许多有趣的东西可以看。 You might think that with all these dangerous animals Australia is an unsafe place to live (in) or visit.澳大利亚有这么多危险的动物,你也许会认为在这里居住或 到这里旅游很不安全。 ③修饰关系:动词不定式对所修饰的词起到补充说明的作用。这些被修饰词一般为:wish，way, chance， ability, decision ，attempt,reason等。 You should grasp the ability to solve the complex problems.你应该掌握解决复 杂问题的能力。 ④动词不定式作定语有时也表示一种将来的动作。 We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.我们受邀参加下周五 在我们俱乐部举办的派对。 (6) 动词不定式作状语 ①动词不定式作目的状语 动词不定式作目的状语,有时为了强调可在前面加上in order 或so as,其中 in order to do 可以放于句首,但是so as to do 不可以放于句首。 注意,当不定式置于句末表示目的的时候,不可用逗号隔开;置于句首时,一般用逗号隔开。 She has turned down several invitations to appear on the shows in order to/so as to concentrate on her studies. = In order to concentrate on her studies, she has turned down several invitations to appear on the shows.为了专心学习,她已经拒 绝了几次参加演出的邀请。 ②动词不定式作结果状语 动词不定式作结果状语常用于以下结构:only to do 结果却做……(表示出乎意料的结果) too... to do 太……以至于不能做…… so/such... as to do 太……以至于做…… adj. /adv. + enough to do足够……做…… He hurried to the train station only to find that the train had left.他匆忙赶往火车 站,结果却发现火车已经离开了。 The box is too small to hold all these things.这个箱子太小，不能装下所有这些 东西。 Would you be so kind as to do me a favour?劳烦您帮我个忙好吗? I wouldn't get involved-he's old enough to fight his own battles.我不想参与-他已 经长大,能独自应付了。 ③动词不定式作原因状语 动词不定式作原因状语通常表示一些情绪上的原因,比如高兴、激动、遗憾、抱歉等。 I'm sorry to hear the bad news.听到这个坏消息,我很难过。 4.疑问词加动词不定式 疑问词加动词不定式通常可以扩展为一个名词性从句 Where to go hasn't been decided. = Where we should go hasn't been decided.我们 还没定下来要去哪里。 闯关训练 一、翻译句子,体会动词不定式的用法。 1. To save time is to lengthen life. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Our purpose is not to do it for you but teach you to do it by yourself. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears to have been told everything. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding card online to save their valuable time. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.How to reduce litter is what the environmental scientist is working on. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. This subway is the first to have been built in the city. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 二、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。 1.________ ( learn ) is to better live. 2.It was kind of you________ ( give ) me a helping hand. 3. Four people are said________ (be) seriously hurt in the accident. 4.All we have to do is ________ ( push) the button. 5.[课标全国ⅡI2020·改编]1 encourage readers________ (go) to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. 6. On the last day of our week-long stay , we were invited________ ( attend )a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore. 7.He didn't like his intention________ (laugh) at. 8.A growing trend in China now gives customers the options________ (pay) the bill by scanning a QR code or in cash. 9.If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades________ (come)，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world. 10.Jordan was the second player________ (score) more than3,000 points in a season. 11. The meeting________ ( hold ) tomorrow is very important. 12.There is nothing________ (worry) about. 13.It was too noisy in the room. She had to shout________ (hear). 14.Many parents don't take their kids' interests and ages into consideration,only__________(find) “More haste,less speed”-their kids’ curiosity is being killed. 15.Tom was proud________ (choose) as captain of our school football team. 16.The waste was left________ (clear) up. 三、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。 To live is 1.________ ( learn ).I love China and I'm happy 2.________ ( see )China developing so fast.3.________ (study) Chinese well, I decided 4.________ ( go ) to China last year, only 5.________ ( find ) living in China is more secure. Guns are forbidden 6.________ ( hold) by people, making gunshot cases rarely seen. Compared to many other countries, it is safer 7.________ ( walk ) in the street at night in China as there are monitors almost everywhere and the police are always the first 8.________ (show) up to protect you. I advise you 9.________ ( visit ) the great country10.________ ( feel ) its charm one day. 四、翻译句子。 1.我不懂法语,于是她主动给我翻译。(offer) _____________________________________________________________________ 2.父母到家的时候,他假装在睡觉。( pretend) _____________________________________________________________________ 3.我发现和她很容易相处。(it作形式宾语) _____________________________________________________________________ 4. 该活动的目的是告诉我们新鲜的空气多么的重要。(tell) _____________________________________________________________________ 答案： 闯关训练： 一、1.节约时间就等于延长生命。 2.我们的目的不是替你做这件事,而是教会你自己来做。 3.不允许将这些杂志带出阅览室。 4.一定要让你妈妈知道全部事实。看起来已经有人把一切都告诉她了。 5.开会期间我一直在看钟表,因为我要赶火车。 6.现在很多航空公司允许乘客在网上打印登机牌,以节约他们宝贵的时间。 7.这位环境科学家正在致力于研究如何减少垃圾。 8.这条地铁是该市修建的第一条地铁。 二、1.To learn 2. to give It 3. to be sb be said to do sth 4.push 5.to go 6.to attend 7. to be laughed 8. to pay 9. to come 10.to score 11. to be held 12. to worry 13. to be heard 14. to find 15. to be chosen 16. to be cleared 三、1. to learn 2. to see 3.To study 4. to go 5. to find 6. to be held 7. to walk it 8. to show 9. to visit 10. to feel 四、1.I don't speak French so she offered to translate for me. 2. He pretended to be sleeping when his parents arrived home. 3. I find it quite easy to get along with her. 4. The purpose of the activity is to tell us how important the fresh air is. ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$