02必修第一册重要语法突破讲义（人教版2019）-2024年高一英语培优提升暑假作业

02必修第一册重要语法突破讲义 目录 Part one 句子成分 Part two 现在进行时态 Part three 定语从句 第一部分句子成分 一、句子成分 构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。 二、基本句子结构 句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，其实英语中最基本的句式只有八种，其他各种句式都是由这八种基本句式演变而来。八种基本句式如下： 1．主语＋谓语(S＋V) The students are . 这些交换生正在登记。 We all breathe，drink and eat. 我们都要呼吸、喝水和吃饭。 2．主语＋谓语＋宾语(S＋V＋O) The students are doing an . 学生们正在做实验。 She usually puts off carrying out her promise. 她通常拖延履行她的诺言。 3．主语＋系动词＋表语(S＋P) He became a teacher of English. 他成了一名英语教师。 My brothers are all college students. 我的弟弟们都是大学生。 She looked a little . 她看上去有点生气。 4．主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 (直接宾语和间接宾语叫作双宾语)(S＋V＋IO＋DO) My sister told me a long story. 我姐姐给我讲了一个很长的故事。 The professor gave us an exciting lecture. 教授给我们做了一场激动人心的讲座。 5．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补(宾语和宾补统称为复合宾语)(S＋V＋O＋C) I found his very . 我发现他的设计让人印象深刻。 She kept us waiting for her answer for over a week. 她让我们等她的回音等了一个多星期。 I often hear her sing the German song in her lovely voice. 我时常听到她用迷人的声音唱这首德语歌曲。 6．主语＋谓语＋状语(S＋V＋A) My parents live in Taipei. 我的父母住在台北。 They are playing happily over there. 他们正在那边玩得很开心。 7．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S＋V＋O＋A) The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground. 大风把落叶从地面上刮了起来。 They know us very well. 他们非常了解我们。 8．There be... There aren’t many books on the shelf. 书架上没有多少书。 There is a chair，two desks，and a bed in the room. 房间里有一把椅子、两张桌子和一张床。 【过关检测】 Ⅰ.写出下列句子所属的类型 1．In other words，most of us are about our future. 2．Our teacher showed us an just now. 3．An old man was walking slowly and carefully. 4．The girl talked about her life. 5．The girl made her speech . 6．The sun was shining. 7．He is a new dress carefully. 8．There are ten boys in the classroom. Ⅰ.翻译句子 1．His words made the little boy more than before. 2．The travellers are the old temple now. 3．The new was really interesting. 4．I decided to give that a good lesson. 5．There are a few beautiful gardens on . Ⅱ.单句写作 6．现在在中学里这种活动变得很受欢迎。(主语＋系动词＋表语) 7．我们尚未决定什么时候再讨论这个问题。(主语＋谓语＋宾语) 8．奶奶昨晚送给我一个非常漂亮的布娃娃。(主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语) 9．每天早上我们都能听到他大声朗读英语。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语) 10．早睡早起是个好习惯。(主语＋系动词＋表语，动名词作主语) 11．最近10年，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。(主语＋谓语＋状语) 12．你会发现英语容易学。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语) 13．我认为一切都会好起来。(主语＋系动词＋表语) 第二部分：现在进行时态 一、现在进行时的基本用法 1．表示说话时正在进行的尚未完成的动作或状态。常与now，right now，at this moment，at present等时间状语连用。 What are you doing now，Bob? 鲍勃，你现在在干什么？ Look！What are they watching？看，他们正在看什么？ 2．表示目前一段时间正在进行的动作。 现在进行时可表示目前一段时间内在做某一件事，但此时此刻未必正在进行的动作。 George is working on a new book about stories in schools. 乔治在写一本关于校园故事的新书。 3．表示反复性、一贯性动作的用法。 现在进行时与always，constantly，all the time等副词(短语)连用时，可表反复性、一贯性动作，常用来表示赞扬、生气、不满、厌恶等感情色彩。 He is always asking for money.他老是要钱。 She is constantly changing her mind.她总是改变主意。 二、现在进行时表将来的用法 1．动词come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return等的现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，常有“意图”“安排”或“打算”的含义。这种用法比较生动，给人一种期待感。它常表示最近或较近的将来会发生的动作。 They are coming here this afternoon. 他们今天下午来这儿。 When are you starting？你们什么时候动身？ 2．除上述动词外，还有一些动词也可用现在进行时表示将来，如do，buy，meet，have，play，spend等，此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。 What are you doing next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么？ My mother is buying me a bike soon. 我妈妈不久将给我买一辆自行车。 I’m meeting you after class.下课后我要见你。 3．偶尔也表示较远的将来。 When I grow up，I’m joining the army. 我长大了要参军。 4．现在进行时也可用在时间、条件或原因状语从句中表示将来。 If they are not going，I won’t go，either. 如果他们不去，我也不去。 三、其他几种表示将来的结构 1．will/shall do表达单纯的将来时，是对未来事情发生的一种“预见性”。可用于说话时才想到或决定的事。will用于各种人称，而shall仅用于第一人称。 —I’m sorry.I forgot to post the letter for you. —Never mind.I will post it myself this afternoon. ——对不起，我忘了给你寄信了。 ——不要紧，今天下午我自己去寄。 注意：表示事先未经过考虑的打算、计划，是在说话时才想到或决定的事，即临时起意，这时通常用will。 —Where is the telephone book? —I’ll go and get it for you. ——电话号码簿在哪里？ ——我去给你拿。 2．be going to do用来表示近期或事先考虑要做的事情，以及有迹象表明将要发生的事。 Look at those black clouds；there’s going to be a storm.瞧那些乌云，眼看要有暴风雨了。 3．be to do表示预定、按计划或安排将要发生的动作。 The meeting is to take place early tomorrow. 会议明天一早召开。 4．be about to do表示马上就要发生的事，不与具体的时间状语连用，但可用于句型be about to do...when...“即将做某事，就在这时……”。 Be quiet！The film is about to start. 安静！电影马上开始。 She was about to leave when some guests came. 她刚要离开，这时来了一些客人。 5．一般现在时可表示按时刻表、日程表的安排所发生的将来的动作，也可用于状语从句中表示将来。 The next plane leaves at 6 pm. 下一班航班下午6点起飞。 If it is fine tomorrow，we will go to the Great Wall. 如果明天天气好，我们就去长城。 【过关检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．The students (play) games in the park at the moment. 2．The telephone (ring)．Would you answer it? 3．—Mr Jordan，we want to hear your opinion about the current NBA games. —OK，I (come) to that. 4．As soon as he (come) back，I will tell you. 5．Usually the new term (start) on August 29th. 6．—Did you tell Julia about the result? —Oh，no，I forgot.I (call) her now. 7．You are (hand) in your compositions after class. 8．Because the shop (close) down，everything is sold at half price. 9．My washing machine (repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand. 10．—Hi，let’s go skating. —Sorry，I’m busy right now.I (fill) in an application form for a new job. Ⅱ.完成句子 11．He in two hours to meet with his manager. 他两小时后将赴伦敦和经理会面。 12．We to attend an important meeting. 下周五我们将乘飞机去上海出席一个重要的会议。 13．—What are you going to do tonight? — the baseball game on TV. ——今晚你打算做什么？ ——我打算看电视上的棒球赛。 14．As ，people are busy preparing for it. 随着节日即将到来，人们在忙着为它做准备。 15．We for home when we were asked to practice singing. 我们正要动身回家，就在这时被叫去练歌。 Ⅰ.翻译句子 1．John is leaving for Shanghai by plane tomorrow. 2．We are flying to Beijing next Friday to join in an activity. 3．I’m not going out tonight.I am staying at home. 4．My plane takes off at 8：35，so I have got to hurry up. 5．Put on your coat.I am taking you to see the doctor. Ⅱ.单句写作 6．音乐会即将开始，你最好保持安静。 7．“这个时刻很快就来了，”他心里想，紧张地等待着。 8．那支曲子听起来很熟悉。谁在楼上弹钢琴？ 9．我一完成要做的事情就去图书馆。 10．这个周日他们将带孩子们去动物园。 第三部分定语从句 在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why等。 【语法精析】 一、关系代词的用法 1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 The number of people who were killed in the was over 100. 在那次灾难中丧生的人数超过了100。 He is the who I met yesterday. 他就是我昨天遇见的那个运动员。 2．whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。 The boy (whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。 注意：(1)关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who/that来代替。 The boy (who/whom/that) we saw yesterday is John’s brother. 昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。 (2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。 The man to whom you spoke just now is a relative of mine. 刚才和你说话的男人是我的一个亲戚。 3．which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 The gold (which) she won has been given to her old school. 她获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。 4．that既可以指人，相当于who或whom；也可以指物，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 The woman (that/who/whom) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold . 我在报纸上读过相关报道的那位女士，她刚刚赢得一枚金牌。 The report (that/which) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race. 特纳先生递交的报告是关于汽车比赛的。 注意： 1．宜用that不宜用which的情况 (1)当先行词是all，little，few，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词时。 All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做完了。 (2)当先行词被all，every，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。 Music is the only thing that interests me. 音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。 (3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most interesting story that I have ever read. 这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。 (4)当先行词中既有人又有物时。 She described in her composition the people and places that her most. 她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。 (5)当主语是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。 Which are the books that you bought for me? 哪些是你买给我的书？ 2．宜用which不宜用that的情况 (1)关系代词前有介词时。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 我过去住的房子现在已经变成了一家鞋店。 (2)在非限制性定语从句中。 Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl? 你读过这本由一个年轻女孩写的书吗？ (3)先行词本身就是that时。 What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？ (4)关系代词后有插入语时。 Here is the English grammar book which，I think，can help improve your English. 这就是那本我认为能帮你提高英语水平的英语语法书。 3．宜用who不宜用that的情况 (1)当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone。 Anyone who does that must be mad. 谁那样做都一定是疯了。 (2)当先行词是I，you，he，they等人称代词时(常用于谚语中)。 He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 (3)当先行词为指人的those时。 Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。 (4)在there be结构中，先行词指人时。 There is a young man who wants to see you. 有一个年轻人想见你。 4．whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“限定词＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋限定词＋名词”来代替。 Please pass me the book whose cover is green. (＝Please pass me the book the cover of which/of which the cover is green.) 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 This is the person whose story surprised everybody. 就是这个人的故事让所有人感到吃惊。 The classroom whose door is broken can hold 40 students. 那间门坏了的教室能容纳40个学生。 二、使用定语从句的注意事项 1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。 The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers. 地上放的那个手提箱是她的。 注意：“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French. 他是我们班男生中唯一一个学过法语的。 2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 [译]昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。 [误]The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening. [正]The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening. 3．关系代词的省略。 (1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。 (2)作动词宾语的关系代词可以省略。作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略；如果直接位于介词后，则不能省略。 We visited the house (that/which) Lu Xun once lived in. ＝We visited the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 我们参观了鲁迅曾居住过的房子。 (3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。 【过关检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．When people talk about Hangzhou，the first comes to mind is the West Lake. 2．The film you are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow. 3．I know the person house was in the . 4．We don’t know the number of people lost their homes in the . 5．Those want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7：30 pm. Ⅱ.完成句子 6．This is the hotel when I was travelling here. 这是我在这儿旅行时住过的旅馆。 7．Jack was her best friend . 杰克是她最好的朋友，从他那里她借了一辆车去旅行。 8．This is the very book . 这就是我正在找的那本书。 9．We are going to learn some Chinese poems in the Tang Dynasty. 我们将学习一些写于唐代的中国诗歌。 10．She is one of the girls who have passed the exam. 她是通过考试的女孩之一。 她是通过考试的女孩之一。 Ⅲ.用定语从句合并句子 1．Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her. →Last week Mary wore the dress 2．The girl is from America.Her father is a teacher. →The girl is from America. 3．The room is mine.Its windows face north. →The room is mine. 4．Do you know the man？The man spoke to the headmaster just now. →Do you know the man 5．The woman is my mother.You are looking after her. →The woman is my mother. 6．My grandparents live in a house.The house is more than 100 years old. →My grandparents live in a house Ⅱ.单句写作 7．它们的很有经验的主人把它们训练得很好。 8．这些青少年从为他们设计的活动中学到了很多。 9．我们在日常生活中遇到的这些小麻烦无关紧要。 10．那座房顶很旧的房子是我爷爷建造的。 11．他是我们班里学习最刻苦的学生之一。 【语法精析】 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，通常要用关系副词引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有where，when，why等。 1．关系副词where where引导的定语从句的先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place，room，house，spot，school，country等)，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。 The went into the hall where the meeting was being held. 专家们走进正在开会的大厅。 The office where the works is not far from here. 那位建筑师工作的办公室离这儿不远。 [温馨提示] where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：引导定语从句时，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前有表示地点的名词作先行词，从句修饰先行词；引导状语从句时，where是从属连词，从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的名词。 He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.(定语从句) 他使自己陷入了一种危险的情况，他很可能会失去对飞机的控制。 When you read the book，you’d better make a mark where you have questions.(状语从句) 读这本书的时候，你最好在有疑问的地方做一下标记。 2．关系副词when when引导定语从句时，先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如time，day，week，month，year等)，关系副词when在从句中作时间状语。 The came at a time when I least expected him. 那位冠军在我最意料不到的时候来了。 I’ll never forget the day when I against the . 我永远不会忘记我和那个家伙比赛的那天。 3．关系副词why why引导定语从句时，先行词常为reason，关系副词why在从句中作原因状语。 Do you know the reason why she is under great ？ 你知道她压力很大的原因吗？ [温馨提示]　关系代词和关系副词的选择 当先行词是表示时间的time，day等或表示地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语，应用关系代词that或which；如果缺少时间状语或地点状语，应用关系副词when或where。 I’ll never forget the days (which/that) we spent together.(which/that作spent的宾语) 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。 There was a time when he had to beg from door to door to .(when在从句中作时间状语) 有一段时间为了活下去他不得不挨家挨户乞讨。 His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.(which/that在从句中作主语) 他父亲在一家生产无线电零件的工厂里工作。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(where在从句中作地点状语) 我十年前住的房子已经被拆除了。 二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前，形成“介词＋关系代词”的结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which，whom 或whose。 1．介词的选用 (1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。 Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is known. 昨天我们游览了西湖，杭州因其而出名。 (2)依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。 I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定。 The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的、离开它我们就无法生存的气体叫做氧气。 [温馨提示] 有些“动词＋介词”短语如look for，look after，call on等，如果介词提前将会失去动词短语的意义，所以不可把介词置于关系代词前。 Is this the which she was looking for? 这就是她在找的那本小册子吗？ The babies whom the nurses are looking after are healthy. 护士们照看的婴儿都很健康。 2．“名词/数词/代词等＋介词of＋关系代词”结构 有时“介词＋关系代词”前还会有名词、数词、代词等，表示部分、整体、数量等概念。 The river，the banks of which are covered with trees，flows to the sea. 这条河流入大海，河两岸都是树。 The old woman has two sons，both of whom are doctors. 这位老太太有两个儿子，他们都是医生。 【过关检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Do you still remember the day we came to the ？ 2．I don’t know the reason he failed to attend the . 3．This is the his brother was born ten years ago. 4．Have you met the whom our teacher ？ 5．This is the farm which my father grows fruits and vegetables. 6．This is our English teacher whom we have learnt a lot. 7．I’ll never forget the day I spent with my cousins in the mountains. 8．The reason he explained at the meeting was not reasonable. 9．We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true. 10．Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big . Ⅱ.完成句子 11．We reached a situation . 我们到了不得不以暴制暴的地步。 12．Do you know the reason ? 你知道他缺席会议的原因吗？ 13．My brother and I went to the beach 我和哥哥去了海滩，我们在那里看了一些人打排球。 14．I still remember the cold night 我仍然记得我的好朋友离开家乡的那个寒冷的夜晚。 15．Have you visited the park 你参观过以英雄名字命名的那个公园吗？ Ⅲ.句型转换 1．I love my hometown.I feel proud of it. →I love my hometown . 2．There is a table in the house.There are some bananas on it. →There is a table in the house 3．I will remember the days forever.We spent the days together. →I will remember the days 4．There are forty students in our class.Twenty of the students in our class are girls. →There are forty students in our class， are girls. 5．We’ll go to see the famous singer.We have often talked about the famous singer. →We’ll go to see the famous singer Ⅳ.单句写作6．这就是我们要去见一位著名钢琴家的剧院。 7．这个女孩有很多朋友，其中一些很善良。 8．我们谈论的那个科学家出国了。 9．我不信任他的原因是他经常说谎。 10．我经常有这种情形：在电话里我听不出朋友的声音。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 02必修第一册重要语法突破讲义 目录 Part one 句子成分 Part two 现在进行时态 Part three 定语从句 第一部分句子成分 一、句子成分 构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。 二、基本句子结构 句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，其实英语中最基本的句式只有八种，其他各种句式都是由这八种基本句式演变而来。八种基本句式如下： 1．主语＋谓语(S＋V) The students are . 这些交换生正在登记。 We all breathe，drink and eat. 我们都要呼吸、喝水和吃饭。 2．主语＋谓语＋宾语(S＋V＋O) The students are doing an . 学生们正在做实验。 She usually puts off carrying out her promise. 她通常拖延履行她的诺言。 3．主语＋系动词＋表语(S＋P) He became a teacher of English. 他成了一名英语教师。 My brothers are all college students. 我的弟弟们都是大学生。 She looked a little . 她看上去有点生气。 4．主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 (直接宾语和间接宾语叫作双宾语)(S＋V＋IO＋DO) My sister told me a long story. 我姐姐给我讲了一个很长的故事。 The professor gave us an exciting lecture. 教授给我们做了一场激动人心的讲座。 5．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补(宾语和宾补统称为复合宾语)(S＋V＋O＋C) I found his very . 我发现他的设计让人印象深刻。 She kept us waiting for her answer for over a week. 她让我们等她的回音等了一个多星期。 I often hear her sing the German song in her lovely voice. 我时常听到她用迷人的声音唱这首德语歌曲。 6．主语＋谓语＋状语(S＋V＋A) My parents live in Taipei. 我的父母住在台北。 They are playing happily over there. 他们正在那边玩得很开心。 7．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S＋V＋O＋A) The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground. 大风把落叶从地面上刮了起来。 They know us very well. 他们非常了解我们。 8．There be... There aren’t many books on the shelf. 书架上没有多少书。 There is a chair，two desks，and a bed in the room. 房间里有一把椅子、两张桌子和一张床。 【过关检测】 Ⅰ.写出下列句子所属的类型 1．In other words，most of us are about our future. 主语＋系动词＋表语 2．Our teacher showed us an just now. 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 3．An old man was walking slowly and carefully. 主语＋谓语＋状语 4．The girl talked about her life. 主语＋谓语＋宾语 5．The girl made her speech . 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语 6．The sun was shining. 主语＋谓语 7．He is a new dress carefully. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语 8．There are ten boys in the classroom. There be...句型 Ⅰ.翻译句子 1．His words made the little boy more than before. 2．The travellers are the old temple now. 3．The new was really interesting. 4．I decided to give that a good lesson. 5．There are a few beautiful gardens on . 答案 1，他的话让这个小男孩比以前自信多了。 2，现在那些旅行者正在探索这座古庙。 3，这个新实验确实很有趣。 4，我决定好好教训一下那个家伙。 5，校园里有几个美丽的花园。 Ⅱ.单句写作 6．现在在中学里这种活动变得很受欢迎。(主语＋系动词＋表语) 7．我们尚未决定什么时候再讨论这个问题。(主语＋谓语＋宾语) 8．奶奶昨晚送给我一个非常漂亮的布娃娃。(主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语) 9．每天早上我们都能听到他大声朗读英语。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语) 10．早睡早起是个好习惯。(主语＋系动词＋表语，动名词作主语) 11．最近10年，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。(主语＋谓语＋状语) 12．你会发现英语容易学。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语) 13．我认为一切都会好起来。(主语＋系动词＋表语) 答案6，Nowadays this activity is becoming very popular in high schools. 7，We haven’t decided when to discuss the problem again. 8，Granny gave me a very beautiful doll last night. 9，Every morning we can hear him read English aloud. 10，Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 11，Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 12，You will find English easy to learn. 13，I believe everything will be all right. 第二部分：现在进行时态 一、现在进行时的基本用法 1．表示说话时正在进行的尚未完成的动作或状态。常与now，right now，at this moment，at present等时间状语连用。 What are you doing now，Bob? 鲍勃，你现在在干什么？ Look！What are they watching？看，他们正在看什么？ 2．表示目前一段时间正在进行的动作。 现在进行时可表示目前一段时间内在做某一件事，但此时此刻未必正在进行的动作。 George is working on a new book about stories in schools. 乔治在写一本关于校园故事的新书。 3．表示反复性、一贯性动作的用法。 现在进行时与always，constantly，all the time等副词(短语)连用时，可表反复性、一贯性动作，常用来表示赞扬、生气、不满、厌恶等感情色彩。 He is always asking for money.他老是要钱。 She is constantly changing her mind.她总是改变主意。 二、现在进行时表将来的用法 1．动词come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return等的现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，常有“意图”“安排”或“打算”的含义。这种用法比较生动，给人一种期待感。它常表示最近或较近的将来会发生的动作。 They are coming here this afternoon. 他们今天下午来这儿。 When are you starting？你们什么时候动身？ 2．除上述动词外，还有一些动词也可用现在进行时表示将来，如do，buy，meet，have，play，spend等，此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。 What are you doing next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么？ My mother is buying me a bike soon. 我妈妈不久将给我买一辆自行车。 I’m meeting you after class.下课后我要见你。 3．偶尔也表示较远的将来。 When I grow up，I’m joining the army. 我长大了要参军。 4．现在进行时也可用在时间、条件或原因状语从句中表示将来。 If they are not going，I won’t go，either. 如果他们不去，我也不去。 三、其他几种表示将来的结构 1．will/shall do表达单纯的将来时，是对未来事情发生的一种“预见性”。可用于说话时才想到或决定的事。will用于各种人称，而shall仅用于第一人称。 —I’m sorry.I forgot to post the letter for you. —Never mind.I will post it myself this afternoon. ——对不起，我忘了给你寄信了。 ——不要紧，今天下午我自己去寄。 注意：表示事先未经过考虑的打算、计划，是在说话时才想到或决定的事，即临时起意，这时通常用will。 —Where is the telephone book? —I’ll go and get it for you. ——电话号码簿在哪里？ ——我去给你拿。 2．be going to do用来表示近期或事先考虑要做的事情，以及有迹象表明将要发生的事。 Look at those black clouds；there’s going to be a storm.瞧那些乌云，眼看要有暴风雨了。 3．be to do表示预定、按计划或安排将要发生的动作。 The meeting is to take place early tomorrow. 会议明天一早召开。 4．be about to do表示马上就要发生的事，不与具体的时间状语连用，但可用于句型be about to do...when...“即将做某事，就在这时……”。 Be quiet！The film is about to start. 安静！电影马上开始。 She was about to leave when some guests came. 她刚要离开，这时来了一些客人。 5．一般现在时可表示按时刻表、日程表的安排所发生的将来的动作，也可用于状语从句中表示将来。 The next plane leaves at 6 pm. 下一班航班下午6点起飞。 If it is fine tomorrow，we will go to the Great Wall. 如果明天天气好，我们就去长城。 【过关检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．The students (play) games in the park at the moment. 2．The telephone (ring)．Would you answer it? 3．—Mr Jordan，we want to hear your opinion about the current NBA games. —OK，I (come) to that. 4．As soon as he (come) back，I will tell you. 5．Usually the new term (start) on August 29th. 6．—Did you tell Julia about the result? —Oh，no，I forgot.I (call) her now. 7．You are (hand) in your compositions after class. 8．Because the shop (close) down，everything is sold at half price. 9．My washing machine (repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand. (2018·天津) 10．—Hi，let’s go skating. —Sorry，I’m busy right now.I (fill) in an application form for a new job. 答案1.are playing 2.is ringing 3.am coming 4.comes 5.starts 6. will call 7.to hand 8. is closing 9.is being repaired 10. am filling Ⅱ.完成句子 11．He in two hours to meet with his manager. 他两小时后将赴伦敦和经理会面。 12．We to attend an important meeting. 下周五我们将乘飞机去上海出席一个重要的会议。 13．—What are you going to do tonight? — the baseball game on TV. ——今晚你打算做什么？ ——我打算看电视上的棒球赛。 14．As ，people are busy preparing for it. 随着节日即将到来，人们在忙着为它做准备。 15．We for home when we were asked to practice singing. 我们正要动身回家，就在这时被叫去练歌。 答案 11.is leaving for London 12.are flying to Shanghai next Friday 13. I’m going to watch 14.the festival is coming 15.were about to leave Ⅰ.翻译句子 1．John is leaving for Shanghai by plane tomorrow. 2．We are flying to Beijing next Friday to join in an activity. 3．I’m not going out tonight.I am staying at home. 4．My plane takes off at 8：35，so I have got to hurry up. 5．Put on your coat.I am taking you to see the doctor. 答案1.明天约翰要乘飞机动身去上海。 2.下周五我们要飞往北京参加一个活动。 3.我今晚不出去。我要待在家里。 4.我的航班在8点35起飞，所以我得快点了。 5.穿上外套，我要带你去看医生。 Ⅱ.单句写作 6．音乐会即将开始，你最好保持安静。 7．“这个时刻很快就来了，”他心里想，紧张地等待着。 8．那支曲子听起来很熟悉。谁在楼上弹钢琴？ 9．我一完成要做的事情就去图书馆。 10．这个周日他们将带孩子们去动物园。 答案6.The concert is about to begin.You’d better keep quiet. 7.“The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself，waiting nervously. 8.That piece of music sounds quite familiar.Who is playing the piano upstairs? 9.I’ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing. 10.They are taking their children to the zoo this Sunday. 第三部分定语从句 在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why等。 【语法精析】 一、关系代词的用法 1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 The number of people who were killed in the was over 100. 在那次灾难中丧生的人数超过了100。 He is the who I met yesterday. 他就是我昨天遇见的那个运动员。 2．whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。 The boy (whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。 注意：(1)关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who/that来代替。 The boy (who/whom/that) we saw yesterday is John’s brother. 昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。 (2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。 The man to whom you spoke just now is a relative of mine. 刚才和你说话的男人是我的一个亲戚。 3．which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 The gold (which) she won has been given to her old school. 她获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。 4．that既可以指人，相当于who或whom；也可以指物，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 The woman (that/who/whom) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold . 我在报纸上读过相关报道的那位女士，她刚刚赢得一枚金牌。 The report (that/which) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race. 特纳先生递交的报告是关于汽车比赛的。 注意： 1．宜用that不宜用which的情况 (1)当先行词是all，little，few，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词时。 All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做完了。 (2)当先行词被all，every，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。 Music is the only thing that interests me. 音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。 (3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most interesting story that I have ever read. 这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。 (4)当先行词中既有人又有物时。 She described in her composition the people and places that her most. 她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。 (5)当主语是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。 Which are the books that you bought for me? 哪些是你买给我的书？ 2．宜用which不宜用that的情况 (1)关系代词前有介词时。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 我过去住的房子现在已经变成了一家鞋店。 (2)在非限制性定语从句中。 Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl? 你读过这本由一个年轻女孩写的书吗？ (3)先行词本身就是that时。 What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？ (4)关系代词后有插入语时。 Here is the English grammar book which，I think，can help improve your English. 这就是那本我认为能帮你提高英语水平的英语语法书。 3．宜用who不宜用that的情况 (1)当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone。 Anyone who does that must be mad. 谁那样做都一定是疯了。 (2)当先行词是I，you，he，they等人称代词时(常用于谚语中)。 He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 (3)当先行词为指人的those时。 Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。 (4)在there be结构中，先行词指人时。 There is a young man who wants to see you. 有一个年轻人想见你。 4．whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“限定词＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋限定词＋名词”来代替。 Please pass me the book whose cover is green. (＝Please pass me the book the cover of which/of which the cover is green.) 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 This is the person whose story surprised everybody. 就是这个人的故事让所有人感到吃惊。 The classroom whose door is broken can hold 40 students. 那间门坏了的教室能容纳40个学生。 二、使用定语从句的注意事项 1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。 The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers. 地上放的那个手提箱是她的。 注意：“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French. 他是我们班男生中唯一一个学过法语的。 2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 [译]昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。 [误]The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening. [正]The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening. 3．关系代词的省略。 (1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。 (2)作动词宾语的关系代词可以省略。作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略；如果直接位于介词后，则不能省略。 We visited the house (that/which) Lu Xun once lived in. ＝We visited the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 我们参观了鲁迅曾居住过的房子。 (3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。 【过关检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．When people talk about Hangzhou，the first comes to mind is the West Lake. 2．The film you are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow. 3．I know the person house was in the . 4．We don’t know the number of people lost their homes in the . 5．Those want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7：30 pm. 答案1，that，2 that/which，3 whose，4 who/that，5 who Ⅱ.完成句子 6．This is the hotel when I was travelling here. 这是我在这儿旅行时住过的旅馆。 7．Jack was her best friend . 杰克是她最好的朋友，从他那里她借了一辆车去旅行。 8．This is the very book . 这就是我正在找的那本书。 9．We are going to learn some Chinese poems in the Tang Dynasty. 我们将学习一些写于唐代的中国诗歌。 10．She is one of the girls who have passed the exam. 她是通过考试的女孩之一。 答案6, (that/which) I stayed at 7 from whom she borrowed a car to travel. 8, that I am looking for. 9，that/which were written 10，who have passed the exam. 她是通过考试的女孩之一。 Ⅲ.用定语从句合并句子 1．Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her. →Last week Mary wore the dress 2．The girl is from America.Her father is a teacher. →The girl is from America. 3．The room is mine.Its windows face north. →The room is mine. 4．Do you know the man？The man spoke to the headmaster just now. →Do you know the man 5．The woman is my mother.You are looking after her. →The woman is my mother. 6．My grandparents live in a house.The house is more than 100 years old. →My grandparents live in a house 答案1，(that/which) I gave to her. 2 whose father is a teacher 3 whose windows face north 4 who/that spoke to the headmaster just now? 5 (that/who/whom) you are looking after 6 which/that is more than 100 years old. Ⅱ.单句写作 7．它们的很有经验的主人把它们训练得很好。 8．这些青少年从为他们设计的活动中学到了很多。 9．我们在日常生活中遇到的这些小麻烦无关紧要。 10．那座房顶很旧的房子是我爷爷建造的。 11．他是我们班里学习最刻苦的学生之一。 答案7 They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience. 8 These teenagers learned a lot from the activity that/which was designed for them. 9 The little problems that/which we meet in our daily lives don’t make a difference. 10 The house whose roof is very old was built by my grandfather. 11 He is one of the students who are working very hard in our class. 【语法精析】 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，通常要用关系副词引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有where，when，why等。 1．关系副词where where引导的定语从句的先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place，room，house，spot，school，country等)，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。 The went into the hall where the meeting was being held. 专家们走进正在开会的大厅。 The office where the works is not far from here. 那位建筑师工作的办公室离这儿不远。 [温馨提示] where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：引导定语从句时，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前有表示地点的名词作先行词，从句修饰先行词；引导状语从句时，where是从属连词，从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的名词。 He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.(定语从句) 他使自己陷入了一种危险的情况，他很可能会失去对飞机的控制。 When you read the book，you’d better make a mark where you have questions.(状语从句) 读这本书的时候，你最好在有疑问的地方做一下标记。 2．关系副词when when引导定语从句时，先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如time，day，week，month，year等)，关系副词when在从句中作时间状语。 The came at a time when I least expected him. 那位冠军在我最意料不到的时候来了。 I’ll never forget the day when I against the . 我永远不会忘记我和那个家伙比赛的那天。 3．关系副词why why引导定语从句时，先行词常为reason，关系副词why在从句中作原因状语。 Do you know the reason why she is under great ？ 你知道她压力很大的原因吗？ [温馨提示]　关系代词和关系副词的选择 当先行词是表示时间的time，day等或表示地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语，应用关系代词that或which；如果缺少时间状语或地点状语，应用关系副词when或where。 I’ll never forget the days (which/that) we spent together.(which/that作spent的宾语) 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。 There was a time when he had to beg from door to door to .(when在从句中作时间状语) 有一段时间为了活下去他不得不挨家挨户乞讨。 His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.(which/that在从句中作主语) 他父亲在一家生产无线电零件的工厂里工作。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(where在从句中作地点状语) 我十年前住的房子已经被拆除了。 二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前，形成“介词＋关系代词”的结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which，whom 或whose。 1．介词的选用 (1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。 Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is known. 昨天我们游览了西湖，杭州因其而出名。 (2)依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。 I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定。 The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的、离开它我们就无法生存的气体叫做氧气。 [温馨提示] 有些“动词＋介词”短语如look for，look after，call on等，如果介词提前将会失去动词短语的意义，所以不可把介词置于关系代词前。 Is this the which she was looking for? 这就是她在找的那本小册子吗？ The babies whom the nurses are looking after are healthy. 护士们照看的婴儿都很健康。 2．“名词/数词/代词等＋介词of＋关系代词”结构 有时“介词＋关系代词”前还会有名词、数词、代词等，表示部分、整体、数量等概念。 The river，the banks of which are covered with trees，flows to the sea. 这条河流入大海，河两岸都是树。 The old woman has two sons，both of whom are doctors. 这位老太太有两个儿子，他们都是医生。 【过关检测】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Do you still remember the day we came to the ？ 2．I don’t know the reason he failed to attend the . 3．This is the his brother was born ten years ago. 4．Have you met the whom our teacher ？ 5．This is the farm which my father grows fruits and vegetables. 6．This is our English teacher whom we have learnt a lot. 7．I’ll never forget the day I spent with my cousins in the mountains. 8．The reason he explained at the meeting was not reasonable. 9．We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.(2019·北京) 10．Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big . 答案1when，2 why,3 where，4 to5on，6from，7which/that，8that/which，9when，10where Ⅱ.完成句子 11．We reached a situation . 我们到了不得不以暴制暴的地步。 12．Do you know the reason ? 你知道他缺席会议的原因吗？ 13．My brother and I went to the beach 我和哥哥去了海滩，我们在那里看了一些人打排球。 14．I still remember the cold night 我仍然记得我的好朋友离开家乡的那个寒冷的夜晚。 15．Have you visited the park 你参观过以英雄名字命名的那个公园吗？ 答案，11 where we had to answer violence with violence. 12，why he was absent from the meeting? 13，where we watched some people play volleyball. 14，when my friend left his hometown 15，which/that was named after a hero? Ⅲ.句型转换 1．I love my hometown.I feel proud of it. →I love my hometown . 2．There is a table in the house.There are some bananas on it. →There is a table in the house 3．I will remember the days forever.We spent the days together. →I will remember the days 4．There are forty students in our class.Twenty of the students in our class are girls. →There are forty students in our class， are girls. 5．We’ll go to see the famous singer.We have often talked about the famous singer. →We’ll go to see the famous singer 答案，1 of which I feel proud.，2 where/on which there are some bananas. 3，which/that we spent together forever.，4 twenty of whom，5about whom we have often talked. Ⅳ.单句写作 6．这就是我们要去见一位著名钢琴家的剧院。 7．这个女孩有很多朋友，其中一些很善良。 8．我们谈论的那个科学家出国了。 9．我不信任他的原因是他经常说谎。 10．我经常有这种情形：在电话里我听不出朋友的声音。 答案，6，This is the theatre where we’ll visit a well­known pianist. 7，The girl has many friends，some of whom are very kind. 8，The scientist about whom we are talking has gone abroad. 9，The reason why I don’t trust him is that he often tells lies. 10，I often have the case where I can’t recognize my friends’ voice on the phone 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$