内容正文:
词类/词性
用法讲解
一. 冠词
是一种虚词,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物
中考关于冠词的考查要求是:冠词虽然只有a/an和the三个,却是中考必考语言点之一。题型一般以单项选择题为主,主要考查不定冠词的用法区别,定冠词和不定冠词的区别等,内容主要集中在表示类别的方法、定冠词表示特指、不用冠词的情况、冠词的习惯用法等。
1.1.不定冠词的用法:
不定冠词包括a/an,意思相当于one, 很多情况下可以译成“一”、“每”,但是不像one一样强调数量,有时可以不译出。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。
如:
We saw a good film last night. 昨晚我们看了一部好电影。
Please give me an apple. 请给我一个苹果。
1)表示一类人或者一类事物中的一个。
He’s an English teacher. 他是个英语老师。
2)泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明是何人或何物。
A girl is waiting for you at the school gate. 一个女孩在校门口等你。
3) 用在事物的单位,如时间、速度、价格等前,表示“每一”。
-How much are the oranges? 桔子多少钱?
-Two yuan a kilo. 每公斤两元。
4) 用在某一些固定搭配的短语中。
如:
a lot of 许多 a little/ a few 一点
after a while 一会儿 in a hurry 匆忙地
have a look 看一看 have a good time 玩得高兴
have a cold 感冒
2. 定冠词的用法:
定冠词the主要对后面的名词起限定作用,“特指”是它的主要功能。
1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。
The apple on the plate is for you. 盘子里的苹果是你的。
2) 说话双方都知道的人或者事物。
Please go and close the door. 请过去把门关上。
3) 指上文刚提到的人或物。
I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful.
我在箱子里发现了一幅画。那幅画非常美丽。
4) 用在世界上独一无二的事物前面。
The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。
5) 用在序数词和形容词的最高级前面。
You are the best student in our school. 你是我们学校最好的。
Don’t put off what you should do to the last second.
不要把该做的事拖到最后时刻。
6) 与单数名词连用,表示某类人或事物。
The tiger is a fierce animal. 老虎是一种凶猛的动物。
7) 用在演奏的乐器名称和文艺活动场所前。
The little girl likes playing the violin.
那个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。
8) 用在某一些固定搭配的习惯用语中。
in the morning 在上午 by the way 顺便说一下
at the same time 同时 all the time 一直
in the middle of 在……中间 make the bed 铺床
3. 不用冠词(零冠词)的情况:
1) 物质名词表示泛指时不用冠词。
Wood can be used to make paper. 木材可以用来造纸。
2)抽象名词表示一种概念时不用冠词。
Music is a language which can bring people pleasure.
音乐是一种能给人们带来快乐的语言。
3) 表示国名、地名、人名、城市、街道和字首为Mount的山及大多数湖泊的专有名词前不用冠词,
如:China,Mary,Mount Tai。
4)四季、月份、节假日、日期和星期等名词前不用冠词。
They will have a football match on Friday.
星期五他们将有一场足球赛。
注意:当谈论具体的季节、日期和中国传统节日时常用定冠词。
I don’t like the spring of Beijing. It’s too sandy.
我不喜欢北京的春天,沙尘太多了。
5) 一日三餐、球类运动前不用冠词。
My brother is playing basketball with his friends now.
我弟弟正在和朋友们打篮球。
6) 表示学科、语言的名词前不用冠词。
Physics is more popular than any other subject in our school.
我们学校物理比其他学科更受欢迎。
7)名词复数表示一类人或事物不用冠词。
Pandas are very lovely animals. 熊猫是很可爱的动物。
8) 某些习惯用语中不用冠词。
如:at school 在校学习 in hospital 住院 go to bed 上床睡觉
face to face 面对面 on foot 步行 by bus 乘公共汽车
单项选择
1.—Are you free on weekends?
—Yes,I am going to have ___ picnic on Sunday.
A.the; an B.a; the
C.a; / D.an; /
【解析】考查冠词的用法。第一个空,have a picnic“去野餐”,固定短语;第二个空,月份、星期等名词前不加冠词,空格后面是Sunday(星期天),因此前面不用冠词。故选C。
C
2.Natalia, ___ exchange student from Spain, is university student in Sichuan now.
A.a; an B.an; the
C.an; a D.a; the
【解析】考查冠词的用法。第一个空表示“一个”,后面的单词exchange以元音音素开头,所以用an;第二个空表示“一个”,university是以辅音音素开头的单词,所以用a。故选C。
C
3.Ben watched Tom and Jerry yesterday. ____ cartoon made him laugh.
A.A B.An
C.The D./
【解析】考查冠词的用法。a“一个”,修饰以辅音音素开头的单词;an“一个”,修饰以元音音素开头的单词;the表示特指;/零冠词。这里特指前面提到的卡通片,用定冠词the。故选C。
C
4.My brother Tom can play ___ ping-pong well, but he can't play violin.
A./; the B.the; the
C.the; / D./; a
【解析】考查冠词的用法。play后接球类运动,不加冠词;play后接乐器,应加定冠词the。故选A。
A
5.—What's the most important tradition in a Chinese family?
—We must care for ___ old.
A.a B.the
C./ D.a
【解析】考查冠词的用法。空处句意为“我们必须关爱老人”,“the+形容词”表示一类人,为固定用法。故选B。
B
6.—Do you know how large ___ sun is?
—Yes.It is about 1300,000 times larger than the earth.
A.a B./
C.the D.an
【解析】考查冠词的用法。a“一个”,修饰以辅音音素开头的单词;/零冠词;the表示特指;an“一个”,修饰以元音音素开头的单词。这里修饰独一无二的名词sun,用定冠词the。故选C。
C
二. 数词
表示数目多少或者顺序先后的词叫数词,它有两种形式:表示数目多少的叫基数词。
中考关于数词的考查要求是:基数词表示数目和号码的用法;基数词表示年级、班级、房间和编号的用法;hundred,thousand,million和billion的用法;序数词表示次序的用法;分数的表达方式及用法;定冠词the和序数词连用知识点等。
1.基数词:
A. 基数词的构成:
(1) 1-12的基数词是:one 1,two 2,three 3, four 4, five 5, six 6, seven 7, eight 8, nine 9, ten 10, eleven 11,twelve 12。
(2) 13-19的基数词:分别在3-9的基数词后加词缀-teen,但要注意几个特殊变化的基数词:13-thirteen,15-fifteen,18-eighteen。
(3) 20-90的逢十的基数词:分别在2-9的基数词后加-ty构成,即:20-twenty,30-thirty, 40-forty,50-fifty,60-sixty,70-seventy,80-eighty,90-ninety。(注意20,30,40,50,80拼写的特殊变化。)
(4) 21-29的基数词:由十位数20的单词形式twenty加个位数1-9构成。中间用连字符。即:21-twenty-one,22-twenty-two,23-twenty-three,24-twenty-four,25-twenty-five,26-twenty-six,27-twenty-seven,28-twenty-eight,29-twenty-nine。其他的十位数照此类推。
(5) 百位数是由1-9加hundred构成。例如:200-two hundred。有百位数、十位数和个位数的三位数,百位数和十位数之间用and连接。例如:127-one hundred and twenty-seven。
(6) 千位数是由1-9加thousand构成,后面的百位数、十位数和个位数与前面的构成方法一样。例如:3000-three thousand。1,149-one thousand one hundred and forty-nine。英语没有“万”这个单位。10,000-ten thousand。十万用one hundred thousand,但有百万这个单位million。
B. 基数词应用的几点注意事项:
(1) 基数词可以用来表示年级、班级、房间号码、电话号码和编号。并且表示单位词的开头字母要大写。
如:I am in Class Five, Grade Nine. 我在九年级五班。
Tomorrow we are going to learn Lesson Five. 明天我们将要学习第五课。
(2) 基数词作为数字在句子中作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,但是代表可数名词的 复数形式时要用复数。
例如:In the western countries, people think thirteen is unlucky number.
在西方国家,人们认为13是一个不吉利的数字。
Two of them are from America. 他们中有两人是从美国来的。(Two = Two people)
(3) 基数词的单位hundred,thousand,million和billion等用来表示具体数目,前面有具体的基数词时,这些词的后面不加-s。但是当hundred,thousand,million和billion等用来表示不具体的数目时用“hundreds/ thousands/millions/ billions of +名词”来表示,这些词的前面也不用具体的基数词。
如:There are ten hundred students in our school.
我们学校有1000名学生。
We have already planted thousands of trees on the farm.
我们在农场里已经种植了成千上万棵树。
2. 序数词:
A. 序数词的构成:
(1) 1-19的序数词除了第一(first),第二(second)和第三(third)之外,其他的序数词是由基数词加后缀-th构成的。
如:第四-fourth,第六-sixth,第七-seventh等。
注意:
几个序数词的特殊变化:fifth 第五,eighth 第八,ninth 第九,twelfth 第十二。
(2) 逢十的序数词的构成方法是:先将“几十”的基数词的词尾-ty变为-tie再加th。
如:第20-twentieth,第30-thirtieth,第40-fortieth。
(3) 两位数的序数词如果包含1-9的个位数,十位数用基数词,个位数用序数词。
如:第21(twenty-first),第34(thirty-fourth)等。
(4) 百、千、万的序数词有hundred-hundredth,thousand-thousandth等。
B. 序数词的用法:
(1) 序数词在句子中主要作定语,有时也可以用作主语、宾语和表语。
如: The sixth man went forward to feel the elephant.
第六个人走上前去摸象。
I think the first is better than the second.
我认为第一个比第二个好。
My sister is the fourth in this exam.
我妹妹这次考试是第四名。
(2) 定冠词the和序数词连用表示顺序。不定冠词a/an和序数词连用表示“又一、再一”的意思。
如:You are the second and I am the fourth. 你第二,我第四。(表示顺序)
Can you do it a third time? 你能再做一次吗?(已经做过两次了)
3. 分数表示法:
分数是以基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母,除了分子是“1”的情况外,分母的序数词都要用复数。
a half 1/2 one third 1/3 two thirds 2/3 a (one) quarter 或one fourth 1/4
分数在句子中作主语的时候,谓语动词的单、复数形式由of后面的名词来决定。如果of后面的名词是可数名词的复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式;如果of后面的名词是不可数名词,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
如:It is said that two thirds of information on the Internet is not true.
据说互联网上三分之二的信息是不真实的。
Two fifths of the students in my class are from the village.
我们班五分之二的学生来自那个村子。
4. 年、月、日、时的表示法
(1) 年代
890 eight hundred and ninety 1984 nineteen eighty-four
2000 two thousand 2009 two thousand and nine
1990’s (1990s) nineteen nineties 二十世纪九十年代
(2) 日期
September 1, 2009, 读作:September the first, two thousand and nine
(3) 时刻
数字写法 读法
8:00
8:10
8:15 8:30 8:40 8:45 eight o’clock
ten past eight
(a) quarter past eight half past eight twenty to nine
(a) quarter to nine eight
eight ten eight fifteen eight thirty eight forty eight forty-five
practice
根据句意填空。
1.The _________ (one) day of July is my birthday.
2.My grandpa is____________(八十) years old, he keeps doing exercise every day.
3.My friend liked Huanggang when he came to the city for the_________(one) time.
4.—What’s this?
—It is__________apple.
5.He would like to buy two__________(kilos/bag) of rice.
first
eighty
first
an
kilos
practice
根据句意填空。
6.Thanks for listening and hope you have ___________ good time here in Sea World.
7.I was dreaming ________ terrible dream when suddenly I was woken up.
8.What _________ great shame it was not to include _________ Greens!
9.I go on _________ picnic every month, but I visit the museum twice _______ month.
10.It’s _______ yellow jacket.
a
a
a
the
a
a
a
practice
根据句意填空。
11.This is the __________(第三) time that I have been in Nanjing.
12.Tomorrow is his ________(第十二) birthday, and a wonderful party will be held on it.
13.Two ________ of the students in our school suffer from stress. (nine)
14.You should take the medicine __________a day, in the morning and in the evening.
15.Two__________(five) of the desks__________(be) old in this school.
third
twlefth
ninths
twice
fifths
are
practice
1.—Look! A lot of people are waiting in line.
—Yes. _____ them is more than two _____ .
A. A number of; hundred B. The number of; hundred
C. The number of; hundreds D. A number of; hundreds
2.Ann will be in her _____, and we'll have a party to celebrate her _____birthday.
A. ninety; ninetieth B. nineties; ninetieth
C. ninety; nineties D. nineties; ninety
B
A
practice
3.—______ does it take her to get to school?
—It takes her about _____ minutes.
A. How far, twenty-five B. How long, twenty-five
C. How far, twenty five D. How long, twenty five
4.I think it is _____ useful book for me.
A.a B.an C.the D./
5.China is _____ Asian country while England is _____ European country.
A.an; an B.a; a C.an; a D.a; an
B
B
C
practice
6.—Who’s _____ man on the computer?
—He is our English teacher, _____ excellent teacher in our school.
A. the, the B. a, an C. the, an D. a, the
7.Wu Dajing, a _____ Chinese skater, set a new world record at the Short Track World Cup in 2018.
A.27-years-old B.27 year old C.27-year-old D.27 years old
C
C
practice
8.The weekend is coming. About two ________students join the afternoon classes.
A. hundreds B. hundred of C. hundred D. hundreds of
9.It is said that ______ of the countries are developing countries.
A. two-thirds B. two-three C. two-third D. second-three
21.—Jack, you missed _____ "U" in _____ word "usually".
—Sorry, sir.
A.a; the B.an; the C.a; a D.the; the
C
A
A
THANKS
$$