2024届高考英语用后置法搞定阅读长难句主从复合句定语从句翻译讲义

1、 高考英语阅读长难句主从复合句定语从句结构后置翻译法 所谓后置法，是指把定语从句独立成句，翻译到所修饰的先行词之后。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很密切，往往采用后置法。而在高考英语英语翻译中，有时划线句子所包含的定语从句虽是限制性的，但由于从句嵌套等原因，使得定语从句较复杂，这时如果直接将之翻译到所修饰的定语从句之前，就会显得臃肿不堪，读起来也会离汉语表达习惯相差万里，因此我们只能另辟蹊径，采取后置法。具体操作方式是，过重复先行词或者重复先行词的对应代词来引出定语从句的内容。下面过具体的例子进行详细说明。 　　1)One place where children can improve various kinds of language knowledge is school , which is , by its real truth of language nature , a highly educational institution . 　　2)They have been debated partly by criminal tracking evidence made available in 1998 , which almost certainly helped Thomas Jefferson had found out the real truth of murdering his wife. 　　3)Immigrants are quickly fitting into this language and the other kinds of culture , which may not be altogether getting some improvement but is hardly difficult . 　　上面这三个句子中出现了三个定语从句，这些从句本身较复杂，且作为非限制性定语从句，与各自先行词的关系也不密切，我们可以考虑采用后置法。第一个句子的定语从句which is , by its real truth of language nature , a highly educational institution .中包含一个插入语，较复杂，修饰先行词school第二个句子的定语从句中which almost certainly helped Thomas Jefferson had found out the real truth of murdering his wife.介词短语较多，较复杂，修饰先行词criminal tracking evidence 第三个句子的定语从句中which may not be altogether getting some improvement but is hardly difficult .包含两个并列的谓语，较复杂。明晰了这些定语从句及其先行词后我们就可以着手翻译了。以下是参考译文： 1)孩子们可以提高各种语言知识的一个地方是学校，从其语言本质的真实情况来看，学校是一个高度教育的机构。 2)1998年提供的犯罪追踪证据，几乎可以肯定地帮助托马斯·杰斐逊找出了谋杀他妻子的真相。 3)移民们正在迅速适应这种语言和其他类型的文化，这可能还没有完全得到一些改善，但并不困难。 ⭐对于起限定作用的定语从句,如果结构较为复杂,句子太长,无法译成前置的定语,最好就译成一个后置的并列分句,这样会更合乎汉语的习惯。如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，往往译成后置的并列分句。 Our operation against terror and war is a symbol of determined heart and mind will in which perseverance is power. 我们打击恐怖主义和战争的行动象征着坚定的意志和意志，坚持就是力量。 ⭐后置翻译法的方法论： (1)结构较复杂的定语从句常汉译成后置的并列分句,在多数情况下要重译先行词;有时即便句子不长,出于某种原因需要强调先行词,也需重译先行词。也就是说译成并列分句，重复英语先行词: They are making the effort to the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past,many Chinese have give up their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每一个中国人所向往的，在过去，许多中国人曾为此献出生命。 (2)有些定语从句汉译时译成后置分句,但可不重译先行词,译文仍然符合汉语习惯。译成并列句，省略英语先行词: lt is he who focused on the news of car accident and received the email that declared the cause of the car accident which happens to his uncle and aunt. 是他关注了车祸的新闻，收到了宣布车祸原因的邮件，这是发生在他叔叔和阿姨身上的。 2、 高考英语阅读长难句真题演练 【出自：2023年高考英语新课标一卷】 In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time (that) most now spend on mindless device use. that引导定语从句修饰the time;such as 后接同位语补充修饰issues 在这些章节中，我研究了一些问题，比如独处的重要性和培养高质量休闲的必要性，以取代现在大多数人花在盲目使用电子设备上的时间。 【出自：2023年高考英语新课标一卷】 The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. that引导表语从句；when引导时间状语从句；that引导定语从句修饰smaller groups 这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。 【出自：2023年高考英语新课标一卷】 They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction (that) they had with nature in the park. asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction是现在分词作伴随状语；that引导定语从句修饰meaningful interaction 他们调查了几百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。 3、 高考英语阅读逐个句子翻译 【出自：浙江省镇海中学2024届校模拟考英语试题阅读C篇】 One of the biggest privileges of being a biologist is spending time in remote locations with monkeys and apes, living near these animals in their habitats and experiencing their daily lives. living near these animals in their habitats and experiencing their daily lives现在分词作伴随状语 翻译：作为一名生物学家最大的特权之一就是花时间在偏远的地方和猴子和猿在一起，住在这些动物的栖息地附近，体验它们的日常生活。 As a 21st-century human, I have an immediate impulse to take pictures of these encounters and share them on social media. 作为一个21世纪的人类，我有一种立即的冲动，要把这些遭遇拍下来，并在社交媒体上分享。 Social media can help scientists raise awareness of the species we study, promote their conservation and obtain jobs and research funding. 社交媒体可以帮助科学家提高对我们研究的物种的认识，促进对它们的保护，并获得工作和研究资金。 However, sharing images of wild animals online can also contribute to illegal animal trading and harmful human-wildlife interactions. 然而，在网上分享野生动物的图片也会助长非法动物交易和有害的人类与野生动物的互动。 My research seeks to find ways for scientists and conservationists to better use the power of social media while avoiding its risks. 我的研究旨在为科学家和环保主义者找到更好地利用社交媒体力量的方法，同时避免其风险。 My colleague, ecologist Cathryn Freund, and I think we have some answers. 我的同事，生态学家凯瑟琳·弗洛伊德和我认为我们已经有了一些答案。 In our view, wildlife professionals should never include themselves in pictures with animals. 在我们看来，野生动物专业人士不应该把自己和动物合照。 We also believe that featuring baby animals and animals interacting with humans leads viewers to think about these creatures in ways that are counterproductive to conservation. 我们还认为，以小动物和动物与人类互动为特色，会让观众以不利于保护的方式思考这些生物。 In a study published in 2023, my colleagues and I created two Instagram posts - one showing a human near a wild gorilla, the other focusing on a gloved human hand holding a loris(蜂猴). 在2023年发表的一项研究中，我和我的同事们在Instagram上发布了两篇文章——一篇是一个人靠近一只野生大猩猩，另一篇是一个戴着手套的人拿着一只懒猴(蜂猴)。 Half of these photos carried basic captions(图注) like "Me with a mountain gorilla" or "Me with my research subject"; the other half included more detailed captions that also stated," All animals are observed" or "captured and handled safely and humanely for research with the proper permits and training." 这些照片中有一半带有基本的说明文字(图注)，比如“我和山地大猩猩”或“我和我的研究课题”;另一半则包括更详细的说明文字，上面还写道:“所有动物都被观察到”或“在获得适当许可和培训的情况下，安全、人道地捕获和处理，用于研究。” We showed over 3,000 adults one of these Instagram posts and asked them to complete a survey. 我们向3000多名成年人展示了其中一条Instagram帖子，并要求他们完成一项调查。 The results shocked us. 结果令我们震惊。 Viewers who saw the Instagram posts with the more detailed caption recognized that the picture was about research. who引导定语从句修饰viewers 看到带有更详细说明的Instagram帖子的观众认出这张照片是关于研究的。 But regardless of the caption, more than half of the viewers agreed or strongly agreed that they would want to seek out a similar experience with the loris or gorilla. that引导宾语从句 翻译：但不管标题是什么，超过一半的观众同意或强烈同意他们想要寻找与懒猴或大猩猩相似的经历。 Over half of the viewers agreed or strongly agreed that they would want these animals as pets and that the animals would make good pets. 超过一半的观众同意或强烈同意他们想要这些动物作为宠物，这些动物会成为很好的宠物。 【出自：浙江省镇海中学2024届校模拟考英语试题阅读D篇】 The book has a unique status as a symbol of human culture and civilization. 作为人类文化和文明的象征，这本书具有独特的地位。 It is a vehicle for sharing stories, spreading knowledge, examining the nature of our extraordinary species and imagining what lies beyond our known world. examining the nature of our extraordinary species and imagining...现在分词作伴随状语；what引导宾语从句 它是一个分享故事、传播知识、研究我们这个非凡物种的本质、想象我们已知世界之外的东西的载体。 As Carlyle suggests, books ultimately provide an invaluable and comprehensive record of what it means to be human. 正如卡莱尔所言，书籍最终提供了一份宝贵而全面的记录，告诉我们做人意味着什么。 This volume takes a list of fifty of the most influential books of all time, putting each into its historical context. 句子结构分析：putting each into its historical context是现在分词作伴随状语 这本书列出了有史以来最具影响力的50本书，并将每本书都置于其历史背景中。 From ancient game-changers like the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Iliad, through sacred texts and works of philosophical reflection by the likes of Confucius and Plato, via scientific essays, historic 'firsts' and cultural works of enduring impact, these are volumes that are at once both products of their societies and vital texts in influencing those same civilizations. that引导定语从句修饰volumes 从《吉尔伽美什史诗》(Epic of Gilgamesh)和《伊利亚特》(Iliad)这样的古代游戏规则改变者，到孔子和柏拉图(Plato)等人的神圣文本和哲学反思作品，再到科学论文、历史“第一”和具有持久影响的文化作品，这些书既是他们社会的产物，也是影响这些文明的重要文本。 What this selection isn't is a celebration of the literary canon(精品), a reaffirmation of the 'best' books from the past. 这个选择并不是对文学经典的庆祝(精品)，也不是对过去“最好”书籍的重申。 You will find no Austen or Dickens here, nor Dostoyevsky or Garcia Marquez. 你在这里找不到奥斯汀或狄更斯，也找不到陀思妥耶夫斯基或加西亚·马尔克斯。 There is Shakespeare and Cervantes and Tolstoy, but not because they are somehow 'better’ than those others. 有莎士比亚、塞万提斯和托尔斯泰，但不是因为他们在某种程度上比其他人“更好”。 Rather, this collection aims to select books that reflect the passage of human history. 相反，这本书的目的是选择反映人类历史进程的书籍。 Most not only reflect, though, but themselves changed how we think and live. 然而，大多数人不仅反映了这一点，而且改变了我们的思维和生活方式。 By definition, they are 'important' works and, in broad critical terms, 'great' works too. 根据定义，它们是“重要的”作品，在广泛的批评术语中，它们也是“伟大的”作品。 But this book is not concerned with which works are the greatest of all — there are plenty of other volumes that try to figure that out, and good luck to them. 但这本书并不关心哪些作品是最伟大的——还有很多其他的书试图弄清楚这个问题，祝他们好运。 Unavoidably, making a selection such as this is highly subjective. 不可避免地，做出这样的选择是非常主观的。 In selecting fifty titles, we can only hope to dip our toe into the vast pool of literature from ages gone by. 在选择五十本书时，我们只能希望在过去的文学作品中尝试一下。 In doing so, it is foolish to make any claim for definitiveness(确定性). 在这样做的时候，提出任何确定性的主张都是愚蠢的(确定性)。 Instead, we are playing a literary game. 相反，我们在玩一场文学游戏。 Which of the fifty choices are undeniable? 50个选项中哪个是不可否认的? Which are taking a place better deserved by some other work? 哪些工作占据了其他工作更应该占据的位置? Everyone will have their own ideas. In the end, it matters little that we all agree. 每个人都会有自己的想法。最后，我们是否都同意并不重要。 More important is that by turning our minds to the question in the first place, we might meet some unfamiliar works, revisit some old favorites, and gain some insight and pleasure in the process. 更重要的是，通过首先将我们的思想转向这个问题，我们可能会遇到一些不熟悉的作品，重温一些旧的最爱，并在这个过程中获得一些洞察力和乐趣。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$