作业07 阅读理解之议论文 - 【暑假分层作业】2024年高二英语暑假培优练（译林版2020）

限时练习：40min 完成时间： 月 日 天气： 作业07 阅读理解之议论文 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式： 写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为…… 写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。 写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。 注意事项： 1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案) 2. 要先看题目，后读文章。 3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有： 　　(1)标志类、指示类的信息。 　　①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等； 　　②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；     　　③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等； 　　④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等； ⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。 (2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。 A In school, we learned the periodic table and were told to recite the alphabet, but nobody forced us to take a class on what emotions are and how they work before we entered the big world. And for many of us, that means understanding how we feel and why can be incredibly difficult. Yet, research shows that being aware of your emotions is hugely beneficial and people with high emotional awareness have better social and emotional functioning. In layman’s terms, that can translate as being able to predict your emotions and develop coping mechanisms in advance, becoming wise to unhealthy behavior patterns, and even being more in tune with the needs of others. “Emotional awareness is being able to identify and make sense of not only our own emotions but those of others. It’s absolutely essential in maintaining good mental health,” explains Rachel Vora, psychotherapist and founder of CYP Well being. “When we are able to identify and reflect on our emotional responses, we can understand how this influences our behaviors and in turn, change the way we respond to challenging situations.” Of course, pinpointing how we feel can often prove difficult. It’s the very reason we turn to general phrases like “I feel blue” or “I’m not myself today”. Vora says this is often because on some level we don’t want to know how we really feel. “We can often try to numb (使麻木), suppress or avoid emotions because they feel overwhelming or distressing and this can often lead to a lack of emotional awareness as we feel disconnected from ourselves,” she explains. Without emotional awareness, we can also develop emotional blind spots: unhealthy thoughts, behaviors and coping mechanisms that are hidden from our view. Perhaps you may feel self-doubt when you receive negative feedback. Unless you take time for introspection (反省), you’ll remain unaware of these habits. Vora says tuning into your emotions and honestly reflecting on how you feel is key. “By identifying our emotional blind spots, we can feel more in control of our emotions, how to improve our mood and also how we respond in challenging situations.” 1．What can we know about people with high emotional awareness? A．They can foresee their emotions.B．They solve problems ahead of time. C．They always keep positive attitude.D．They can avoid unhealthy behaviors. 2．How does Vora view emotional awareness? A．It can be gained without difficulty. B．It is vital for us to keep mental health. C．It can enable us to respond to challenges easily. D．It is helpful to understand most people’s emotions. 3．What does the word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．We don’t know how we feel.B．We lack emotional awareness. C．We can’t control our emotions.D．We describe our emotions with difficulty. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．How to control our mood. B．What to do with our habits. C．When to practise self-reflection. D．How to develop emotional awareness. B A recent report from the United Nations group UNESCO warns that using technology in classes may not help as much as many people believe. The report suggests that technology should be used less in schools, and that smartphones should be banned from classrooms. The goal of the new report was to improve how technology is used in education. It says that technology can be helpful, but it shouldn’t be the focus. “Too much attention on technology in education usually comes at a high cost,” the report says. These days, it’s common for students to use computers or tablets (平板电脑). In many places, it’s normal for students to look up information on the internet rather than using books. UNESCO claims that technology changes so fast that it’s hard to study how it really affects students. The new report says that many of the studies show that technology helps students come from rich countries. As classes moved online during the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of technology in education grew even more quickly. Many students were forced to study at home, using video calls to communicate with their teachers. But the report points out that around 500 million students were unable to take part in online classes. That’s one example of what UNESCO says is a larger problem — that the advantages of technology aren’t evenly shared. People and countries with less money are often left out. UNESCO admits that technology can help in many ways. It can allow students to learn in ways that are more interesting; it can also help teachers explain difficult ideas; it can also help students who have special needs. But UNESCO says technology can also be very perturbing. One study showed that when students use phones in class, it can interfere with their learning. Even so, less than 25% of the world’s countries ban phones in schools. The report suggests that the best way to learn is still to work closely with teachers. Working with other classmates also helps students learn. UNESCO says that most schools should spend more money on things like books, classrooms, and teachers. 5．Why does the report suggest using technology less in schools? A．It changes too fast for students to adapt. B．Most countries cannot afford to invest in it. C．It makes no difference to improving education. D．It may not be as effective as initially thought. 6．What is the “larger problem” that UNESCO refers to in paragraph 4? A．The pandemic has affected most countries. B．Fewer students keep discipline in online classes. C．High-tech devices are unevenly distributed. D．Teachers’ training in technology use is not enough. 7．Which word can best replace the underlined word “perturbing” in paragraph 5? A．Distracting. B．Confusing. C．Interesting. D．Frightening. 8．What does UNESCO suggest schools do? A．Explore innovative teaching methods. B．Increase the expense on teaching staff. C．Stress the importance of quality education. D．Update technology and digital resources in time. A The confidence people place in science is frequently based not on what it really is, but on what people would like it to be. When I asked students at the beginning of the year how they would define science, many of them replied that it is an objective way of discovering certainties about the world. But science cannot provide certainties. But doubt in science is a feature, not a bug. Indeed, the paradox (悖论) is that science, when properly functioning, questions accepted facts and yields both new knowledge and new questions—not certainty. Doubt does not create trust, nor does it help public understanding. So why should people trust a process that seems to require a troublesome state of uncertainty without always providing solid solutions? As a historian of science, I would argue that it’s the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often perceived as its weakness: its drive to question and challenge a hypothesis (假设). Indeed, the scientific approach requires changing our understanding of the natural world whenever new evidence emerges from either experimentation or observation. Scientific findings are hypotheses that encompass the state of knowledge at a given moment. In the long run, many of them are challenged and even overturned. Doubt might be troubling, but it impels us towards a better understanding; certainties, as reassuring as they may seem, in fact hold back the scientific process. A more realistic understanding of how science works can contribute to a better comprehension of the decisive role of doubt and skepticism in the scientific process. Indeed, science is not a linear (线性的) path leading from one success to another, but rather a constant reevaluation of hypotheses. Failures are part of the scientific process and should be taught along with successes. 9．What is “doubt” in science according to the text? A．It’s not right. B．It’s a feature. C．It’s a bug. D．It’s less realistic. 10．What does the underlined word “encompass” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Include. B．Oppose. C．Evaluate. D．Discover. 11．What does the author say about certainty? A．It’s a real power of science. B．It shows the weakness of science. C．It affects the scientific process. D．It helps in discovering the world. 12．What can we learn about science? A．Science is always right. B．Failures are part of science. C．It’s a path leading to success. D．It is based on people’s expectation. B The traditional school year, with three months of vacation every summer, was first performed when America was an agricultural society and the summer months were needed for farm work. Since then, America has completely changed as a nation. Students no longer spend summers farming, but they aren’t in school, either. The average American student receives 13 weeks off from school each calendar year — with about 11 of those during the summer. Few other countries have more than seven weeks off in a school calendar. With the U. S. left behind other countries in academics, it’s time to consider year-round schooling. One benefit of this change is that students will not fall victim to the “summer slide,” or the well-documented phenomenon where students forget some of the knowledge they have acquired when too much time is taken off from school. Decades of research shows that it can take from 8 to13 weeks at the beginning of every school year for students to get back to where they were before the summer holiday. But year-round schooling isn’t just about academics. Teachers and students experience a closer relationship in year-round schools than they do in traditional schools and, in the absence of any long-term break, students do not feel detached from the school environment. These closer bonds and greater attachment pay off. Research shows that students in year-round schools are more self-confident and feel more positive about their schooling experience. But don’t kids need time to relax? Some childhood development experts believe that time off from school is vital to healthy development as kids are not designed to spend so much of their time inside classrooms and the summer break provides a perfect opportunity to get outside. The problem with this argument is that most children aren’t playing outside or even spending time with other kids. While some children visit summer camps, most stay at home, watching TV or playing games on electronic devices, which hardly benefits them. The U. S. has changed from a farming economy to a knowledge-and innovation- based economy, so it makes sense for the school year to change as well. 13．Which is NOT mentioned as the benefit of year-round schooling? A．It will improve students’ academic performance. B．It will strengthen students’ relationship with teachers. C．It will enable students to learn about the outside world. D．It will familiarize students with the school environment. 14．What can be learned about a long summer vacation from Paragraph 4? A．It allows most students to play outside. B．It does little good to most students. C．It makes students addicted to computer games. D．It leads students to neglect their studies. 15．How does the author find the the traditional school year in the U. S. today? A．Well-grounded. B．Culture-bound.C．Welcomed.D．Outdated. 16．What is the best title for the text? A．Why the U. S. Is Left Behind in Academics B．How the U. S. Society Has Been Changed C．The Longest Vacation Needs to Be Changed D．The U. S. Should Switch to Year-round Schooling A Being an opinion writer and journalist, I was demanded that I make a public statement about hot issues online. The voices yelling at me and anyone else who failed to post seemed to believe that not making a statement was itself a statement — and an immoral one, at that. On social media, people take a position that results in positive comments but reduces complex issues to a simple yes or no. Taking simplistic stands can also lead to twisting words. This kind of simple thinking is deeply unserious and further fuels hatred (敌意), changing personal opinions into extremism and mistaking the expressions of anger for brave action in the face of horror. These loud, reductive declarations reflect genuine fear about horrors that lie beyond words. Simple binaries (二元对立) imply simple solutions. And it’s much more pleasant to tell yourself you stand on the side of good, against evil, than to question whether the lines of boundaries were drawn correctly. Sitting with uncertainty is hard, especially when social media has urged us to expect perfect real-time information during unfortunate events and immediate answers and resolution. Moral certainty is a point we stand on when factual certainty is not possible. And the faster we express it, the more certain we appear. Such thoughtless posts are not what bother me most, though. Instead, it’s the idea that not posting is wrong somehow — that everyone needs to speak, all the time. It discourages shutting up and listening and letting the voices that matter the most be heard over the noise. It suggests that having any doubts about what’s happening or forming moral conclusions that don’t make sense to share on social media is unacceptable. I do have opinions, of course, but they don’t fit on social media. While I’ve regretted posting half-formed thoughts too quickly, I’ve never regretted waiting until I was less angry or not posting at all. 17．What does the author think of people’s quick posts on hot issues? A．Positive. B．Irresponsible. C．Uncaring. D．Unkind. 18．What do paragraphs 3 and 4 try to explain? A．Reasons why people rush to post opinions. B．Ways people use to express ideas. C．Means by which people solve difficult problems. D．Facts on which people base their judgement. 19．What upsets the author most? A．Too many posts online. B．Too much false information. C．People’s judgement on not posting. D．People’s unawareness of current issues. 20．What message does the author really convey? A．It’s useless to post ideas on social media. B．It’s better to keep silent than blindly follow suit. C．Everyone has the right to voice his opinion. D．Everyone must guard network security. B “It’s too sugary, I can’t manage very many,” said a friend. She wasn’t talking about dessert but about some fresh cherries. I bit into another cherry and realized she was right. The fruit was so sweet that it was as if it had been pre-sugared. But the cherries of my childhood were much less sweet than today’s cherries. Some of them were hardly sweet at all, which made it all the more exciting when you happened upon a super sweet one. Is modern fruit getting sweeter? The answer is yes. Some of the most powerful evidence comes from zoos. In 2018, Melbourne Zoo in Australia had stopped giving fruit to most of its animals because cultivated fruit was now so sweet that it was causing tooth decay and weight gain. Breeding isn’t the only reason that modern fruit is sweeter; there’s also climate change. It’s found that since the 1970s, with rising temperatures, Fuji apples have become significantly sweeter and softer. But the sweetness of modern fruit is not without its problems, especially for people with diabetes, who have to be careful to moderate their intake of higher - sugar fruits such as pineapple. Fruit that is bred sweeter also tends to be lower in the phytochemicals (植物化学成分) that make it so healthy. Health aside, maybe the real problem with modern fruit is that it has become yet another sweet thing in a world filled with sugar. Even grapefruit, which used to be quite bitter, is sometimes now as sweet as oranges. If you’ve never tasted a sour cherry, how can you fully appreciate a sweet one? Experts put forwards some thoughts about how to appreciate the various tastes of modern fruit. 21．Why does the author mention her friend’s words in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic of the extreme sweetness of modern cherries. B．To highlight the content of friend’s preference for sour cherries. C．To emphasize the importance of pre-sugaring fruits. D．To show the breeding and selection of modern fruit. 22．What’s the author’ view on the rise of consistently sweeter fruit? A．The author believes it has no impact on health. B．The author sees it as a triumph of plant breeding. C．The author thinks it is a bit worrying in today’s world. D．The author is concerned that it will lead to bitterness in fruit. 23．What is a shortcoming of the modern fruit according to the passage? A．It is short of healthy phytochemicals. B．It may not be as tasty as it used to be. C．It could lack variety and contrast in taste. D．It doesn’t meet people’s need for sweetness. 24．What might the author continue talking about? A．The advice on selecting modern fruit. B．The approaches to freeing bitter fruit. C．The comments about cultivated grapefruit. D．The research into the health of zoo animals. 2023全国乙卷D篇 If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 2. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people. C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided. 3. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice.D. Society. 4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories 2022全国甲卷D篇 Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city. Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city. “I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted. “How do you mean?” I asked. “Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.” Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).” On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.” He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries. 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney. C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s. 2. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds? A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life. C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries. 3. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney? A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress. C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international. 4. Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. A city can be young and old at the same time. B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic. C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance. D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign. ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 限时练习：40min 完成时间： 月 日 天气： 作业07 阅读理解之议论文 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式： 写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为…… 写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。 写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。 注意事项： 1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案) 2. 要先看题目，后读文章。 3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有： 　　(1)标志类、指示类的信息。 　　①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等； 　　②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；     　　③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等； 　　④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等； ⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。 (2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。 A In school, we learned the periodic table and were told to recite the alphabet, but nobody forced us to take a class on what emotions are and how they work before we entered the big world. And for many of us, that means understanding how we feel and why can be incredibly difficult. Yet, research shows that being aware of your emotions is hugely beneficial and people with high emotional awareness have better social and emotional functioning. In layman’s terms, that can translate as being able to predict your emotions and develop coping mechanisms in advance, becoming wise to unhealthy behavior patterns, and even being more in tune with the needs of others. “Emotional awareness is being able to identify and make sense of not only our own emotions but those of others. It’s absolutely essential in maintaining good mental health,” explains Rachel Vora, psychotherapist and founder of CYP Well being. “When we are able to identify and reflect on our emotional responses, we can understand how this influences our behaviors and in turn, change the way we respond to challenging situations.” Of course, pinpointing how we feel can often prove difficult. It’s the very reason we turn to general phrases like “I feel blue” or “I’m not myself today”. Vora says this is often because on some level we don’t want to know how we really feel. “We can often try to numb (使麻木), suppress or avoid emotions because they feel overwhelming or distressing and this can often lead to a lack of emotional awareness as we feel disconnected from ourselves,” she explains. Without emotional awareness, we can also develop emotional blind spots: unhealthy thoughts, behaviors and coping mechanisms that are hidden from our view. Perhaps you may feel self-doubt when you receive negative feedback. Unless you take time for introspection (反省), you’ll remain unaware of these habits. Vora says tuning into your emotions and honestly reflecting on how you feel is key. “By identifying our emotional blind spots, we can feel more in control of our emotions, how to improve our mood and also how we respond in challenging situations.” 1．What can we know about people with high emotional awareness? A．They can foresee their emotions.B．They solve problems ahead of time. C．They always keep positive attitude.D．They can avoid unhealthy behaviors. 2．How does Vora view emotional awareness? A．It can be gained without difficulty. B．It is vital for us to keep mental health. C．It can enable us to respond to challenges easily. D．It is helpful to understand most people’s emotions. 3．What does the word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．We don’t know how we feel.B．We lack emotional awareness. C．We can’t control our emotions.D．We describe our emotions with difficulty. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．How to control our mood. B．What to do with our habits. C．When to practise self-reflection. D．How to develop emotional awareness. 【答案】1．A 2．B    3．D    4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了情绪意识的重要性，提出了解自己的情绪对于维持良好的心理健康和社交功能的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Yet, research shows that being aware of your emotions is hugely beneficial and people with high emotional awareness have better social and emotional functioning. In layman’s terms, that can translate as being able to predict your emotions and develop coping mechanisms in advance, becoming wise to unhealthy behavior patterns, and even being more in tune with the needs of others.(然而，研究表明，意识到自己的情绪是非常有益的，情绪意识高的人有更好的社交和情感功能。用外行的话来说，这可以解释为能够预测你的情绪，提前发展应对机制，对不健康的行为模式变得明智，甚至更能与他人的需求保持一致。)”可知，情绪意识高的人有更好的社交和情感功能，能够提前预测自己的情绪。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““Emotional awareness is being able to identify and make sense of not only our own emotions but those of others. It’s absolutely essential in maintaining good mental health,” explains Rachel Vora, psychotherapist and founder of CYP Well being. “When we are able to identify and reflect on our emotional responses, we can understand how this influences our behaviors and in turn, change the way we respond to challenging situations.”(“情绪意识不仅是能够识别和理解我们自己的情绪，也能理解他人的情绪。这对保持良好的心理健康是绝对必要的，”心理治疗师、CYP wellness的创始人Rachel Vora解释说。“当我们能够识别和反思我们的情绪反应时，我们就能理解这是如何影响我们的行为的，进而改变我们应对挑战的方式。”)”可知，Vora提到情绪意识是心理健康的重要组成部分，因为它可以帮助我们理解和管理自己的情绪，从而更好地应对挑战和压力。因此，Vora认为情绪意识对于保持心理健康非常重要。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Of course, pinpointing how we feel can often prove difficult. It’s the very reason we turn to general phrases like “I feel blue” or “I’m not myself today”.(当然，准确地指出我们的感受往往是困难的。这就是为什么我们会说“我感觉很沮丧”或“我今天不是我自己”。)”可知，Vora所说的“this”指的是我们很难准确表达出自己的感受。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Without emotional awareness, we can also develop emotional blind spots: unhealthy thoughts, behaviors and coping mechanisms that are hidden from our view. Perhaps you may feel self-doubt when you receive negative feedback. Unless you take time for introspection (反省), you’ll remain unaware of these habits. Vora says tuning into your emotions and honestly reflecting on how you feel is key. “By identifying our emotional blind spots, we can feel more in control of our emotions, how to improve our mood and also how we respond in challenging situations.”(如果没有情感意识，我们也会形成情感盲点：不健康的想法、行为和应对机制，这些都是我们看不到的。也许当你收到负面反馈时，你会感到自我怀疑。除非你花时间自省，否则你不会意识到这些习惯。Vora说，调整自己的情绪，诚实地反思自己的感受是关键。“通过识别我们的情绪盲点，我们可以更好地控制我们的情绪，如何改善我们的情绪，以及我们如何应对具有挑战性的情况。”)”可知，最后一段讲述了情感意识的重要性以及提出我们应该如何培养我们的情感意识。故选D。 B A recent report from the United Nations group UNESCO warns that using technology in classes may not help as much as many people believe. The report suggests that technology should be used less in schools, and that smartphones should be banned from classrooms. The goal of the new report was to improve how technology is used in education. It says that technology can be helpful, but it shouldn’t be the focus. “Too much attention on technology in education usually comes at a high cost,” the report says. These days, it’s common for students to use computers or tablets (平板电脑). In many places, it’s normal for students to look up information on the internet rather than using books. UNESCO claims that technology changes so fast that it’s hard to study how it really affects students. The new report says that many of the studies show that technology helps students come from rich countries. As classes moved online during the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of technology in education grew even more quickly. Many students were forced to study at home, using video calls to communicate with their teachers. But the report points out that around 500 million students were unable to take part in online classes. That’s one example of what UNESCO says is a larger problem — that the advantages of technology aren’t evenly shared. People and countries with less money are often left out. UNESCO admits that technology can help in many ways. It can allow students to learn in ways that are more interesting; it can also help teachers explain difficult ideas; it can also help students who have special needs. But UNESCO says technology can also be very perturbing. One study showed that when students use phones in class, it can interfere with their learning. Even so, less than 25% of the world’s countries ban phones in schools. The report suggests that the best way to learn is still to work closely with teachers. Working with other classmates also helps students learn. UNESCO says that most schools should spend more money on things like books, classrooms, and teachers. 5．Why does the report suggest using technology less in schools? A．It changes too fast for students to adapt. B．Most countries cannot afford to invest in it. C．It makes no difference to improving education. D．It may not be as effective as initially thought. 6．What is the “larger problem” that UNESCO refers to in paragraph 4? A．The pandemic has affected most countries. B．Fewer students keep discipline in online classes. C．High-tech devices are unevenly distributed. D．Teachers’ training in technology use is not enough. 7．Which word can best replace the underlined word “perturbing” in paragraph 5? A．Distracting. B．Confusing. C．Interesting. D．Frightening. 8．What does UNESCO suggest schools do? A．Explore innovative teaching methods. B．Increase the expense on teaching staff. C．Stress the importance of quality education. D．Update technology and digital resources in time. 【答案】5．D 6．C    7．A    8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了科技在学习中所起的作用。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“A recent report from the United Nations group UNESCO warns that using technology in classes may not help as much as many people believe.”（联合国教科文组织最近的一份报告警告说，在课堂上使用技术可能没有很多人认为的那么有帮助。）可知，为什么报告建议在学校少使用科技产品是因为它可能没有最初想象的那么有效。故选D项。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段中“That’s one example of what UNESCO says is a larger problem—that the advantages of technology aren’t evenly shared.”（这是联合国教科文组织所说的一个更大问题的一个例子——技术的优势并没有被平均分享。）可推断，技术的优势没有得到平均分享。故选C项。 7．词义猜测题。根据下文“One study showed that when students use phones in class, it can interfere with their learning.”（一项研究表明，当学生在课堂上使用手机时，它会干扰他们的学习。）可知，但联合国教科文组织表示，技术也可以令人分心。故划线词的意思是“分心”。故选A项。 8．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中“UNESCO says that most schools should spend more money on things like books, classrooms, and teachers.”（联合国教科文组织表示，大多数学校应该在书籍、教室和教师等方面投入更多资金以上翻译结果来自有道神经网络翻译（YNMT）· 通用场景。）可知，联合国教科文组织表示，大多数学校应该在书籍、教室和教师等方面投入更多资金。故选B项。 A The confidence people place in science is frequently based not on what it really is, but on what people would like it to be. When I asked students at the beginning of the year how they would define science, many of them replied that it is an objective way of discovering certainties about the world. But science cannot provide certainties. But doubt in science is a feature, not a bug. Indeed, the paradox (悖论) is that science, when properly functioning, questions accepted facts and yields both new knowledge and new questions—not certainty. Doubt does not create trust, nor does it help public understanding. So why should people trust a process that seems to require a troublesome state of uncertainty without always providing solid solutions? As a historian of science, I would argue that it’s the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often perceived as its weakness: its drive to question and challenge a hypothesis (假设). Indeed, the scientific approach requires changing our understanding of the natural world whenever new evidence emerges from either experimentation or observation. Scientific findings are hypotheses that encompass the state of knowledge at a given moment. In the long run, many of them are challenged and even overturned. Doubt might be troubling, but it impels us towards a better understanding; certainties, as reassuring as they may seem, in fact hold back the scientific process. A more realistic understanding of how science works can contribute to a better comprehension of the decisive role of doubt and skepticism in the scientific process. Indeed, science is not a linear (线性的) path leading from one success to another, but rather a constant reevaluation of hypotheses. Failures are part of the scientific process and should be taught along with successes. 9．What is “doubt” in science according to the text? A．It’s not right. B．It’s a feature. C．It’s a bug. D．It’s less realistic. 10．What does the underlined word “encompass” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Include. B．Oppose. C．Evaluate. D．Discover. 11．What does the author say about certainty? A．It’s a real power of science. B．It shows the weakness of science. C．It affects the scientific process. D．It helps in discovering the world. 12．What can we learn about science? A．Science is always right. B．Failures are part of science. C．It’s a path leading to success. D．It is based on people’s expectation. 【答案】9．B 10．A    11．C    12．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了怀疑对科学发展的重要性。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话“But doubt in science is a feature, not a bug.(但科学上的怀疑是一个特征，而不是一个错误。)”可知，科学质疑是特征而非错误。故选B项。 10．词义猜测题。根据划线单词下文“In the long run, many of them are challenged and even overturned. Doubt might be troubling, but it impels us towards a better understanding; certainties, as reassuring as they may seem, in fact hold back the scientific process.(从长远来看，其中许多都受到挑战甚至被推翻。怀疑可能会令人不安，但它促使我们更好地理解；确定性虽然看起来令人安心，但实际上却阻碍了科学进程。)”可知，怀疑，假设促进科学的发展，这说明假设是科学的一部分，结合划线单词所在句子“Scientific findings are hypotheses that encompass the state of knowledge at a given moment.(科学发现是encompass特定时刻知识状态的假设。)”可推知，科学发现包含特定时刻知识的假设，encompass是“包含;包括”的意思。与A项“Include.(包括)”意思一样，故选A。 11． 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话 “certainties, as reassuring as they may seem, in fact hold back the scientific process(确定性虽然看起来令人安心，但实际上却阻碍了科学进程。)” 可知，“确定性”虽然看起来很令人放心，但实际上影响了科学发展的进程。故选C项。 12．细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话“Failures are part of the scientific process and should be taught along with successes.(失败是科学过程的一部分，应该与成功一起被教授。)” 可知，失败也是科学进程的一部分，应该和成功一起被传授。故选B项。 B The traditional school year, with three months of vacation every summer, was first performed when America was an agricultural society and the summer months were needed for farm work. Since then, America has completely changed as a nation. Students no longer spend summers farming, but they aren’t in school, either. The average American student receives 13 weeks off from school each calendar year — with about 11 of those during the summer. Few other countries have more than seven weeks off in a school calendar. With the U. S. left behind other countries in academics, it’s time to consider year-round schooling. One benefit of this change is that students will not fall victim to the “summer slide,” or the well-documented phenomenon where students forget some of the knowledge they have acquired when too much time is taken off from school. Decades of research shows that it can take from 8 to13 weeks at the beginning of every school year for students to get back to where they were before the summer holiday. But year-round schooling isn’t just about academics. Teachers and students experience a closer relationship in year-round schools than they do in traditional schools and, in the absence of any long-term break, students do not feel detached from the school environment. These closer bonds and greater attachment pay off. Research shows that students in year-round schools are more self-confident and feel more positive about their schooling experience. But don’t kids need time to relax? Some childhood development experts believe that time off from school is vital to healthy development as kids are not designed to spend so much of their time inside classrooms and the summer break provides a perfect opportunity to get outside. The problem with this argument is that most children aren’t playing outside or even spending time with other kids. While some children visit summer camps, most stay at home, watching TV or playing games on electronic devices, which hardly benefits them. The U. S. has changed from a farming economy to a knowledge-and innovation- based economy, so it makes sense for the school year to change as well. 13．Which is NOT mentioned as the benefit of year-round schooling? A．It will improve students’ academic performance. B．It will strengthen students’ relationship with teachers. C．It will enable students to learn about the outside world. D．It will familiarize students with the school environment. 14．What can be learned about a long summer vacation from Paragraph 4? A．It allows most students to play outside. B．It does little good to most students. C．It makes students addicted to computer games. D．It leads students to neglect their studies. 15．How does the author find the the traditional school year in the U. S. today? A．Well-grounded. B．Culture-bound.C．Welcomed.D．Outdated. 16．What is the best title for the text? A．Why the U. S. Is Left Behind in Academics B．How the U. S. Society Has Been Changed C．The Longest Vacation Needs to Be Changed D．The U. S. Should Switch to Year-round Schooling 【答案】13．C 14．B    15．D    16．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者在文中介绍了长暑假学年的由来以及全年制教育的益处，指出美国应该从传统的长暑假教育转向全年制教育。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“One benefit of this change is that students will not fall victim to the “summer slide,” or the well-documented phenomenon where students forget some of the knowledge they have acquired when too much time is taken off from school. (这一变化的一个好处是，学生们不会成为‘夏季滑坡’的受害者，也不会成为有证据证明的现象，即学生在离开学校太多时间后忘记了他们所学的一些知识。)”以及第三段“But year-round schooling isn’t just about academics. Teachers and students experience a closer relationship in year-round schools than they do in traditional schools and, in the absence of any long-term break, students do not feel detached from the school environment. These closer bonds and greater attachment pay off. Research shows that students in year-round schools are more self-confident and feel more positive about their schooling experience.(但是全年制教育并不仅仅是关于学业。与传统学校相比，教师和学生在全年制学校的关系更加密切，而且在没有任何长期休息的情况下，学生不会感到与学校环境脱节。这些更紧密的联系和更大的依恋得到了回报。研究表明，全年制学校的学生更自信，对自己的学习体验更积极。)”可知，全年制教育与传统教育相比有许多优势：可以减少学生在长假期间的知识遗忘现象，使师生之间的关系更加密切，学生不会感到与学校环境脱节，更自信，对自己的学习体验也更积极；C选项“It will enable students to learn about the outside world.(它将使学生了解外面的世界。)”没有被提及。故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Some childhood development experts believe that time off from school is vital to healthy development as kids are not designed to spend so much of their time inside classrooms and the summer break provides a perfect opportunity to get outside. The problem with this argument is that most children aren’t playing outside or even spending time with other kids. While some children visit summer camps, most stay at home, watching TV or playing games on electronic devices, which hardly benefits them.(一些儿童发展专家认为，离开学校的时间对健康发展至关重要，因为孩子们不适合在教室里花那么多时间，而暑假提供了一个到外面去的绝佳机会。这种观点的问题在于，大多数孩子都不出去玩，甚至不花时间和其他孩子在一起。虽然有些孩子参加夏令营，但大多数孩子呆在家里，看电视或玩电子设备游戏，这对他们几乎没有好处。)”可知，一些儿童发展专家认为暑假给孩子提供了一个到外面玩的绝佳机会，这对健康发展有益，然而，事实是大多数孩子不出去玩，而是呆在家里看电视或玩电子设备游戏，这对他们几乎没有好处；由此可知，一个漫长的暑假对大多数学生没有什么好处。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The traditional school year, with three months of vacation every summer, was first performed when America was an agricultural society and the summer months were needed for farm work. (传统的学年，每年夏天有三个月的假期，是在美国还是一个农业社会，需要夏季的几个月从事农业工作时首次实行的。)”以及最后一段“The U. S. has changed from a farming economy to a knowledge-and innovation- based economy, so it makes sense for the school year to change as well.(美国已经从一个农业经济转变为一个以知识和创新为基础的经济，所以学年的改变也是有意义的。)”可知，传统的长暑假学年制是在美国还是农业社会时由于夏季需要从事几个月的农业工作而实行的，然而，美国已经从一个农业经济转变为一个以知识和创新为基础的经济，学年也应该改变；由此可知，作者认为随着美国已经从一个农业经济转变为一个以知识和创新为基础的经济，过去农业社会时实行的长暑假的学年已经过时了。故选D。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“The U. S. has changed from a farming economy to a knowledge-and innovation- based economy, so it makes sense for the school year to change as well.(美国已经从一个农业经济转变为一个以知识和创新为基础的经济，所以学年的改变也是有意义的。)”可知，作者在文中通过介绍长暑假学年的由来以及全年制教育的益处，论述了美国应该从传统的长暑假教育转向全年制教育；D选项“The U. S. Should Switch to Year-round Schooling(美国应该转向全年制教育)”符合文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选D。 A Being an opinion writer and journalist, I was demanded that I make a public statement about hot issues online. The voices yelling at me and anyone else who failed to post seemed to believe that not making a statement was itself a statement — and an immoral one, at that. On social media, people take a position that results in positive comments but reduces complex issues to a simple yes or no. Taking simplistic stands can also lead to twisting words. This kind of simple thinking is deeply unserious and further fuels hatred (敌意), changing personal opinions into extremism and mistaking the expressions of anger for brave action in the face of horror. These loud, reductive declarations reflect genuine fear about horrors that lie beyond words. Simple binaries (二元对立) imply simple solutions. And it’s much more pleasant to tell yourself you stand on the side of good, against evil, than to question whether the lines of boundaries were drawn correctly. Sitting with uncertainty is hard, especially when social media has urged us to expect perfect real-time information during unfortunate events and immediate answers and resolution. Moral certainty is a point we stand on when factual certainty is not possible. And the faster we express it, the more certain we appear. Such thoughtless posts are not what bother me most, though. Instead, it’s the idea that not posting is wrong somehow — that everyone needs to speak, all the time. It discourages shutting up and listening and letting the voices that matter the most be heard over the noise. It suggests that having any doubts about what’s happening or forming moral conclusions that don’t make sense to share on social media is unacceptable. I do have opinions, of course, but they don’t fit on social media. While I’ve regretted posting half-formed thoughts too quickly, I’ve never regretted waiting until I was less angry or not posting at all. 17．What does the author think of people’s quick posts on hot issues? A．Positive. B．Irresponsible. C．Uncaring. D．Unkind. 18．What do paragraphs 3 and 4 try to explain? A．Reasons why people rush to post opinions. B．Ways people use to express ideas. C．Means by which people solve difficult problems. D．Facts on which people base their judgement. 19．What upsets the author most? A．Too many posts online. B．Too much false information. C．People’s judgement on not posting. D．People’s unawareness of current issues. 20．What message does the author really convey? A．It’s useless to post ideas on social media. B．It’s better to keep silent than blindly follow suit. C．Everyone has the right to voice his opinion. D．Everyone must guard network security. 【答案】17．B 18．A    19．C    20．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了作者认为人们在热点问题上的快速发帖是不负责任的，认为这些大声的、简化的声明反映了对无法用语言表达的恐怖的真正恐惧，我们表达得越快，我们就显得越确定。对此作者建议谨慎发言，保持沉默比盲目跟风要好。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段“Being an opinion writer and journalist, I was demanded that I make a public statement about hot issues online. The voices yelling at me and anyone else who failed to post seemed to believe that not making a statement was itself a statement — and an immoral one, at that.(作为一名观点作家和记者，我被要求就网络热点问题发表公开声明。那些对我和其他没有发帖的人大喊大叫的声音似乎相信，不发表声明本身就是一种声明——而且是一种不道德的声明)”以及第二段“This kind of simple thinking is deeply unserious and further fuels hatred (敌意), changing personal opinions into extremism and mistaking the expressions of anger for brave action in the face of horror.(这种简单的想法是非常不严肃的，而且会进一步助长仇恨，把个人观点变成极端主义，把愤怒的表达误认为面对恐怖的勇敢行动)”可知，作者认为看待人们在热点问题上的快速发帖是不负责任的。故选B。 18．主旨大意题。根据第三段“These loud, reductive declarations reflect genuine fear about horrors that lie beyond words. Simple binaries (二元对立) imply simple solutions. And it’s much more pleasant to tell yourself you stand on the side of good, against evil, than to question whether the lines of boundaries were drawn correctly.(这些大声的、简化的声明反映了对无法用语言表达的恐怖的真正恐惧。简单的二进制文件意味着简单的解决方案。告诉自己你站在正义的一边，对抗邪恶，比质疑界限是否画得正确要愉快得多)”以及第四段“Sitting with uncertainty is hard, especially when social media has urged us to expect perfect real-time information during unfortunate events and immediate answers and resolution. Moral certainty is a point we stand on when factual certainty is not possible. And the faster we express it, the more certain we appear.(面对不确定性是很难的，尤其是当社交媒体敦促我们期待在不幸事件中获得完美的实时信息，并立即得到答案和解决方案时。道德确定性是当事实确定性不可能实现时我们所站的立场。我们表达得越快，我们就显得越确定)”可知，第3段和第4段试图解释人们急于发表意见的原因。故选A。 19．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Such thoughtless posts are not what bother me most, though. Instead, it’s the idea that not posting is wrong somehow — that everyone needs to speak, all the time. It discourages shutting up and listening and letting the voices that matter the most be heard over the noise. It suggests that having any doubts about what’s happening or forming moral conclusions that don’t make sense to share on social media is unacceptable.(不过，这些轻率的帖子并不是最让我烦恼的。相反，人们认为不发帖在某种程度上是错误的——每个人都需要随时发言。它不鼓励你闭嘴倾听，让最重要的声音盖过噪音被听到。这表明，对正在发生的事情有任何怀疑，或者得出在社交媒体上分享毫无意义的道德结论，都是不可接受的)”可知，最让作者不安的是人们对不发帖的判断。故选C。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“I do have opinions, of course, but they don’t fit on social media. While I’ve regretted posting half-formed thoughts too quickly, I’ve never regretted waiting until I was less angry or not posting at all.(当然，我也有自己的观点，但它们不适合在社交媒体上发表。虽然我曾后悔过太快地发布半成品的想法，但我从未后悔过等到我不那么生气时再发布，或者根本不发布)”结合文章主要说明了作者认为人们在热点问题上的快速发帖是不负责任的，认为这些大声的、简化的声明反映了对无法用语言表达的恐怖的真正恐惧，我们表达得越快，我们就显得越确定。对此作者建议谨慎发言，保持沉默比盲目跟风要好。可推知，作者想表达的是保持沉默比盲目跟风要好。故选B。 B “It’s too sugary, I can’t manage very many,” said a friend. She wasn’t talking about dessert but about some fresh cherries. I bit into another cherry and realized she was right. The fruit was so sweet that it was as if it had been pre-sugared. But the cherries of my childhood were much less sweet than today’s cherries. Some of them were hardly sweet at all, which made it all the more exciting when you happened upon a super sweet one. Is modern fruit getting sweeter? The answer is yes. Some of the most powerful evidence comes from zoos. In 2018, Melbourne Zoo in Australia had stopped giving fruit to most of its animals because cultivated fruit was now so sweet that it was causing tooth decay and weight gain. Breeding isn’t the only reason that modern fruit is sweeter; there’s also climate change. It’s found that since the 1970s, with rising temperatures, Fuji apples have become significantly sweeter and softer. But the sweetness of modern fruit is not without its problems, especially for people with diabetes, who have to be careful to moderate their intake of higher - sugar fruits such as pineapple. Fruit that is bred sweeter also tends to be lower in the phytochemicals (植物化学成分) that make it so healthy. Health aside, maybe the real problem with modern fruit is that it has become yet another sweet thing in a world filled with sugar. Even grapefruit, which used to be quite bitter, is sometimes now as sweet as oranges. If you’ve never tasted a sour cherry, how can you fully appreciate a sweet one? Experts put forwards some thoughts about how to appreciate the various tastes of modern fruit. 21．Why does the author mention her friend’s words in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic of the extreme sweetness of modern cherries. B．To highlight the content of friend’s preference for sour cherries. C．To emphasize the importance of pre-sugaring fruits. D．To show the breeding and selection of modern fruit. 22．What’s the author’ view on the rise of consistently sweeter fruit? A．The author believes it has no impact on health. B．The author sees it as a triumph of plant breeding. C．The author thinks it is a bit worrying in today’s world. D．The author is concerned that it will lead to bitterness in fruit. 23．What is a shortcoming of the modern fruit according to the passage? A．It is short of healthy phytochemicals. B．It may not be as tasty as it used to be. C．It could lack variety and contrast in taste. D．It doesn’t meet people’s need for sweetness. 24．What might the author continue talking about? A．The advice on selecting modern fruit. B．The approaches to freeing bitter fruit. C．The comments about cultivated grapefruit. D．The research into the health of zoo animals. 【答案】21．A 22．C    23．C    24．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。旨在探讨现代水果甜度增加的问题，并分析其原因和影响。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段““It’s too sugary, I can’t manage very many,” said a friend. She wasn’t talking about dessert but about some fresh cherries. I bit into another cherry and realized she was right. The fruit was so sweet that it was as if it had been pre-sugared.(“太甜了，我吃不太多，”一个朋友说。她说的不是甜点，而是一些新鲜樱桃。我又咬了一口樱桃，意识到她是对的。这水果太甜了，好像事先加了糖似的)”可知，作者在第一段提到她朋友的话是为了介绍现代樱桃的极致甜味。故选A项。 22．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But the sweetness of modern fruit is not without its problems, especially for people with diabetes, who have to be careful to moderate their intake of higher - sugar fruits such as pineapple. Fruit that is bred sweeter also tends to be lower in the phytochemicals (植物化学成分) that make it so healthy.(但是现代水果的甜味也不是没有问题，特别是对糖尿病患者来说，他们必须小心地减少摄入高糖水果，如菠萝。被培育得更甜的水果也往往含有更低的植物化学物质，而正是这些化学物质使它们如此健康)”可知，作者认为现代水果的甜味对糖尿病患者来说是个隐患，且更甜的水果也往往含有更低的植物化学物质，降低水果让人健康的效益，所以作者认为这在当今世界有点令人担忧。故选C项。 23．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Health aside, maybe the real problem with modern fruit is that it has become yet another sweet thing in a world filled with sugar. Even grapefruit, which used to be quite bitter, is sometimes now as sweet as oranges. If you’ve never tasted a sour cherry, how can you fully appreciate a sweet one?   Experts put forwards some thoughts about how to appreciate the various tastes of modern fruit.(抛开健康不谈，也许现代水果的真正问题在于，它已经成为一个充满糖的世界里的又一种甜食。就连过去很苦的葡萄柚，现在有时也像橙子一样甜。如果你从来没有尝过酸樱桃，你怎么能完全喜欢甜樱桃呢?专家们对如何品尝现代水果的各种味道提出了一些看法)”可知，根据文章，现代水果的缺点是可能缺乏口味的多样性和对比。故选C项。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Experts put forwards some thoughts about how to appreciate the various tastes of modern fruit.(专家们对如何品尝现代水果的各种味道提出了一些看法)”可知，接下来，作者应是提出专家们对选择现代水果的建议。故选A项。 2023全国乙卷D篇 If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 2. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people. C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided. 3. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice.D. Society. 4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories 【答案】1. A 2. D  3. B  4. C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。 1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。 2.推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。 3.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。 4.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。 2022全国甲卷D篇 Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city. Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city. “I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted. “How do you mean?” I asked. “Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.” Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).” On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.” He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries. 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney. C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s. 2. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds? A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life. C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries. 3. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney? A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress. C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international. 4. Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. A city can be young and old at the same time. B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic. C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance. D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign. 【答案】 1-4 DDAA 【解题导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。 1. C。主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。 2. D。细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D。 3. A。推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A。 4. A 推理判断题 根据倒数第二段的第一句 ... being young and old at the same time has its attractions. 可知，作者认为一个城市新旧并存是非常有魅力的。根据下文中 Anthony 的观点 ... a foundation built on ancient cultures with a drive and dynamism of a young country. 和最后一段 He is right ... 可知，Anthony 认为澳大利亚是一个建立在古老文化基础上并同时充满活力的年轻国家，作者认同其观点。 ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$