第2部分 专题3 第4章 特殊句式(Word教参)-【优化指导】2025年高考英语一轮复习高中总复习·第1轮(译林版)

2024-11-04
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第四章 特殊句式 [对应学生用书P339] 特殊句式作为英语表达的一种特殊形式,在某些场合会起到强调、表达简洁有力、表述地道的作用。在高考试题中不乏对特殊句式的考查,考生在备考过程中要关注这类句式结构的用法。 一、强调句型 1.强调句型 (1)强调句型的基本结构:It is/was+被强调部分+that从句+句子的其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语等进行强调。当强调部分是人,且作主语时,连接词也可用who。 强调主语时要注意连接词与谓语的一致性。 It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress. 是我们的老师帮助我们取得了巨大的进步。 (2)强调句型的一般疑问句结构:Is/Was+it+被强调部分+that/who从句+句子的其他部分? Was it in the park that he met our new teacher? 他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗? (3)强调句型的特殊疑问句结构:特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that/who从句+句子的其他部分? When was it that he made up his mind to take this course? 他是什么时候决定上这门课的? 由疑问词引导的强调句型作宾语时,从句必须使用陈述语序。 He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake. 他问我是谁错拿了他的伞。 (4)“not ...until ...”句型的强调结构:It is/was not until ...+that从句+句子的其他部分。 It was not until twelve o'clock last night that I went to bed. 昨天晚上直到十二点我才去睡觉。 2.强调谓语动词 用助动词do、does或did来强调谓语动词,用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定陈述句中,do还可以用于祈使句中。 The father did hope his son can enter an excellent university. 那位父亲确实希望他的儿子能进入一所极好的大学。 3.强调句型与三大从句的区别 类型 区别 与主语 从句 强调句型去掉It is/was和that之后,句子结构仍然完整,而主语从句不是。 ①It is there that accidents often happen.(强调句) ②It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(主语从句) 与定语 从句 强调句中that没有意义,且不作任何成分,而定语从句中that为关系代词,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。 ①It is novels that Miss William enjoys reading.(强调句) ②It is a question that needs careful consideration.(定语从句) 与时间状语从句 强调句型去掉It is/was和that后,结构完整,而在It is ...when ...句型中,it指代时间。 ①It was at six o'clock that I got up today.(强调句) ②It was six o'clock when I got up today.(时间状语从句) 二、省略形式 1.状语从句的省略形式 在时间、让步、方式、地点等状语从句中,如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it,而且状语从句的谓语是be动词,可以将从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。 (1)when、while引导的时间状语从句 ①Do be careful when (you are) crossing the street. 当你过马路的时候要小心。 ②When/While (I was) on my way to work,I met her. 我在上班的路上遇见了她。 (2)if、unless、once引导的条件状语从句 ①If (it is) properly treated, waste will do no harm to the environment. 如果处理恰当,废弃物不会对环境造成危害。 ②I'll not go to the party unless (I am) invited. 除非被邀请,否则我不会去晚会。 ③Once (you are) caught stealing in a supermarket, you will be punished. 一旦被抓到在超市里偷东西,你将会受到惩罚。 (3)though、although、whether、no matter what/how/who等引导的让步状语从句 ①He was happy, though/although (he was) poor. 尽管他很穷,但他很快乐。 ②Whether or not we're successful, we can be sure that we did our best. 不管成功与否,我们确定已经尽了最大努力。 (4)as if、as though引导的方式状语从句 ①He rubbed his eyes and yawned as if/though (he was) waking up after a long sleep. 他揉了揉眼睛,打了个哈欠,好像刚从一场长觉中醒来。 ②He stood up as if/though (he wanted) to leave.(as if/though+to do表示一个将来的动作) 他站起来好像要离开。 (5)以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊的省略用法:通常省略it is、that is、there is/are。 if ever如果曾经发生过的话 if busy如果忙的话 if any如果有的话 if possible如果可能的话 if so如果这样的话 if not如果不这样的话 if necessary如果必要的话 2.定语从句中的省略用法 关系代词that、which、whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时,可以省略;in which或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句时可省略。 ①The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa. 你昨天晚上拜访的那个人是我的外公。 ②I don't like the way (in which/that) you treat the girl. 我不喜欢你对待这个女孩的方式。 3.虚拟语气中should的省略用法 在suggest、insist、order、require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后所接的从句中,谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。 The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose weight. 医生建议他尽力减肥。 4.不定式的省略形式 (1)感官动词see、hear、feel、watch等和使役动词have、make、let等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,动词不定式省略to。(一感:feel;二听:hear、listen to;三让:have、let、make;五看:see、look at、observe、watch、notice) 当上述感官动词和使役动词用于被动语态时,不定式前的to要加上。 (2)动词不定式作动词expect、refuse、mean、like、love、prefer、wish、hope、want等的宾语时,常承前省略动词不定式后的内容,但保留动词不定式符号to。 John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to (pass). 约翰没有通过驾照考试,不过我希望他能通过。 (3)当动词不定式在形容词glad、happy、pleased、delighted、anxious等后作状语时,to后的内容常承前省略。 —Would you like to come to the party? —I'd glad to (come to the party). ——你愿意来参加聚会吗? ——我愿意(参加聚会)。 当承前省略的不定式中含有be、have、have been时,通常保留be、have、have been。 5.so/not构成替代省略形式 英语中还常常用so/not等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容,so/not多跟在I'm afraid、I hope、I think、I guess、I believe等开头的答句中。 —Do you think it will rain? —I hope so/not. ——你认为会下雨吗? ——我希望下/不下。 三、倒装句型 1.部分倒装 (1)将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引出部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有: never、seldom、rarely、little、few、at no time、by no means、no longer、hardly/scarcely ...when ...、no sooner ...than ...、not only ...but also ...、not ...until、nowhere、neither ...nor ...等。 ①We laugh at jokes, but seldom do we think about how they work. 我们听到笑话就笑,但很少思考笑话是如何起作用的。 ②Not until last night did he return home. 直到昨天晚上他才回家。 ③Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus left. 我刚到汽车站,汽车就开走了。 (2)“only+状语”置于句首时,主句要进行部分倒装。 ①Only when he returned did we find out the truth. 就在他回来之后,我们才发现事实的真相。 ②Only then did I realize I was wrong. 就在那时我才意识到我错了。 ③Only in this way can we succeed. 只有这样我们才会成功。 Only I have got the invitation. 只有我收到了请帖。(强调主语,不用倒装) (3)so/such ...that ...结构中的so、such连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时,主句要用部分倒装。 ①So beautiful was the girl that she won the championship in the beauty contest. 这个女孩非常漂亮,以至于她赢得了选美比赛的冠军。 ②So loudly did he speak that everyone in the room could hear him clearly. 他说话的声音那么响,以至于房间里所有的人都听得很清楚。 (4)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时,用倒装结构“so/neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语”(so表示肯定意义,neither/nor表示否定意义)。 I don't expect children to be rude,nor do I expect to be disobeyed. 我不希望孩子们没礼貌,也不希望他们不听话。 如果是对前面内容的肯定或附和,则须用“so+主语+助动词/情态动词”的结构,表示“确实如此”。例如: ①—It's hot.,—So it is.,——很热。,——确实如此。 ②—He came late yesterday. —So he did. ——他昨天来晚了。 ——确实如此。 (5)在as/though引导的让步状语从句中,从句的表语/状语/动词原形位于句首时,构成倒装结构。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词,其前不加冠词。 ①Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子,他却懂得很多。 ②Strange as it may sound, if you're unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires. 尽管这听起来很奇怪,如果你不满意,问题不是缺少满足你的愿望的方法,而是你根本就没有愿望。 (6)在whatever、however引导的让步状语从句中,常把形容词、名词或副词与whatever、however一起放在句首,这也是一种倒装形式。 However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 不管这个问题多难,我们今晚必须把它解决。 (7)在“the+比较级 ..., the+比较级 ...”句式中,常把“the+比较级”放在句首。 ①The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 你听英语听得越多,它就会变得越简单。 ②The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你越努力工作,进步就越大。 2.全部倒装 (1)here、there、now、then、out、in、up、down、away、on the wall、in the room等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首,且句子主语是名词时,句子用全部倒装。 By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 一位年轻人坐在窗户旁边,手里拿着一本杂志。 (2)有时为了平衡句子结构或突出强调,将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首,构成“表语+系动词+主语”的完全倒装结构。 Present at the party were Mr Green and many other guests. 出席晚会的有格林先生,还有许多其他的宾客。 四、其他形式的特殊句式 1.感叹句 (1)what引导的感叹句 ①What a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语! What a beautiful flower it is! 多么美丽的一朵花啊! ②What+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)! What interesting stories (they are) he's told us! 他给我们讲的故事真有趣! (2)how引导的感叹句 ①How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语! How clever a boy he is! =What a clever boy he is! 多聪明的男孩呀! ②How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语! How high the mountain is! 这山真高呀! 2.祈使句 祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。一般不出现主语,谓语动词一律用原形;否定句一律在动词前加don't。祈使句的强调形式是在句首加do。 Do be careful while you are crossing the street. 过马路时一定要小心。 3.反意疑问句 反意疑问句由“陈述句+反问句”构成,若陈述句为肯定式,反意疑问句为否定式;若陈述句为否定式,则反意疑问句为肯定式。 (1)陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句 ①当must作“必须”讲时,其反意疑问词用needn't;当为mustn't(不允许,禁止)时,其反意疑问词用must。 You must go now, needn't you? 你现在必须走,不是吗? You mustn't smoke here, must you? 你不能在这里吸烟,是吧? ②当must表示推测,作“一定,准是”讲时,反意疑问部分的动词形式要根据must后面的动词所表示的时间来确定。 You must have watched the football match last night, didn't you? 你昨晚一定是看足球比赛了,是吧? (2)陈述部分含有used to时,疑问词用usedn't或didn't均可。 You used to play football, usedn't/didn't you? 你过去常常踢足球,是吗? (3)陈述部分含有ought to时,疑问词用oughtn't或shouldn't均可。 He ought to attend the meeting, oughtn't/shouldn't he? 他应该参加会议,不是吗? (4)陈述部分含有否定词的反意疑问句 ①当陈述部分含有seldom、hardly、scarcely、never、few、little、nothing、nobody等否定词或半否定词时,疑问部分的动词用肯定式。 He could hardly get up, could he? 他几乎起不来了,不是吗? ②陈述部分含有由表示否定意义的前缀或后缀构成的词,反意疑问部分的动词一般用否定式。 Mary dislikes sports, doesn't she? 玛丽不喜欢体育运动,不是吗? ③陈述部分含有宾语从句时,反意疑问部分的主语应和主句的主语保持一致。 He said that she would come here on time, didn't he? 他说她会准时来这里,不是吗? 当主句是I think/believe/suppose等结构时,反意疑问部分往往根据宾语从句的主语和谓语而定,需特别注意否定转移现象中的肯定式和否定式。 I don't think he will attend the meeting on time,will he? 我认为他不会准时参加会议,是吗? [对应学生用书P344] “两招定向”解决语法填空中的特殊句式问题 1.注意分析句式结构,确定为何种特殊句式。 2.根据特殊句式的结构特点填入适当的词。 (1)看到倒装句,要注意其谓语动词的人称和数; (2)看到强调句,要注意连接词和时态。 真题演练 1.(2020·天津7月卷)That's good, because it's always the people with no time that/who get things done. 2.(2018·天津卷)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger. 3.(2019·天津卷)The professor warned the students that on no account should they use mobile phones in his class. 4.The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if to_see(see) whether he was going in the right direction. 5.Generally speaking, when taken(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. 6.(2020·海南高考模拟)Were(be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty. 7.(2020·浙江高考模拟)Had(have) the governments and scientists not worked together,AIDS­related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005. [对应学生用书P344] Passage 1 Whenever Song Jing visits a museum,she makes a point of checking out the section on ancient books.In addition to appreciating the wisdom 1.__________(hide) in those historical volumes,she focuses on 2.__________ they were bound(装订) and presented. “It's more like a force of habit caused by my job,” says Song,who 3.__________(fall) in love with the work in the restoration division for ancient books at the National Library of China in Beijing soon after her graduation.This needs studying and digging into unique binding methods she hasn't seen before,while 4.__________(evaluate) the skills of masters who bring those paper treasures to light. “You can tell the technique from the degrees of 5.__________(consistent) in the paper's texture(质地) and color,” Song says. The National Library of China is home 6.__________ about 3 million ancient books,which in China 7.__________(define) as manuscripts(手写本),books and documents before 1911,8.__________ year the last Chinese emperor quitted from history. The seasons come and go outside this workshop on the first floor of the library,9.__________ time is relative for Song and her fellow restorers.Their work is calculated not through “years” but “lifetimes”.Day after day,the 10 or so specialists are 10.__________(full) absorbed in the duty of handling and healing the old books.The flow of time may be hardly felt,except through the yellowing pages and the graying of hair. [语篇解读]本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了古籍修复师宋晶的工作。 1.hidden [解析]考查非谓语动词。句意:除了欣赏这些古籍中隐藏的智慧,她还关注它们是如何装订和呈现的。hide(隐藏)作后置定语修饰名词the wisdom,是非谓语动词,与其逻辑主语the wisdom之间是动宾关系,应用过去分词表被动。故填hidden。 2.how [解析]考查宾语从句的引导词。句意见上题解析。空处引导宾语从句,结合句意,表示“如何……”,用连接副词how引导该宾语从句,how在从句中作方式状语。故填how。 3.fell [解析]考查动词的时态。句意:“这更像是我工作的一种习惯,”宋晶说。毕业后不久,她就爱上了北京中国国家图书馆古籍修复部的工作。动词短语fall in love with是定语从句的谓语,与主语who(指代先行词Song)之间是主动关系。结合时间状语soon after her graduation可知,讲述过去的事情应用一般过去时。故填fell。 4.evaluating [解析]考查省略和非谓语动词。句意:这需要研究和挖掘她以前从未见过的独特装订方法,同时评估将这些纸质珍品呈现给世人的大师的技能。分析句子可知,提示词与studying和digging是并列关系,用动名词形式作宾语。故填evaluating。 5.consistency [解析]考查名词。句意:您可以从纸张的质地和颜色的一致性程度来判断这种技术。介词of后用名词作宾语。故填consistency。 6.to [解析]考查介词。句意:中国国家图书馆收藏了大约300万本古书,在中国,古书被定义为1911年之前的手稿、书籍和文件,1911年是中国最后一位皇帝退出历史的一年。be home to是固定搭配,意为“是……的所在地”。故填to。 7.are defined [解析]考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意见上题解析。define(给……下定义)是定语从句中的谓语动词,与主语which(指代先行词ancient books)之间是被动关系。结合句意可知,陈述一般性事实用一般现在时。又因主语是复数名词,谓语动词也用复数形式。故填are defined。 8.the [解析]考查冠词。句意见第6题解析。句中指“中国最后一位皇帝退出历史的那一年”,特指,用定冠词the限定。故填the。 9.but [解析]考查连词。句意:在位于图书馆一楼的工作室外面,寒来暑往,四季更迭,但对宋晶和她的同事们来说,时间是相对的。他们的工作不是用“年”来计,而是用“一生”来计。根据下文可知,他们的时间概念与普通人不一样,上下文之间是转折关系,用连词but连接两个分句。故填but。 10.fully [解析]考查副词。句意:一天又一天,十余名专家全神贯注地处理和修复这些旧书。提示词修饰形容词absorbed,用副词fully作状语,意为“完全地”。故填fully。 Passage 2 Xiaoxihu block,once a run­down area in Nanjing,housed 810 families in an area of 46,900 square meters.Life there was 1.__________(convenient) due to narrow roads,old buildings with no kitchen and bathroom,and poor access to public services 2.__________ water,gas,electricity,and the Internet. However,with a history of over 600 years,the Xiaoxihu neighborhood had abundant historical remains,and many residents were 3.__________(extreme) attached to their ancestral houses and the memories of several generations. After several rounds of surveys and 4.__________(consult),the local government adopted a new approach to improve living conditions while 5.__________(preserve) the historical elements.In 2019,the renovation project broke ground. The developer first improved water,electricity,the Internet,and gas access with a utility tunnel that fits the narrow roads.The residents 6.__________(give) options of remaining in their homes or moving elsewhere.Those who chose to leave could rent their old houses to the construction company for commercial purposes after renovation,7.__________ those who stayed would be offered a specialized renovation plan 8.__________(base) on the house's practical conditions,usually including adding a kitchen and a bathroom. With more empty rooms and space,coffee shops,restaurants,and other kinds of businesses have opened up.To date,402 households still live in the community,but their lives have become much more comfortable.A cultural square 9.__________ stage is shaped like a semi­circle has been built,and the neighborhood 10.__________(become) more organized and attractive. [语篇解读]本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了南京小西湖街区的改造项目。该区由于得到了改造,已经有了很大的变化。 1.inconvenient [解析]考查形容词。句意:由于道路狭窄,没有厨房和浴室的旧建筑,以及难以获得像水、煤气、电和互联网等之类的公共服务,那里的生活很不方便。分析句子成分可知,空处应是形容词作表语;根据下文内容“due to narrow roads,old buildings with no kitchen and bathroom,and poor access to public services”可知,该区的生活条件较差。由此判断,那儿的生活是不方便的。故填inconvenient。 2.like [解析]考查介词。句意见上题解析。根据空前public services可知,下文提到的“water,gas,electricity,and the Internet”都是公共服务项目。由此判断,空处表示举例,为介词。故填like。 3.extremely [解析]考查副词。句意:然而,小西湖社区有着600多年的历史,有着丰富的历史遗迹,许多居民对祖屋和几代人的记忆非常依恋。修饰动词attached用副词形式。故填extremely。 4.consultation(s) [解析]考查名词。句意:经过几轮调查和咨询,当地政府采取了一种新的方法来改善生活条件,同时保留历史元素。根据并列连词and 前的surveys可知,空处为名词形式。名词consultation可作不可数名词和可数名词。故填consultation(s)。 5.preserving [解析]考查非谓语动词。句意见上题解析。这里为状语从句的省略,动词preserve和主句的主语the local government之间为主动关系,用动词的现在分词形式。故填preserving。 6.were given [解析]考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:居民可以选择留在家中或搬到其他地方。空处为本句谓语动词,根据上文可知,本句为一般过去时;主语为the residents为复数,和动词give之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态。故填were given。 7.and/while [解析]考查连词。句意:那些选择离开的人可以将他们的旧房子翻修后租给建筑公司用于商业用途;而留下的人则会根据房子的实际情况被提供专门的翻修方案,通常包括增加厨房和浴室。前后两句之间为并列关系,可用and连接;同时两者之间可视为两种情况作对比,用while。故填and或while。 8.based [解析]考查非谓语动词。句意见上题解析。空处为非谓语动词作后置定语,和被修饰词plan之间为被动关系,用过去分词形式。故填based。 9.whose [解析]考查定语从句的关系词。句意:建立了半圆形舞台的文化广场,使社区更加有序,更具吸引力。这里为定语从句的关系词,先行词为A cultural square,和stage之间为所有关系,所以用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。 10.has become [解析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意见上题解析。空处为并列句的谓语动词,根据上一句时态可知,本句时态为现在完成时;主语the neighborhood为单数,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填has become。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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