第2部分 专题2 第2章 非谓语动词(Word教参)-【优化指导】2025年高考英语一轮复习高中总复习·第1轮(译林版)

2024-11-04
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教辅
山东接力教育集团有限公司
进店逛逛

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第二章 非谓语动词 [对应学生用书P312] 一、概述 1.特点:无人称、数的变化,不单独作谓语,但保留动词特点,可以作宾语或状语。 2.使用条件:一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),在没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时,这些动词形式被称为非谓语动词。 3.句法作用 非谓语动词 主语 宾语 表语 宾语补足语 定语 状语 动词不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ √ — 现在分词 — — √ √ √ √ 过去分词 — — √ √ √ √ 动名词在少数情况下可以作宾语补足语。少数情况下,宾语指所做的事,宾语补足语(动名词)用以说明这件事。 We call this serving the people. 我们把这叫作为人民服务。 4.非谓语动词的时态和语态 类别 时态形式 语态形式 主动 被动 动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing — 完成式 to have done to have been done 动词ing形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 过去分词 一般式 done — 二、动词不定式与动名词作主语 1.动名词作主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为;动词不定式作主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。 ①Climbing mountains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。 ②To visit China is my next goal. 参观中国是我的下一个目标。 2.动词不定式作主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的动词不定式后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 完成这项工作花了我五分钟。 3.动名词作主语时,有时用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句尾。常见于以下句型中: ①It's use/good/fun ... ②It's useful/nice/useless ... It's nice seeing you again. 很高兴再次见到你。 三、动词不定式与动名词作宾语 1.常跟不定式作宾语的动词 want、wish、hope、expect、ask、afford、agree、choose、pretend、decide、happen、learn、offer、refuse、fail、plan、prepare、order、manage、promise、intend等。 ①He agreed to get someone to help us. 他同意找一些人来帮助我们。 ②They promised not to break the school rules again. 他们保证不会再破坏学校的规章制度了。 2.常跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语 dislike、advise、allow、avoid、bear、cannot help、consider、delay、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、include、keep、keep on、mind、miss、put off、permit、practice、resist、risk、suggest、stand、insist on、be busy、be worth、feel like、can't stand、think of、dream of、be fond of、prevent ...(from)、keep ...from、stop ...(from)、protect ...from、be engaged in、spend ...(in)、succeed in、admit to、be/get/become used to、be equal to、devote ...to、get down to、look forward to、object to、stick to、take to、see to、lead to、pay attention to等。 动词(短语)后接动名词和动词不定式的区别 动词(短语)forget、go on、mean、regret、remember、stop、try、be used to、can't help等后跟动名词,表示已经发生的动作;后跟动词不定式,表示将要发生的动作。 ①I forgot writing to her. 我忘记给她写过信了。 ②I forgot to tell her about it. 我忘记去告诉她这件事情了。 ③He regretted cheating in the exam. 他后悔在考试中作弊了。 ④I regret to say that we can't stay here any longer. 我很遗憾地说我们不能再待在这儿了。 四、动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词作表语 1.表示一定的概念,具有名词的性质时,动词不定式和动名词可以互换。 My hobby is collecting/to collect ancient coins. 我的爱好是收集古代的硬币。 2.若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时,一般用动词不定式。 My wish is to find a part­time job this summer. 我的愿望是这个夏天找一份兼职。 3.现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词的特征,也可以作为形容词,但要注意二者的区别。现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”,而过去分词作表语意为“感到……的”。 ①Please describe a dog that is frightening. 请描述一只令人害怕的狗。 ②Please describe a dog that is frightened. 请描述一只惊恐的狗。 get、become、look、seem、appear等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语,表示被动或主语的状态。 This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldn't get discouraged right after failure. 温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句话告诉我们,失败之后不应该气馁。 五、动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词作定语 1.动词不定式作定语放在所修饰的名词或代词后,被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。 ①The train to arrive is from London. 快到的火车是来自伦敦的。 ②He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个到并且最后一个离开。 2.动名词作定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途,一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ①a swimming pool=a pool for swimming 游泳池 ②a waiting room=a room for waiting 候车室 3.现在分词作定语表示主动或动作正在进行。过去分词作定语则表示被动或动作已完成。单个分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前面;分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词的后面。 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 the changing world 变化中的世界 a moving movie 一场感人的电影 an excited voice 一个激动的声音 fallen leaves 落叶 a broken cup 一个破了的杯子 the children playing outside 在外面玩的孩子们 六、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语 1.在“动词+宾语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式作宾语补足语,“宾语+动词不定式”构成了复合宾语。有些动词要求动词不定式不带to,有些要求必须带to,还有的带与不带都可以。 (1)常跟带符号to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词:ask、tell、want、wish、order、persuade、advise、allow、warn、encourage、cause、require等。 ①The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 医生建议他在床上再待几天。 ②We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这一职务。 (2)感官动词带宾语补足语的情况 结构(以see为例): see+宾语+doing/done/do→be seen+doing/done/to do 结构意义:do和to do表示动作的全过程或经常性的动作;doing表示主动的、正在进行的动作;done表示完成的、被动的动作(如果是不及物动词则只表示完成的动作)。 此类动词及短语有notice、watch、observe、listen to、hear、feel、find等。 ①She was seen to enter the meeting room. 有人看到她进了会议室。 ②A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. 如果厨师被发现在厨房里吸烟,他会被立即解雇。 (3)使役动词(get、make、let、have)后加复合宾语的情况 ①get带宾语补足语 “get ...doing sth.=send ...doing sth.”意为“使……开始做某事”,表示由静止到运动并持续下去; “get ...to do sth=let/have ...do sth.”意为“让……做某事”; “get ...done=have ...done”意为“使……被做”。 ②make/let带宾语补足语 “make/let ...do sth.”意为“让……做某事” ③have带宾语补足语 “have sth.done”意为“让某事被做”; “have sb.doing sth.”意为“让某人一直做某事”; “have sb.do sth.”意为“让某人做某事”。 2.现在分词作补足语的两种情况 (1)形容词性质的现在分词作补足语: ①I find the book very interesting.(宾语补足语) 我发现这本书非常有趣。 ②The boy is found very annoying.(主语补足语) (我)发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。 (2)动词性质的现在分词作补足语:感官动词(短语)和使役动词,如see、watch、hear、feel、notice、observe、look at、listen to、have、keep、get等后可以跟表示动作性质的现在分词作补足语,表示“正在或持续做某事”。 ①I see him passing by a bank.(宾语补足语) 我看见他正经过一家银行。 ②He was seen working in the garden.(主语补足语) 有人看见他正在花园里干活。 感官动词(短语) see、watch、look at、notice、hear、listen to、feel后加do表示动作的完整性,加doing表示动作的进行性。(注意:被动语态中不能省去to) 3.过去分词(done)作宾语补足语,说明宾语的性质或状态,与宾语一起构成复合宾语,其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。 (1)若是及物动词的过去分词,既表示被动,也可以表示动作已经完成(即先于谓语动词)。 (2)若是不及物动词的过去分词,则只表示完成。 (3)句子由主动变为被动时,宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语。 ①Have you heard this song sung in Japanese?(宾语补足语) 你听过这首用日语唱的歌吗? ②This song is often heard sung everywhere in China.(主语补足语) 这首歌在中国到处都能听到。 七、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语 1.动词不定式作状语,主要表示目的、结果、原因以及说话者的观点或态度。 (1)动词不定式往往放在系表结构后面,表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。 She was surprised to see Jim walk in. 看到吉姆进来,她很惊讶。 (2)动词不定式可以单独作目的状语,有时为了强调目的性,在动词不定式前可以加上in order或so as。 ①To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself. 为了成功,一个人首先要相信自己。 ②In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows. 为了保持温暖,我们关掉了所有的窗户。 (3)动词不定式表结果,常用在“too ...to ...” “enough ...to ...”结构中。有时动词不定式前加上only,表示出乎意料的结果。 ①The child is old enough to dress himself. 这个孩子已经足够大了,可以自己穿衣服。 ②We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left. 我们匆忙赶到车站却被告知火车已经开走了。 ③The husband left his wife, never to return. 这位丈夫离开了他的妻子,再也没有回来。 (4)有些动词不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的,放在句子之外,修饰整个句子,我们称之为评论性状语。 ①I have never seen such a person, to tell you the truth. 说实话,我从未见过这样的人。 ②To cut a long story short, we disagree. 长话短说,我们不同意。 2.现在分词作状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式、目的以及作评论性状语等。 (1)现在分词的一般式作时间状语,往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分词的完成式作时间状语,往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。 ①Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy. 听到这个消息,他们都高兴地跳了起来。 ②Having finished his speech, he answered our questions. 发表完演讲后,他回答了我们的问题。 (2)作原因状语 Living far from the school, I have to get up early in the morning. 我住的离学校很远,早上必须很早起床。 (3)作结果状语,常位于句尾,前面的主句表示原因,后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果。 The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage. 火烧了一整夜,造成了极大的损失。 (4)作伴随或方式状语,表示与谓语动作同时发生。 ①Following Tom, we started to climb mountains. 我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。 ②She came riding a new bike. 她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。 (5)现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性,多放于句尾,且与主句间用逗号隔开。 Jane kept silent, trying not to show her feelings. 简保持沉默,努力不表现出她的情感。 (6)有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存在,它们用来修饰全句,表明说话者的态度、观点等。常见的有: generally speaking 一般来说 strictly speaking 严格来说 roughly speaking 大致说来 narrowly speaking 狭义上说 judging from/by 由……判断 Judging from her accent, she must come from Australia. 从她的口音判断,她一定来自澳大利亚。 3.过去分词在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等状语。 (1)过去分词作时间状语可置于句首,也可以置于句尾,有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间。 ①Asked about his address, the boy didn't respond. 当被问到住址时,这个男孩没有回答。 ②Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 从山上看,这座城市看起来很壮观。 (2)作原因状语,常置于句首。 Infected with the H1N1, the little boy was separated from the other children. 由于感染了H1N1,这个小男孩与其他孩子隔离开了。 (3)作条件状语 United, we stand; divided, we fall. 合则立,分则败。 (4)作伴随或方式状语 She hurried up to her car, followed by her friends. 她匆匆走向她的汽车,后面跟着她的朋友。 [对应学生用书P317] 一、非谓语动词解题的七条经典原则 原则一:用作目的状语,原则上要用动词不定式。 原则二:用作伴随状语,原则上要用现在分词。 原则三:用作结果状语时,可用v.­ing 或动词不定式。 原则四:凡是表示被动意义时,原则上要用过去分词。 原则五:非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致。 原则六:强调动作发生在主句谓语动词之前时,原则上要用完成式。 原则七:用于名词后作定语时,动词不定式表示动作尚未发生;v.­ing表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示动作已经发生,同时表示被动意义。 [对点练习] ①When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there to_be_trained(train) for a space flight. ②To_make(make) this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. ③As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not moving(move), and asked myself what I was going to do. ④The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, letting(let) in the natural light during the day. ⑤He hurried to the cinema, only to_find(find) that she had left. ⑥The children talked so loudly at the dinner table that I had to struggle to_be_heard(hear). ⑦While watching(watch) television, we heard the doorbell ring. ⑧The manager, having_made(make) it clear to us that he didn't agree with us, left the meeting room. ⑨There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting to_be_held(hold) the day after tomorrow. ⑩There are hundreds of visitors waiting(wait) in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh's paintings. 二、非谓语动词解题的四大步骤 1.分析句子结构,辨别谓语与非谓语。 2.分析逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语,但仍具有动词特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致,则须加上自己的逻辑主语。一般来说,非谓语动词作定语时,逻辑主语为其所修饰的名词;作宾语补足语时,逻辑主语为宾语补足语之前的宾语;作表语、宾语或状语时,其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语。 3.分析语态。在确定逻辑主语之后,分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动关系还是被动关系。 4.分析时态。 [对点练习] ①He had_been_told(tell) many times, but he still couldn't understand it. →Having_been_told(tell) many times, he still couldn't understand it. ②Seen(see) from space, the earth looks blue. →Seeing(see) from space, we can see the earth is blue. ③Taking(take) everything into consideration, they ought to have another chance. →Everything taken(take) into consideration, they ought to have another chance. ④The building being_built(build) now will be a restaurant. →The building to_be_built(build) next year will be a restaurant. →The building built(build) last year is a restaurant. 真题演练 1.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)To eat one,you have to decide whether to_bite(bite) a small hole in it first,releasing the stream and risking a spill(溢出),or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth,letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 2.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Shanghai may be the recognized(recognize) home of the soup dumpling, but food historians will actually point you to the neighbouring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace. 3.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside,the best xiao long bao have a fine skin,allowing them to_be_lifted(lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents. 4.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them,though,one steamer basket is rarely enough,yet two seems greedy,so I am always left wanting(want) more next time. 5.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They talk to the flood of international tourists and to visiting(visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas,which are on loan from China. 6.(2023·全国甲卷)For thousands of years,people have told fables(寓言) to_teach(teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 7.(2023·全国甲卷)Her fable begins,borrowing(borrow) some familiar words from many age­old fables. 8.(2023·全国甲卷)Behind the simple style,however,is a serious message intended(intend) for everyone. 9.(2023·全国乙卷)From Buddhist temples to museums,narrow hutong to royal palaces,it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout,with the city keeping its carefully built(build) system of ring roads. 10.(2023·全国乙卷)Having_visited(visit) several times over the last 10 years,I was amazed by the co­existence of old and new,and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage(遗产) while constantly growing. 11.(2023·全国乙卷)As a photographer,I have spent the last two years recording(record) everything I discovered. [对应学生用书P319] Passage 1 (2024·福建泉州高中毕业班质量检测)Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) originated in ancient China.It 1.__________(include) acupuncture(针灸),Chinese herbal medicine,tai chi,qigong,tuina,guasha,cupping and so on. Acupuncture was one of the first TCM 2.__________(method) that were accepted by the healthcare system in the USA.It was first introduced to the USA in 1971 by a New York Times reporter,James Reston,in an article 3.__________(title) “Now,About My Operation in Peking”. In 1997,acupuncture was 4.__________(official) accepted by the National Institutes of Health of the US,and in a statement in 2002,the World Health Organization recognized acupuncture as an 5.__________(effect) treatment for more than 43 common ailments(疾病).TCM focuses 6._________ not only the disease treatment,but also the disease prevention and 7.__________ (improve) of overall health. Today,TCM is primarily used as an alternative for people 8.__________(maintain) a healthy state in the US.It is widely practiced in more than 180 countries and regions around the globe;among them,103 countries have approved 9.__________ use of acupuncture,29 have established some forms of laws and regulations for TCM,18 have included acupuncture into their national health insurance systems,10.__________ more than 30 have colleges and universities that teach students in TCM. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中医在世界范围内的广泛应用。 1.includes [解析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意:它包括针灸、中药、太极、气功、推拿、刮痧、拔罐等。此处为句子的谓语,句子陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时,主语为it,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填includes。 2.methods [解析]考查名词的数。句意:针灸是最早被美国医疗保健系统接受的中医方法之一。由空前one of the可知,此处填名词复数形式,表示“……的其中之一”。故填methods。 3.titled [解析]考查非谓语动词。句意:1971年,《纽约时报》记者詹姆斯·莱斯顿在一篇名为《现在,让我告诉你们我在北京的手术》的文章中首次将针灸引入美国。此处为非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰article,article和动词title之间为被动关系,应用过去分词形式。故填titled。 4.officially [解析]考查副词。句意:在1997年,针灸被美国国立卫生研究院正式接受,世界卫生组织在2002年的一份声明中也承认针灸对43种以上的常见病有效。此处修饰动词was accepted,应用副词officially,作状语。故填officially。 5.effective [解析]考查形容词。句意见上题解析。此处修饰名词treatment,应用形容词effective,作定语。故填effective。 6.on [解析]考查介词。句意:中医不仅注重疾病的治疗,而且注重疾病的预防和整体健康的提高。此处为动词短语focus on(专注于)。故填on。 7.improvement [解析]考查名词。句意见上题解析。由and连接的the disease prevention为名词短语可知,此处应用名词形式,作介词on的宾语,improvement为抽象概念,为不可数名词。故填improvement。 8.to maintain [解析]考查非谓语动词。句意:今天,在美国,中医主要被用作人们保持健康状态的一种选择。由空前的名词alternative可知,空处用动词不定式作后置定语。惯用表达an alternative to do意为“做……的一种选择”。故填to maintain。 9.the [解析]考查冠词。句意:针灸在全球180多个国家和地区广泛使用;其中,103个国家批准了针灸的使用,29个国家制定了某种形式的中医法律法规,18个国家将针灸纳入国民医疗保险体系,30多个国家的高等院校开设了中医课程。空后有of短语限定,此处应用定冠词,表特指。故填the。 10.and [解析]考查连词。句意见上题解析。根据句意可知,空处前后是并列关系,应用连词and连接。故填and。 Passage 2 (2024·辽宁沈阳一模)The Getty Center sits on a hilltop in the Santa Monica Mountains,1.__________(tower) above the city of Los Angeles.The museum was 2.__________(origin) constructed to house the vast art collection belonging to oil tycoon J.Paul Getty.Today,the modernist complex 3.__________(stock) with so many art works that the exhibit arenas can show just a part of them at a time,making the artistic special exhibitions a highlight of any visit to the Getty. The Center's award­winning architect,Richard Meier,did 4.___________ outstanding job of creating a public space that has surprised many visitors.Visitors go to the Getty thinking they are visiting a museum with works of art on the inside.5.__________ they discover instead is a work of art with a museum inside.Meier took some basic materials:metal,stone and glass.Working with a billion­dollar budget,he combined them 6.__________(create) a work of architecture that can excite visitors as much as the art collection inside 7.__________(do).Around every corner and at every turn,there is a new view 8.__________ store for guests.And then,just 9.___________ they think they have seen it all,a new fountain or landscape pops up. In addition to museum tours,the Getty also provides various free on­site tours,including tours of the gardens.These 10.__________(explore) are a must for anyone interested in learning more about Meier's techniques and ideas. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国洛杉矶盖蒂中心的由来及这个中心建筑本身的艺术价值。 1.towering [解析]考查非谓语动词。句意:盖蒂中心坐落在圣莫尼卡山脉的山顶上,高耸于洛杉矶市之上。分析句子结构可知,空处填非谓语动词,tower与逻辑主语The Getty Center之间是主动关系,应用现在分词形式towering作状语。故填towering。 2.originally [解析]考查副词。句意:该博物馆最初是为了保存石油大亨J·保罗·盖蒂的大量私人艺术收藏品而建造的。空处修饰动词constructed,应用origin的副词形式originally作状语。故填originally。 3.is stocked [解析]考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:如今,这座现代主义建筑群里收藏着如此多的艺术作品,以至于展览场一次只能展出其中的一部分,这使得艺术特展成为每次参观盖蒂博物馆的亮点。根据句意以及Today可知,句子使用一般现在时。stock与主语the modernist complex之间是被动关系,应用被动语态。主语the modernist complex是单数,be动词应用is。故填is stocked。 4.an [解析]考查冠词。句意:该中心屡获殊荣的建筑师理查德·迈耶在创造公共空间方面做了出色的工作,令许多游客感到惊讶。句中job表示“工作”,是可数名词的单数形式。前边需要有不定冠词修饰,泛指“一个”。outstanding以元音音素开头,空处应用不定冠词an。故填an。 5.What [解析]考查主语从句的引导词。句意:相反,他们发现的是一件里面有博物馆的艺术品。分析句子结构可知,空处引导主语从句,从句中缺少宾语,表示“什么”,应用what引导从句。句首单词首字母大写。故填What。 6.to create [解析]考查非谓语动词。句意:他以10亿美元的预算,将这些材料结合在一起,创造了一件建筑作品,能像里面的艺术品一样让游客兴奋不已。结合语意可知,他将材料结合在一起,是为了创造一件建筑作品,所以空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to create。 7.does [解析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意见上题解析。根据that引导的定语从句中的can excite可知,句子使用一般现在时。且“as much as the art collection inside 7.__________ ”是比较结构,其中主语the art collection是第三人称单数形式,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式,故使用助动词does。故填does。 8.to [解析]考查不定式。句意:在每一个角落和每一个转弯处,都有一处可供客人欣赏的新风景。分析句子结构可知,store在句中作非谓语动词,应用不定式形式作后置定语,修饰名词view,所以空处应用不定式符号to。故填to。 9.when [解析]考查连词。句意:然后,正当他们认为自己已经看到了这一切的时候,一个新的喷泉或景观突然出现了。结合语意可知,此处表示当他们认为自己已经看到了一切的时候,空处应用连词when,表示“当……时”,引导时间状语从句。故填when。 10.explorations [解析]考查名词和名词的数。句意:对于任何有兴趣进一步了解迈耶的技术和思想的人来说,这些探索都是必须的。空处位于These之后,应用名词exploration的复数形式explorations,表示“探索”,作句子主语。故填explorations。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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