第2部分 专题2 第1章 谓语动词的时态、语态、主谓一致和情态动词（Word教参）-【优化指导】2025年高考英语一轮复习高中总复习·第1轮（译林版）

第一章　谓语动词的时态、语态、主谓一致和情态动词 [对应学生用书P299] 一、动词的时态 按构成和状态可分三类：一般时(单个v./v.­ed，可借助于助动词do/does/did＋v.原形构成否定句和疑问句)、进行时(借助于助动词be＋v.­ing)、完成时(借助于助动词have/has/had＋v.­ed)。 (一)一般时 1．一般现在时 (1)表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always、every time、now and then、occasionally、often、seldom、sometimes、usually、every day/night等连用。例如： ①He takes a walk after supper every day. 他每天晚饭后散步。 ②He is our English teacher. 他是我们的英语老师。 (2)描述主语的能力、兴趣爱好和性格特征等。例如： ①He works hard. 他工作努力。 ②The children draw well. 孩子们画得很好。 (3)表示客观的事实或真理。例如： ①The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 ②Two plus two makes four. 二加二等于四。 (4)表示按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的将来的行为(只限于go、come、leave、arrive、begin、start、take off、stop、be等表示开始或移动意义的词或短语)。例如： ①The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning. 火车在上午十点出发。 ②Supper is at five today. 今天五点吃晚饭。 (5)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时(will＋动词原形)，从句用一般现在时表将来。例如： ①I'll go there after I finish my work. 我完成我的工作后去那里。 ②If it rains tomorrow, I won't go there. 如果明天下雨，我就不去那里了。 当主语是第三人称时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。除此之外都用动词原形。动词第三人称单数形式变化规则如下。 构成规则 动词变形 一般在词尾加­s，（在清辅音后读/s/；在浊辅音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/，在d后读/dz/） play→plays leave→leaves swim→swims 以字母s、 x、 ch、 sh、 o结尾的词加­es，读/iz/；如果动词原形词尾已有e，则只加­s pass→passes fix→fixes teach→teaches wish→wishes do→does 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i，再加­es，读/iz/ study→studies carry→carries fly→flies 2．一般过去时(提示：使用动词的过去式) (1)表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，常与last week/year/month/spring、a few days ago、in 1998等时间状语以及when等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。例如： ①We had a good swim last Sunday. 上个星期天我们游泳游得很好。 ②When I was young, I took cold baths regularly. 我小时候经常洗冷水澡。 (2)表示过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。例如： When my brother was a teenager, he played table tennis almost every day. 我哥哥十几岁的时候几乎天天打乒乓球。 (3)在“It's (about/high) time (that) ...” “I'd rather ...” “Would you mind if ...”等句式中，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的动作。例如： ①It's time you took a rest now. 现在你该休息了。 ②—Shall I open a window? —I'd rather you didn't. ——我可以开窗户吗？ ——我宁愿你不要。 ③Would you mind very much if I asked you to do something? 如果我要求你做一些事情，你会很介意吗？ (4)在虚拟语气中，用一般过去时(be动词只用were)表示现在或将来的动作。例如： ①If I had time, I would go with you. 如果我有时间，我会和你一起去。 ②He looks as if he were ill. 他看起来像是生病了。 ③I wish I knew the answer. 我希望我知道答案。 动词过去式/过去分词的变化规则如下： 构成规则 动词变形 一般在动词原形末尾加­ed，(在清辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/；在/t/，/d/后读/id/) look→looked play→played work→worked 在结尾是e的动词末尾加­d like→liked live→lived hope→hoped 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加­ed plan→planned stop→stopped drop→dropped 结尾是“辅音字母＋y”的动词，先变y为i再加­ed study→studied worry→worried cry→cried 3.一般将来时 (1)will/shall do(侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事，与tomorrow、next week、soon等连用)。例如： ①My daughter will be twelve years old tomorrow. 明天我的女儿就12岁了。 ②Work hard, and you will pass the exam. 努力学习，你就会通过考试。 (2)be going to do sth.(主观上打算、决心或客观上可能发生)。例如： ①Tom studies very hard, and he is going to try for a scholarship. 汤姆学习非常努力，他打算争取奖学金。 ②Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. 看那些云。要下雨了。 (3)be about to(表示即将发生的动作，在时间上指最近的将来，此句型很少与表示将来的具体时间状语连用)。例如： The English evening is about to begin. 英语晚会就要开始了。 (4)be to do sth. a．按计划或安排即将发生某事。例如： ①The boys are to go to school next week. 这些男孩们下周就要去上学了。 ②The city government is to build a new hospital. 市政府要建一座新医院。 b．表示要求或命令某人去做某事。例如： ①You are not to smoke here. 你不能在这吸烟。 ②You are to stand here until I come back. 你在这站着直到我回来。 c．表示注定要发生某事。例如： ①You are to succeed if you work hard. 如果你努力学习，你将会成功。 ②His manner of acting is to become famous in the world. 他的表演方式将闻名于世。 (5)某些动词，可用进行时态表将来，如be＋coming/going/starting/leaving/etc.(动词大多为瞬间动词)。例如： ①The plane is taking off at 5 o'clock. 飞机将在五点起飞。 ②He is leaving tomorrow. 他明天就要离开了。 (二)进行时 1．现在进行时(am/is/are＋v.­ing) (1)表示正在进行的动作或存在的状态。例如： ①We are having an English lesson. 我们正在上英语课。 ②The rooms are being painted. 房间正在被粉刷。 (2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时动作不一定进行)。例如： We are working on a farm these days. 这些天我们一直在农场干活。 (3)表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always、continually、constantly连用。例如： ①He is always thinking of others first. 他总是先考虑别人。 ②He is always making the same mistake. 他总是犯同样的错误。 (4)有些动词如come、go、leave、return、arrive、begin、start、stay等，它们的现在进行时表示动作按计划或安排在不远的将来即将发生。例如： ①She is leaving for Beijing. 她将要去北京了。 ②He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 他明天要当老师了。 v.­ing的构成规则 示例 一般在动词原形末尾加­ing listen→listening spend→spending stay→staying 以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加­ing have→having prepare→preparing close→closing 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这个辅音字母，再加­ing sit→sitting begin→beginning run→running put→putting 以ie结尾的动词，把ie改为y，再加­ing lie→lying die→dying 以er结尾的动词，如是重读音节结尾，先双写r，再加­ing；如不是重读音节结尾，就直接加­ing prefer→preferring water→watering 2.过去进行时(was/were＋v.­ing) (1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)。例如： He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 他昨天一整天都在准备他的演讲。 (2)表示过去的将来动作。例如： He said she was arriving the next day. 他说她第二天到。 (3)一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行时，短动作用一般时。例如： ①My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑车的时候摔倒受伤了。 ②Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. 汤姆趁没人看的时候溜进了房子。 3．将来进行时(will/shall be＋v.­ing) (1)表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。例如： I will be watching TV in the room at eight tomorrow evening. 明天晚上八点我将在看电视。 (2)预测按计划在将来某时会发生的事情。例如： He will be taking his exams next week. 他将在下周考试。 (三)完成时 1．现在完成时(have/has done) (1)表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作，常与so far、in the past/last few years、recently、lately、twice、for two years、how long、since ( ...ago)等连用。例如： I have finished one third of the report so far. 到目前为止，我已经完成了报告的三分之一。 (2)表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for ...”“since ...”等表述一段时间的状语连用。例如： ①He has learned English for six years. 他已经学了六年英语了。 ②They have worked here since they left college. 自从他们离开大学之后就一直在这工作。 (3)现在完成时表示将来。在时间、条件状语从句中，现在完成时可表示将来某时已经完成的动作。例如： ①I shall go with you as soon as I have had my bath. 我一洗完澡就跟你去。 ②We'll start at once if it has stopped raining by five o'clock. 如果五点前雨停了，我们就立即出发。 现在完成时除可以和for、since等引导的状语连用外，还可以和during/in/over the last （past）few years months、weeks ...）、in recent years、so far、up to/until/now等连用。但是现在完成时不能和明确的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday、last week、in 1998、two days ago等。下列句型中常用现在完成时： ①It is （has been）＋一段时间＋since从句． ②This （That/It） is the first （second ...） time＋that从句． ③This （That/It） is the only ...＋that从句． ④This （That/It） is the best/finest/most interesting ...＋that从句． ①短暂性动词（即瞬间动词）如join、lose、buy、borrow、leave、go、come、arrive、die、marry、finish、complete、begin、start、break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。” He has finished the work for three hours.（　×　） “ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.（　√　） “延续法”：He has been through （with） the work for three hours.（　√　） “since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.（　√　） ②have/has been to和have/has gone to的区别：前者表示“去过某地，现在已经回来”；后者表示“去了某地，在去的路上或已经在那里（至今没有回来）”。 一般过去时和现在完成时的辨析 (1)两者都表示发生在过去的动作。但现在完成时表示过去动作与现在的关系，强调过去的动作对现在造成的结果或影响；一般过去时强调动作发生在过去某一时间，与现在不发生联系。 ①They've gone to Paris.,他们到巴黎去了。(说明他们现在去巴黎了，不在这里) ②They went to Paris.,他们去过巴黎。(只说明去过，不表明是否现在仍在那里) (2)现在完成时表示从过去发生到现在一段时间内的任何时间，可与so far、up to now、lately、ever since、in the past/last few years等表示现在的一段时间的状语连用，但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用；一般过去时表示的是过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间。 ①I haven't seen the film yet.,我还没看过这部影片。(到目前为止) ②I saw the film the day before yesterday.,我前天看的这部电影。(表明看电影的时间是在前天) 2．过去完成时(had done) (1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by (the end of)、by then、before等时间状语连用。例如： ①He had shut the door before the dog came up. 他在狗进来之前关上了门。 ②By then he had learned English for 3 years. 那时他已经学了三年英语了。 (2)表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去的时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。例如： He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 当我们得知此事时，他已经病了一个星期了。 (3)常用hope、expect、think、intend、want、suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如： We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 我们原以为你能赢得这场比赛。 (4)用于“hardly/scarcely/barely had ...done ...when ...”和“no sooner ...had ...done ...than ...”引导的复合句的主句中，常用倒装语序。when和than从句用一般过去时，表示“刚刚……就……”。例如： Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down. ＝No sooner had I got home than the rain poured down. 我刚到家，雨就瓢泼而下。 (5)It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句，since从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们十年没这么高兴了。 (6)This/That/It was the first/second ...time＋that从句，that从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： That was the first time (that) I had passed the exam. 那是我第一次考试及格。 3．现在完成进行时(have/has been＋v.­ing) 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续下去)的动作。例如： ①He has been learning English for 6 years. 他已经学了六年英语了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学) ②It has been raining for three days. 雨已经下了三天了。(强调现在雨还没停止) (四)过去将来时 1．定义 过去将来时主要用于表示在过去某个时间看起来即将发生的动作或存在的状态。 ①He said he would come here next Friday. 他说他下周五来这儿。 ②I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时他会帮助我们。 2．过去将来时的结构 (1)would＋动词原形 ①She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告诉我们说她将尽一切努力在本学期赶上其他同学。 ②When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 当你请李雷帮忙时，他绝不会拒绝。 (2)was/were going to＋动词原形 ①He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我们说他要参加会议。 ②He said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 他说将要派我去火车站接她。 (3)was/were to＋动词原形 ①The building was to be completed next month. 这座建筑将于下个月竣工。 ②Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李雷很快就要到了。 (4)was/were about to＋动词原形 ①We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. 就在我们要离开时，天突然下起了大雨。 ②He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃午饭的时候，门铃响了。 (5)was/were＋现在分词 ①He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。 ②We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校。 3．过去将来时的用法 (1)过去将来时，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。 ①He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们待在一起。 ②He said he would never go there again. 他说他绝不会再去那儿。 (2)过去将来时，用于虚拟语气中。 ①If I were you, I would not do that. 如果我是你的话，我就不会那样做。 ②If he were here, he would show us how to do it. 如果他在这儿，他就会向我们展示该如何做了。 “was/were going to＋动词原形” “was/were to＋动词原形” “was/were about to＋动词原形”等结构都可以表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算。 ①The conference was going to be held next month. 会议下个月开。 ②We were to have our class at eight. 八点我们该上课了。 二、被动语态 1．时态与动词形式 时态 动词形式 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在时 am/is/are＋过去分词 am/is/are＋being＋过去分词 have/has＋been＋过去分词 过去时 was/were＋过去分词 was/were＋being＋过去分词 had＋been＋过去分词 将来时 shall/will be＋过去分词 — shall/will＋have been＋过去分词 过去 将来时 was/were going to/would be＋过去分词 — was/were going to/would＋have been＋过去分词 ①含有情态动词的谓语的被动语态由“情态动词（can、may、must、have to等）＋be＋过去分词”构成。 ②含有be going to、be to、used to、be about to等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态，其构成为“be going to（be to、used to、be about to）＋be＋过去分词”。 After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it was being decorated. 放学后，我们到阅览室去读书，结果却被告知它正在被装饰。（过去进行时的被动语态） 2．主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况 英语中有很多动词，如run、break、catch、clean、drive、look、open、sell、read、write、wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily、well等副词连用。 The machine runs well. 这种机器运转良好。 主动语态表示被动意义 ①主动语态表示被动意义强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 ②表示感受、感官的系动词feel、sound、taste、look等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构，无被动形式。 ③在need、want、require、deserve、bear等动词，worth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 ④在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice、easy、fit、hard、difficult、important、impossible、pleasant、interesting等。 The problem is difficult to work out.,这道题很难计算出。(可看作to work out省略了for me) ⑤be to rent/blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。 Who is to blame for the mistake？ 谁应为这个错误受到谴责？ 三、主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语在人称和数上必须和主语的人称和数保持一致。 1．就近原则 就近原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。 (1)在表示存在的there be句式中，主语是两个或多个并列名词(短语)时，be的形式与最近的一个名词(短语)保持一致。 There is a pen, two pencils and several books on the desk. ＝There are two pencils, a pen and several books on the desk. ＝There are several books, a pen and two pencils on the desk. 桌子上有一支钢笔、两支铅笔和几本书。 (2)由here、there等引导的倒装句中，若主语不止一个时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致(只用在一般现在时和一般过去时中)。例如： ①Here comes the bus. 公交车来了。 ②Here is a pen and two books for you. ＝Here are two books and a pen for you. 这是给你的一支钢笔和两本书。 (3)由连词or, either ...or ..., neither ...nor ..., not only ...but also ...、not ...but ...等连接并列主语时，谓语动词应与最近的主语保持一致。例如： ①Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music. ＝Not only the teacher but also the students enjoy listening to the music. 不仅学生，老师也喜欢听音乐。 ②Neither you nor I am right. ＝Neither I nor you are right. 你和我都错了。 ③Am neither I nor you right? 你和我都错了吗？ 2．语法一致 主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；可数名词的复数形式作主语，谓语动词用复数。 I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他，他也经常帮助我。 (1)由with、along with、together with、as well as、besides、except、but、like、without、including、rather than等连接并列主语时，谓语动词必须与前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 ①The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the garden. 这位老师和他的学生一起在花园种树。 ②E­mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication. 电子邮件和电话在日常交流中扮演着重要的角色。 (2)如果主语是动词不定式、动词­ing形式或主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。 To see is to believe.＝Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 ①Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是一个好习惯。（把早睡早起当成一个动作） ②由what引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。但如果表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数。 What he is doing seems very important. 他正在做的事情看起来很重要。 What he has said leaves much for us to think about. 他说的话给我们留下了很多思考的东西。 What he left me are some old books. 他给我留了一些旧书。 (3)“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中的“复数名词”是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数；如果one前有the、the only、the right等限定词修饰，则one是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。 ①John is the only one of the students who has the keys. 约翰是唯一一个有钥匙的学生。 ②John is one of the students who have the keys. 约翰是有钥匙的学生之一。 (4)“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数，意为“大量的”；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数，意为“……的数量”。 ①A number of new books are on the desk. 桌子上有很多新书。 ②The number of students in your class is 50. 你们班学生的数量是50。 (5)a quantity of后既可接复数名词，又可接不可数名词。如果a quantity of接不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果a quantity of接复数名词，则谓语动词通常要采用复数形式。quantities of后接复数名词、不可数名词，后面的谓语都用复数形式。例如： ①There is a large quantity of milk. 有很多牛奶。 ②Great quantities of fish are caught on the high seas. 在大海上捕获了大量的鱼。 (6)“many a＋单数名词/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 ①More than one/Many a passenger was killed in the accident yesterday. 昨天，许多乘客在事故中丧生。 ②Many a/More than one boy has seen it. 许多男孩都见过。 ③Many a teacher and many a student have taken part in the discussion. 许多老师和学生参加了讨论。 (7)“every/each/no＋单数名词＋and every/each/no＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 ①Each man and each woman is asked to attend the meeting. 每个男人和女人都被要求参加这次会议。 ②Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 这个班里的每个男孩和女孩都很勤奋。 ③No sound and no voice is heard. 万籁俱寂。 (8)“each of＋复数代词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。“复数代词＋each”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 Each of us has something to say. ＝We each have something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。 (9)不定代词all、more、some、any、none等作主语时，谓语动词视指代情况而定，可用单数，也可用复数；但当它们指代不可数名词时看作单数，谓语动词用单数。 ①All the apples are rotten.＝All the apple is rotten. 所有的苹果都腐烂了。 ②None of us are perfect. 我们每个人都不完美。 ③None of the money is left. 一点钱都没剩下。 (10)复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 ①Someone is calling you. 有人正在叫你。 ②Nothing is found in the room. 房间里什么东西都没发现。 (11)某些名词如compasses(圆规)、trousers、shoes、glasses、pants(裤子)、jeans(牛仔裤)、shorts(短裤)、scissors(剪刀)等作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它们被a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。 ①The scissors are sharp. 这把剪刀很锋利。 ②The shoes are worn­out. ＝The pair of shoes is worn­out. 这双鞋已经不能穿了。 当主语是congratulations、 earnings（收入）、 goods（商品）、 belongings（财产）、 clothes、 sales（销售额）等一类词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 The goods belong to Mr Wang. 这些商品属于王先生。 3．意义一致 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数；主语形式为复数，而意义为单数，谓语动词用单数。 (1)主语是“the＋形容词(或过去分词)”时，表示“一类人”，谓语通常用复数。这类词有the poor、the rich、the young、the old、the injured、the wounded等。 ①The rich are not always happy. 富人并不总是开心的。 ②The sick in the accident have been taken to the hospital. 事故中的病人已经被带去医院了。 (2)主语是“the＋姓氏复数”时，表示“一对夫妇/一家人”，谓语通常用复数。 The Browns were nice to me when I was in the United States. 当我在美国时，布莱恩夫妇对我很好。 (3)表示时间、金钱、距离、度量等的名词作主语时，不管单复数形式，谓语动词都用单数。例如： ①Thirty years is a long time. 三十年是一段很长的时间。 ②Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. 对我来说两个小时足够完成工作了。 ③One dollar and eighty­seven cents was all Tom had. 汤姆只有一美元八十七美分了。 (4)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all、some、half、most、the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。 ①Half of the students have finished their composition. 一半的学生完成了作文。 ②Half of the apple is bad. 一半的苹果坏了。 ③About 60 percent of the students in our school are boys. 我们班大约百分之六十的学生是男生。 ④Three­fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea. 地球表面的四分之三被海水覆盖。 (5)集体名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数，主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体时用单数，强调整体中的个体时用复数。这类名词有family、audience、crowd、class、population、team、group等。 ①The class consists of twenty­five boys and twenty girls. 这个班由25名男生和20名女生组成。 ②The class are doing experiments. 这个班正在做实验。 ③The family is very big, but not all the family are fond of taking photos. 这个家庭很大，但并不是所有的家庭成员都喜欢拍照。 ④The crowd are surrounding the government official. 拥挤的人群围绕着政府官员。 某些名词如people、police、cattle等，形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时是例外。 ①The police are searching for a thief. 警察正在搜寻一名小偷。 ②The cattle are eating grass on the hill. 牛正在山丘上吃草。 (6)形复义单的名词如news、maths或以­ics结尾的学科名称如physics、politics，国家名称如the United States，报纸名称如The New York Times，书名如Great Expectations(《远大前程》)，以及the United Nations作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 ①No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。 ②Maths is hard to learn. 数学很难学。 ③Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. 《远大前程》是查尔斯·狄更斯在1860年写的。 (7)有些名词单复数形式相同，作主语时，谓语动词由上下文决定。这类名词有means、deer、sheep、Chinese、Japanese、fish等。 ①Not every means is useful. 不是每种方法都有用。 ②Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都有用。 and后的谓语动词用法总结 (1)and连接两个或两个以上不同的人或物作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 ①He and I are both students of this school.,他和我都是这个学校的学生。 ②Time and tide wait for no man岁月不饶人。 (2)如果连接两个或两个以上的并列结构是指同一个人或物，或指同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词前不加冠词。如表示整体概念的并列结构bread and butter、knife and fork、iron and steel、law and order等，配套事物a watch and chain、a needle and thread等。 ①The singer and the dancer are going to give us a performance. 这位歌手和这位舞蹈家将给我们带来一场表演。 ②The singer and dancer is going to give us a performance. 这位歌手兼舞蹈家将给我们带来一场表演。 ③The knife and fork is on the table. 刀和叉子在桌子上。 [对应学生用书P309] “四招定向”解决语法填空中的动词时态问题 1．通过看时间状语确定动词时态是最直接的方法。 2．当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。 3．当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填词的动作的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。 4．英语中有一些句式的时态是固定的，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用相应的时态。 (1)It is the first/second/ ...time that sb. have/has done ... (2)It was the first/second/ ...time that sb. had done ... (3)Sb. was/were doing sth. when ...did ... (4)Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when ...did ... (5)Sb. was/were about to do sth. when ...did ... (6)It's (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth. [对点练习] ①Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36­year­old business. ②On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach. I voiced(voice) my biggest concern to my mother. ③One study in America found that students' grades improved(improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms. ④When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody has/will_have(have) to worry about fashion. ⑤While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. ⑥I still remember visiting a friend who'd lived there for five years and I was_shocked(shock) when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time. ⑦You probably have_used/have_been_using(use) caffeine since childhood. ⑧Later, engineers managed(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube. ⑨When fat and salt are_removed(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. ⑩Sarah has_been_told/was_told(tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. 真题演练 1．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)As a little girl，I wished(wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up. 2．(2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still be_employed(employ) today to draw attention to important truths. 3．(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years，I was_amazed(amaze) by the co­existence of old and new，and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage(遗产) while constantly growing. 4．(2023·全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city，which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world，means(mean) there is always something new to discover here，and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The GPNP is_designed(design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems ...” 6．(2022·全国乙卷) The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society addressed (address) the opening ceremony. 7．(2022·新高考 Ⅱ 卷) Henry was_fixing(fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. 8．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) He quickly threw(throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out. 9．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were (be) previously unprotected ... 10．(2022·全国甲卷) In the last five years, Cao has_walked(walk) through 34 countries in six continents ... 11．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could_have_made(make) six salads with what I threw out. [对应学生用书P311] Passage 1 (2024·江西萍乡一模)Kyrgyzstan(吉尔吉斯斯坦) is a mountainous country where nearly two thirds of the people live in rural areas.The UN notes that the local economy depends 1.__________ (heavy) on farming.So it is rare for any Kyrgyz to choose technology 2.__________ a career path. The UN Development Programme studied records about the country's college 3.__________ (graduate) in science，technology，engineering，mathematics，construction and manufacturing.It found that women make up less than 10 percent of those graduates. Nineteen­year­old Alina Anisimova，4.__________ is a computer programmer，says some girls don't have the courage to take on such studies because it is not common in their country.And，she also says a majority of parents discourage their daughters from 5.__________(study) these subjects.Girls in her country are expected 6.__________(marry) instead of having careers.Nearly one in 10 girls in Kyrgyzstan is married before the age of 18，notes the international aid group Girls Not Brides.She wishes that in the future people will not consider it so 7.__________(surprise) to see young women get involved in engineering and metal working. Actually，the number of women in science，technology，engineering and math areas 8.__________(increase) in recent years.For example，in the US，there has been a push to get more girls interested in such subjects at 9.__________ early age.Still，the UN's cultural agency UNESCO notes that only about 30 percent of the world's researchers 10.__________(be) women. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在吉尔吉斯斯坦，在科技、工程、数学、建筑等领域工作的女性人数较少。文章分析了产生这一情况的原因。 1．heavily　[解析]考查副词。空处修饰动词短语depends on，故应用副词修饰。故填heavily。 2．as　[解析]考查介词。句意：因此，吉尔吉斯人很少选择技术行业作为职业道路。由语境可知，空处表示“作为”，故填as。 3．graduates　[解析]考查名词的数。graduate意为“大学毕业生”，为可数名词，此处表示复数意义，故应用其复数形式。故填graduates。 4．who　[解析]考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Alina Anisimova，指人，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who。故填who。 5．studying　[解析]考查固定搭配。短语discourage sb.from doing sth.意为“打消某人做某事的念头”，是常用搭配。故填studying。 6．to marry　[解析]考查固定搭配。短语expect sb.to do sth.表示“期待某人做某事”，此处为其被动形式，故填to marry。 7．surprising　[解析]考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处作宾语补足语，应填形容词；结合语境可知，此处表示“令人吃惊的”，故填surprising。 8．has increased　[解析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据in recent years可知，空处应用现在完成时。the number of意为“……的数量”，作主语时后面的谓语动词用单数形式。故填has increased。 9．an　[解析]考查冠词。短语at an early age表示“在很小的时候，在早年”。故填an。 10．are　[解析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时。主语为only about 30 percent of the world's researchers，谓语动词应用复数形式。故填are。 Passage 2 (2024·云南昆明高三第一次摸底考试)A seed bank stores seeds to preserve genetic diversity；hence it is a type of gene bank.Many people may wonder 1.__________ the seeds are stored.One of the major reasons is to preserve the genes that plant growers need to increase yield，disease resistance，drought tolerance，nutritional quality，and the taste of crops.Another is to prevent 2.__________(lose) of genetic diversity in rare or endangered plant species in 3.__________ effort to conserve biodiversity.Many plants 4.__________(grow) centuries ago by humans are used less frequently now；seed banks offer a way to preserve that historical and cultural value.Collections of seeds stored 5.__________ constant low temperature and low water level are guarded against reduction of genetic resources which are otherwise maintained in field collections.These alternative “living” collections can 6.__________(damage) by natural disasters，outbreaks of disease，7.__________ war.Containing valuable information about evolved strategies to reduce plant stress，seed banks are considered seed 8.__________(library)，and can help to create genetically modified(调整过的) versions of 9.__________(exist) seeds.The work of seed banks often span decades and even centuries.Most seed banks are 10.__________(public) funded and seeds are usually available for research that benefits the public. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了“种子银行”。 1．why　[解析]考查名词性从句。句意：许多人可能想知道为什么要储存种子。“1.__________ the seeds are stored”在句中作动词wonder的宾语从句，空处在从句中作状语。根据下文“One of the major reasons is to preserve the genes ...Another is to prevent ...to conserve biodiversity.”可知，此处应使用why引导名词性从句，表示“为什么，……的原因”。故填why。 2．loss　[解析]考查名词。句意：另一个原因是防止稀有或濒危植物物种的遗传多样性丧失，努力保护生物多样性。设空处在句中作动词prevent的宾语，应填动词lose的名词loss。故填loss。 3．an　[解析]考查冠词。句意见上题解析。effort意为“艰难的尝试，试图，尽力”，为可数名词。此处表泛指，应填不定冠词；固定短语in an effort to do sth.意为“为了达到……目标，为了……”。空后effort以元音音素开头，设空处应填不定冠词an。故填an。 4．grown　[解析]考查非谓语动词。句意：人类在几个世纪前种植的许多植物现在使用的频率较低；种子银行提供了一种保护历史和文化价值的方法。“4.__________(grow) centuries ago by humans”作后置定语修饰名词短语Many plants，Many plants与动词grow构成逻辑上的被动关系；结合空后的by humans可知，设空处应填grow的过去分词形式，表示被动。故填grown。 5．at　[解析]考查介词。句意：在恒定低温和低含水量条件下保存的种子可以防止遗传资源的减少，否则，那些遗传资源只能通过田间采集保存。句中指“在恒定的低温低含水量条件下保存”，“在……温度/含水量”用介词at和temperature和water level进行搭配。故填at。 6．be damaged　[解析]考查动词的时态和语态。句意：这些可供选择的“活”藏品可能会因自然灾害、疾病爆发或战争而受损。设空处在句中与can构成谓语，主语“These alternative ‘living’ collections”与动词damage之间为被动关系，由情态动词can可知，设空处应填be done构成被动语态。故填be damaged。 7．or　[解析]考查连词。句意见上题解析。句中“natural disasters，outbreaks of disease”与war之间为并列关系，设空处应填连词连接三种可能的情况，连词or符合句意。故填or。 8．libraries　[解析]考查名词的数。句意：种子“银行”包含了关于减少植物逆境的进化策略的宝贵信息，被认为是种子库，可以帮助创造现有种子的转基因版本。library为可数名词，根据句中的seed banks可知，此处应填library的复数形式。故填libraries。 9．existing　[解析]考查形容词。句意见上题解析。设空处在句中作定语修饰名词seeds，形容词existing(现存的)符合句意。故填existing。 10．publicly　[解析]考查副词。句意：大多数种子库是公共资助的，种子通常用于造福公众的研究。设空处修饰谓语动词are funded，应填public的副词publicly。故填publicly。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$