内容正文:
专题一 谓语动词
[对应学生用书P258]
一 动词的概念及分类
动词是用来表示动作或状态的词。英语中的动词有时态、语态、语气、人称和数的变化。动词主要有以下几类:
二 动词的词形变化
当句子的时态发生变化,动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确是英语写作中常见的错误。因此,要注意在不同时态中动词的词形变化。
形式
变化规则
构成方法
例词
现在式
原形
—
—
see,finish,teach,touch
第三人称单数
一般情况
直接加s
look→looks
write→writes
以ch,sh,s,x结尾
加es
teach→teaches
finish→finishes
guess→guesses
mix→mixes
以“辅音字母+o”结尾
加es
do→does
go→goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i 加es
try→tries
cry→cries
过去式
一般情况
直接加ed
rain→rained
look→looked
以不发音的字母e结尾
直接加d
decide→decided
hope→hoped
以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写辅音字母加ed
stop→stopped
admit→admitted
chat→chatted
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i加ed
carry→carried
try→tried
现在分词
一般情况
直接加ing
go→going
read→reading
以不发音的字母e结尾
去e加ing
have→having
write→writing
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写辅音字母加ing
plan→planning
cut→cutting
run→running
shut→shutting
以ie结尾
变ie为y加ing
lie→lying
tie→tying
三 动词的时态
状态
时间
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
do/does
did
will do
would do
进行
am/is/are doing
was/were doing
will be doing
would be doing
完成
have/has done
had done
will have done
would have done
完成进行
have/has been doing
had been doing
will have been doing
would have been doing
(一)一般时
(二)进行时
(三)完成时
(1)现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间的状语连用,如yesterday, last week, in 2022, two days ago等。
(2)下列句型中常使用现在完成时:
①It is/has been+一段时间+since从句.
②This/That/It is the first/second/ ... time+that从句(现在完成时).
③This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting ...+that从句(现在完成时).
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次发表演讲。
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.
这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
(四)过去将来时
1.定义
过去将来时主要用于表示在过去某个时间即将发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.过去将来时的结构
结构
例句
would+动词原形
She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term.
她告诉我们说她将尽最大努力在本学期赶上其他同学。
was/were going to+动词原形
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.
他告诉我们说他要参加会议。
was/were to+动词原形
The building was to be completed next month.
这座建筑将在下个月竣工。
was/were about to+动词原形
We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.
就在我们要离开那里时,天突然下起了大雨。
was/were+现在分词
We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon.
我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校。
3.过去将来时的用法
①一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。
He said he would never go there again.
他说他绝不会再去那儿了。
②用于虚拟语气中。
If he were here, he would show us how to do it.
如果他在这儿,他就会向我们展示该如何做了。
was/were going to do,was/were to do,was/were about to do等结构都可以表达过去未曾实现的意图或打算。
I was going to attend the meeting,but my car broke down.
我本来要去参加会议的,但我的车坏了。
The plane was to take off at six,but something went wrong.
飞机本来应该6点起飞,但是出了故障。
四 动词的语态
动词的语态表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态(主语是动词的执行者)和被动语态(主语是谓语动词的承受者)。及物动词有被动语态;不及物动词没有被动语态,如happen,occur,take place,break out等。
(一)被动语态中的时态与动词形式
时态
动词形式
一般式
进行式
完成式
现在时
am/is/are+过去分词
am/is/are being+过去分词
have/has been+过去分词
过去时
was/were+过去分词
was/were being+过去分词
had been+过去分词
将来时
shall/will be+过去分词
—
shall/will have been+过去分词
过去将来时
was/were going to be+过去分词,would be+过去分词
—
was/were going to have been+过去分词,would have been+过去分词
情态
动词
can/could/may/might/shall/should be+过去分词
—
—
(二)主动语态表示被动意义的几种情况
主动语态表示被动意义强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
分类
例句
系动词(smell,feel,sound,taste,become,prove等)+形容词/副词等
①The medicine proved satisfactory.
结果证明这种药的疗效令人满意。
②The plan sounds quite reasonable.
计划听起来很合理。
表示主语属性特征的词(sell,read,wash,write,open,operate等)
①The machine runs well.
机器运行良好。
②Her book doesn't sell well.
她的书卖得不好。
表示发生(take place),爆发(break out)等的不及物动词
Great changes have taken place in the town.
这个城镇发生了巨大的变化。
want/need/require/deserve/be worth doing
The window wants/needs/requires repairing.
窗户需要修理。
①在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这类形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这个问题很难得到解决。(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
②be to rent/blame也属于主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake?
谁应为这个错误受到谴责?
五 主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致。主谓一致主要有三大原则:
(一)语法一致
当主语是congratulations, earnings(收入), goods(商品), belongings(财产), clothes, sales(销售额)等一类词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The goods belong to Mr.Wang.
这些商品是王先生的。
(二)意义一致
某些名词如people, police, cattle等,形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时例外。
The police are searching for a thief.
警察正在搜寻一名小偷。
The people I met were intelligent,mature and brave.
我见到的都是一些聪明、成熟和勇敢的人。
(三)就近原则
六 情态动词和虚拟语气
(一)情态动词
情态动词
用法
can/could
①can/could表示能力,意为“能够”
②can表示请求或许可,could的语气较委婉
③can/can't表示推测,意为“可能/不可能”,常用于疑问句或否定句
④can/could have done sth.表示对过去的猜测,意为“可能做了某事”
⑤could have done sth.还可以表示“(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做”,含有虚拟语气
⑥couldn't have done sth.意为“不可能做过某事”,表示对过去的推测
may/might
①may表示请求或猜测;might的语气较委婉;表示猜测时语气更不肯定
②may as well表示“还是……为好”
③might have done sth.表示对过去的猜测,意为“可能做了某事”;还可以表示“(过去)可能做某事但实际上没做”,含有虚拟语气
④might not have done sth.意为“可能没做某事”
must
①must意为“必须”,强调说话人的主观意愿
②mustn't表示禁止,不表示推测,意为“禁止;不得”
③must可以表示“硬要;非要”
④must have done sth.表示对过去的猜测,意为“一定做了某事”
shall
①“Shall+第一人称 ...?”表示征求意见或提出建议
②“第二、第三人称+shall ...”表示允诺、威胁、警告、命令等
③“条件、规章制度、法令等文件+shall ...”表示义务或规定
should
①表示义务、责任、劝告或“按道理应该……”
②表示说话人的惊奇、愤怒和失望等,意为“竟然”
③should have done sth.意为“本应做某事而没做”,shouldn't have done sth.表示“本不应做却做了某事”,含有虚拟语气
need/dare
①dare和need用作情态动词时,没有人称和时态的变化,常用于疑问句和否定句中。在疑问句中,直接把dare和need提前;否定句则直接在其后加not
②dare和need用作实义动词时,有人称和时态的变化,常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句,需要加助动词do/does,且其后要加(to) do
③needn't have done sth.意为“(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了”,含有虚拟语气
will/would
①表示意愿
②表示事物的属性
③表示人现在的习惯,意为“常常做某事”
④would/used to do表示过去的习惯
(二)虚拟语气
英语中的语气包括陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气用来表示假设或难以实现的情况,而非客观存在的事实。
[对应学生用书P263]
“四招定向”解决语法填空中的动词时态问题
1.通过看时间状语确定动词时态是最直接的方法;
2.当题干中没有时间状语,或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时,动词的时态由其参照动词来决定;
3.当题干中无时间状语或参照动词,或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时,所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作发生的语境来决定;
4.英语中有一些句式的时态是固定的,如果题干中出现这类句式,考生应注意根据规则选用相应的时态。
(1)It is the first/second/ ...time that sb. have/has done ...
(2)It was the first/second/ ...time that sb. had done ...
(3)Sb. was/were doing sth. when ...did ...
(4)Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when ...did ...
(5)Sb. was/were about to do sth. when ...did ...
(6)It's (high) time that sb. did/should do sth.
对点训练
①Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business.
②On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach. I voiced(voice) my biggest concern to my mother.
③One study found that students' grades improved(improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.
④When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody has/will have(have) to worry about fashion.
⑤While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
⑥You probably have used/have been using(use) caffeine since childhood.
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