第2部分 专题3 第1章 定语从句（课件PPT）-【优化指导】2025年高考英语一轮复习高中总复习·第1轮（译林版）

第二部分　语法专项提能 专题三　复杂从句 第一章　定语从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 栏目索引 技巧点拨 语法专题·解读 语篇演练·提能 语法专题·解读 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 技巧点拨 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 which that whose where whose whose 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 which whose to which on which 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 as where which/that 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 that who that/which from 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 where whose which 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 where who/that 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 语篇演练·提能 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 返回导航 第1轮 英语 专题三　复杂从句 谢谢观看！ 一、概述 1．定语从句：在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。 2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的成分叫作先行词。定语从句的先行词主要是指人、物、时间、地点及原因的名词或代词，有时也可以是整个主句。 ①Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as competitors.(先行词为athletes) 只有达到他们项目统一标准的运动员才可以参加比赛。 ②Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.(先行词为整个主句) 爱丽丝收到了老板的邀请函，这着实是个意外。 3．关系词：连接被修饰的先行词和从句的词叫作关系词。定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。 4．分类 (1)限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，这种从句不能省略，否则主句的意思就不完整、不明确。翻译时一般作前置定语来译，意为“……的”。 Paper cuttings of animals have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Northern and Southern dynasties. 在南北朝时期的墓中就已经发现了动物剪纸。 (2)非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明或描绘作用，如果省略，不会影响主句的意思，主句也能独立存在，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时一般将主句和从句译成并列形式。 I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, which my classmates recommended to me. 上个星期我从图书馆里借了《福尔摩斯探案全集》这本书，这是我的同学推荐给我的。 二、关系代词的用法 (一)关系代词指代的对象及其在从句中的作用 关系代词 指代对象 在从句中的作用 who 人 作主语、宾语、表语 whom 人 作宾语 which 事物 作主语、宾语 that 人或事物 作主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或事物 作定语 as 人或事物，一般用于“such ...as”“the same ...as”“as ...as”结构中 作主语、宾语、表语 ①The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing. 电视制作人打算找4位既能表演又能唱歌的音乐家。 ②The tree which is in front of my house is more than ten years old. 我家房前的那棵树已经十多年了。 ③Success is a journey whose initial step is paved with an inner stirring. 成功是一次旅程，它的第一步是由内心的热情铺就的。 ④We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。 ⑤He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。 (二)关系代词引导的定语从句中的特例 1．关系代词that与which的区别 (1)只用that不用which的情况 ①当先行词是all、much、little、few、everything等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。 This is all that I have done. 这就是我所做的一切。 ②当先行词被the only、the last、the very等修饰时。 Basketball is the only thing that interests him. 篮球是唯一让他感兴趣的东西。 ③当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 ④当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 Don't trust the first sign that you see. 不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。 ⑤当先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。 The scientist and his achievements that you told me are admired by us all. 你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。 ⑥当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Which is the car that you bought last week? 哪辆车是你上周买的？ ⑦当先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。 ⑧当主句以here、there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。 Here is the book that you have been looking for. 这就是你一直在找的那本书。 (2)只用which不用that的情况 ①关系代词前有介词时。 Spend five to ten minutes thinking about the candidates' experiences, and the ways in which they showed courage. 用5到10分钟想想各位候选人的经历，以及他们展示勇气的方式。 ②在非限制性定语从句中。 In 1998 he applied to be a member of Project 921, which is now called Shenzhou. 1998年他申请成为“921工程”的一员，现在又叫“神舟工程”。 ③先行词本身是that、those或在双重定语从句中的其中一个从句已经使用关系代词that时。 What's that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才在天空中闪烁的是什么？ 2．关系代词as和which的区别 关系代词as和which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句或主句中的名词或短语，一般情况下二者可互换使用，但有以下区别： (1)从位置上讲，which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，as引导的从句可位于主句之前、主句之中和主句之后。 ①As is often the case, my mother has the final say in the argument. ＝My mother has the final say in the argument，as is often the case. 通常情况下，我母亲在争论中有最后的发言权。 ②He didn't receive her letter, which upset him. 他没有收到她的信，这使他很沮丧。 (2)从意义上讲，which指代整个句子，常译为“这件事”，定语从句常表示这件事导致的结果。as指代常识性的东西，译成“就像……那样，正如……那样”，常用在一些固定结构中。 as is known to us all＝as we all know 众所周知 as is often the case 这是常有的事 as might be expected 正如人们预料的那样 as has been said before 正如上面说的那样 as has been mentioned above 正如上面提到的那样 as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样 as can be imagined 正如能想到的那样 as can be seen (from these figures) 正如(从数据中)看到的那样 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as will be shown 正如将要显示的那样 ①As is known to all, China is a country with the largest population in the world. 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。 ②He married her, as we had expected. 正如我们之前期望的那样，他娶了她。 ③He was always late for school, which made his teacher unhappy.(which指代前面整件事) 他总是上学迟到，这使他的老师不高兴。 (3)在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时(如at which time/point, in which case)，只能用which。 ①Recently I bought a second­hand car, the price of which was reasonable. 最近我买了一辆二手车，价格很公道。 ②She might possibly come, in which case I'll tell you. 她有可能会来，如果是那样的话我就告诉你一声。 (三)“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1．“介词＋关系代词”结构的用法 “介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。 ①The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. 美国是一个大国，有着许许多多不同的方言。 ②He is the person on whom you can depend. 他是你可以信赖的人。 ③He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag. 他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。 2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定 (1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。 ①In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。 ②Physics is the subject in which every student in our class is interested. 物理是我们班每个学生都很感兴趣的科目。 (2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。 I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记我在乡下度过的那段童年时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定。 The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen. 这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。 3．“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 ①He told me a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely. 他用英语给我讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解这个故事的意思。 ②There are about 400 students in our grade，most of whom are from Haidian District. 我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数来自海淀区。 三、关系副词的用法 关系副词指代的先行词及其作用 先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time、day、year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词：park、place、country、house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which 表示理由的名词：the reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which ①We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。 ②Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other. 古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。 ③Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again? 你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？ 抽象的地点名词作状语时的引导词 (1)case、situation、point、occasion、scene、activity、stage、spot、platform、occasion等抽象名词，在从句中作状语时，用where引导定语从句；作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导定语从句。 ①Are you facing a situation that/which looks impossible to fix？,你是否正面临一种看起来难以解决的境况？ ②It's helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.,把孩子们置于他们能对自己另眼相看的境地是有帮助的。 ③I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.,我已经到了人生中应该自己做决定的阶段。 ④We were put into a position where we had either to accept we were less important or fight the company.,我们被置于一种境地，要么接受我们是不重要的，要么和公司作斗争。 (2)the reason作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that或which引导。 The boss doesn't want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give. 老板不想听你所给出的任何理由。 一、“缺什么，补什么”，准确填写关系词 1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句用who/that；非限制性定语从句用who引导。 2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句用who/that/whom引导；非限制性定语从句用whom引导。 3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句用which/that引导；非限制性定语从句用which引导。 4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句用when/where引导；如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which引导。 5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose引导定语从句。 6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系代词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系代词用which。 二、明察秋毫，判常见错误 1．误用关系词 I was born in New York, where is the biggest city of America.(　×　) I was born in New York, which is the biggest city of America.(　√　) 我出生在美国最大的城市纽约。 2．句子残缺 There are many students join the chess club.(　×　) There are many students who join the chess club.(　√　) 有很多学生加入象棋俱乐部。 3．有多余词 The film I saw it last week was really good.(　×　) The film I saw last week was really good.(　√　) 我上周看的那部电影真好看。 4．定语从句与并列句混淆 His parents told him many times not to play football on the street, it didn't help.(　×　) His parents told him many times not to play football on the street, which didn't help/but it didn't help.(　√　) 他的父母告诉他很多次不要在街上踢足球，但不管用。 [对点练习] ①As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ___________ is named after his grandfather. ②I refuse to accept the blame for something _______ was someone else's fault. ③Children who are not active or _____ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. ④—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? —You should try the barber's ________ I go. It's only 15. ⑤That's the new machine ________ parts are too small to be seen. ⑥The old temple ________ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. ⑦After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, _________ turned out to be a wise decision. ⑧In China, the number of cities is increasing _______ development is recognized across the world. ⑨Wind power is an ancient source of energy __________ we may turn in the near future. ⑩Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ______ _________life has developed gradually. 真题演练 1．(2023·全国甲卷)Yet，the form of the fable still has values today，______ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”． 2．(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America _______ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co­existence with its surroundings. 3．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place ____________ welcomes the fast­paced development of modern life，with 21st­century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 5．(2022·全国甲卷) On the 1，100­kilometre journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ____ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces. 6．(2021·浙江1月卷)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ______________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. 7．(2021·天津卷)William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ______ which we can learn without repeating them. 8．(2021·天津卷)At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors. 9．(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)In ancient China lived an artist _______ paintings were almost lifelike. 10．(2020·江苏卷)Many lessons are now available online, from _______ students can choose for free. 11．(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot _______ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 12．(2022·浙江1月卷)Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics _________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Passage 1 (2024·广东梅县高三下学期考前测练)Young Chinese consumers are becoming fans of home­made brands and turning their back on foreign products. According to a survey，about 96% of the 1.__________(interview) young people said they were willing to purchase guochao products，which refer to products produced by homegrown brands.At the same time，91.6% of them expressed their 2.__________ (expectation) for more video programs digging deeper into traditional Chinese culture than before.Over the past decade，Chinese food，drink and personal care brands 3.______________(expand) their market share by 3.3% to nearly 70%.4.___________ (gradual)，the opinion that foreign products are superior has been abandoned by Chinese youngsters. The age group of the interviewees ranged from the post­90s generation 5._______ the post­2000s generation.Unlike older generations 6.__________ might favor Western culture and brands，young Chinese people 7.____________(raise) when the country's economy was taking off，so they tend to have strong confidence in their 8.___________ (nation) identity and culture. The young people，who nowadays have access to 9.____________ wide variety of China's cultural heritages，are carrying the responsibility of 10.______________(spread) Chinese culture.Obviously，they're really doing well. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了中国年轻的消费者开始将目光转向国产品牌。年轻一代承担着传播中国文化的责任。 1．interviewed　[解析]考查非谓语动词。句意：根据一项调查，大约96%的受访青年愿意购买国潮产品。分析句子结构，空处在句子中作后置定语，与young people之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，须使用过去分词，表示被动，故填interviewed。 2．expectations　[解析]考查名词的数。句意：同时，91.6%的受访青年期待有更多挖掘和吃透传统文化的节目。分析句子结构，根据空前的物主代词their可知，空处应使用名词的复数形式，故填expectations。 3．have expanded　[解析]考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的十年里，中国食品、饮料以及个人护理品牌的市场份额已从3.3%升至将近70%。根据时间状语Over the past decade以及句意可知，本句应使用现在完成时，主语brands是复数，助动词用have，故填have expanded。 4．Gradually　[解析]考查副词。句意：逐渐地，外国品牌优于国产品牌的想法已经被中国的年轻人抛弃了。分析句子结构可知，空处位于句首且用逗号与主句隔开，作评注性状语，应使用副词形式，故填Gradually。 5．to　[解析]考查介词。句意：受访人群从90后一代到00后一代。分析句子结构可知，“range from ...to ...”为固定结构，意为“从……到……不等”，故填to。 6．who/that　[解析]考查定语从句的关系词。句意：与喜欢西方文化和品牌的老一代人不同的是，中国的年轻人是在国家经济正在腾飞的阶段长大的，因此他们通常对自己的民族身份和民族文化有着很强的自信。分析句子结构可知，这是一个包含限制性定语从句的复合句，先行词是generations，指人，从句缺少主语，应用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。 7．were raised　[解析]考查动词的时态和语态。句意见上题解析。分析句子结构可知，空处为主句谓语，陈述过去的事实；且raise和主语people之间为动宾关系，应使用一般过去时的被动语态，故填were raised。 8．national　[解析]考查形容词。句意见第6题解析。分析句子结构可知，空处在句子中作定语修饰后面的名词identity，应使用形容词形式，故填national。 9．a　[解析]考查冠词。句意：年轻人现在能接触各种各样的中国文化遗产，他们正承担起传播中国文化的责任。a variety of是固定短语，意为“各种各样的”。故填a。 10．spreading　[解析]考查非谓语动词。句意见上题解析。位于介词of后应使用动名词形式，故填spreading。 Passage 2 The Silk Road was an ancient system of trade routes that linked the East to the West.For several centuries，it was an outstanding network 1.__________(include) routes both on the land and oceans.It stretched from East Asia，Southeast Asia，East Africa，West Africa，and Southern Europe. The Silk Road was not given its name for nothing.During its time of use，silk was a highly profitable product along its routes.Silk，you can say，weaved together these many regions in terms of business and even 2._________(culture) exchange.However，the name 3.____________(it) was not coined until the 19th century by Ferdinand von Richthofen.He made the term during his several 4.__________(journey) to China from 1868 to 1872.Despite this，the term was not made known 5.___________ the academic world until the 20th century，6.____________ geographer Sven Hedin wrote a book 7.__________(title) “The Silk Road” in 1938.And 8.____________(final)，after the fall of the Soviet Union，academics in that region became increasingly involved in the study of the trade routes of Central Asia. 9．______________ history of the Silk Road is of global significance.In modern times，the old Silk Road routes are still used，but now they 10.__________(cross) by trains instead of camels and horses. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了丝绸之路的历史。 1．including　[解析]考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处是分词短语作后置定语，network与include之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用include的现在分词形式。故填including。 2．cultural　[解析]考查形容词。此处修饰名词exchange，须用形容词形式。故填cultural。 3．itself　[解析]考查代词。此处指代主语the name，须用反身代词。故填itself。 4．journeys　[解析]考查名词的数。空前的several表示“几个，一些”，后跟可数名词复数，故此处应用journey的复数形式。故填journeys。 5．to　[解析]考查介词。固定搭配be known to 意为“为……所熟知”。故填to。 6．when　[解析]考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词代替先行词the 20th century在从句中作时间状语，因此用关系副词when引导。故填when。 7．titled　[解析]考查非谓语动词。title作动词，意为“给……加标题”。分析句子可知，book与title之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语，表示被动。故填titled。 8．finally　[解析]考查副词。此处作时间状语，须用副词形式。故填finally。 9．The　[解析]考查冠词。此处是特指丝绸之路的历史，须用定冠词。句首单词首字母大写。故填The。 10．are crossed　[解析]考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。由now可知，本句应用一般现在时，they与cross之间为动宾关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态；主语they是复数，be动词用are。故填are crossed。 $$