课时作业(12) 必修第三册 Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world（Word练习）-【优化指导】2025年高考英语一轮复习高中总复习·第1轮（译林版）

课时作业(十二)　必修第三册　Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world 一、阅读理解 A (2024·福建泉州高中毕业班质量检测)Louis Pasteur once said，“Chance favors the prepared mind.” That's the truth behind the following inventions—the scientists were prepared and were able to see the magic in a mistake. Mauve In 1856，William Perkin was trying to come up with an artificial medicine，but his experiments produced a thick mess.But the more Perkin looked at it，the more he saw a beautiful color in his mess.Turns out he had made mauve，the first­ever synthetic dye(合成染料)，which was far better than any natural dyes：the color was brighter，clearer，and didn't fade or wash out. Superglue This super­sticky substance was discovered by accident—twice！Chemist Harry Coover had been attempting to make clear plastic gun sights，and in 1942 one method he tested produced an extremely quick bonding adhesive(黏合剂).It was useless for his gun sights，though，and he forgot about it until almost ten years later，when he came across it again while developing heat­resistant parts for airplanes.This time he realised its potential，and the product was put on the market. Plastic In 1907，shellac(虫胶) was used in electronics.It was costly，so American chemist Leo Hendrik Baekeland tried to produce an alternative.Instead，his experiments produced a material that could take high temperatures.He later developed it into plastic，and it was soon used in the production of almost everything. Teflon Back in the 1930s，Young DuPont chemist Roy Plunkett was working to make a new kind of CFC for refrigeration.After storing the gas in certain containers，he opened one to discover that it had changed into a white powder that was extremely sticky and had a very high melting point.Three years later，the substance，which was named Teflon，was patented. 1．Which invention came out earliest? A．Mauve. B．Superglue. C．Plastic. D．Teflon. 2．Who recognized the value of his original invention when developing airplane parts? A.William Perkin. B．Harry Coover. C．Leo Hendrik Baekeland. D．Roy Plunkett. 3．What do the inventions have in common? A．They were made by accident. B．They could take high temperatures. C．They received no recognition at first. D．They could be used in medical fields. [语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了科学家在偶然的错误中发现的几项伟大发明。 1．A　[解析]细节理解题。根据Mauve部分中的In 1856、Superglue部分中的in 1942、Plastic部分中的In 1907以及Teflon部分中的Back in the 1930s可知，Mauve是最早发明的。故选A。 2．B　[解析]细节理解题。根据Superglue部分中的“...when he came across it again while developing heat­resistant parts for airplanes.This time he realised its potential，and the product was put on the market.(……当时他在开发飞机的耐热部件时再次发现了它。这一次，他意识到了它的潜力，并将产品推向了市场。)”可知，Harry Coover在开发飞机零件时认识到他的原始发明的价值。故选B。 3．A　[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段“Louis Pasteur once said，‘Chance favors the prepared mind.’ That's the truth behind the following inventions—the scientists were prepared and were able to see the magic in a mistake.(路易斯·巴斯德曾经说过：‘机会总是青睐有准备的人。’这就是以下发明背后的真相——科学家们准备好了，并且能够在错误中看到奇迹。)”可知，这几项发明都是在偶然的错误中发明出来的。故选A。 B (2024·辽宁沈阳东北育才学校一模)Scientists at MIT have managed to change ordinary spinach(菠菜) plants into natural sensors which can find chemicals used in bombs.The secret to giving spinach these special powers is nanotech(纳米技术)，which is scientific area that deals with making or changing things that are extremely tiny. “Ordinary spinach plants can be found everywhere and easy to store；like other plants，they normally take in carbon dioxide gas，” the scientists say.“But actually they can sense small changes of soil and water potential and respond to them.If we tap into this point，there is a wealth of information to access.” That's what the scientists use to power their tiny experiments. For this experiment，the scientists placed two different kinds of tiny nano­materials into spinach plants.To get them into the plants，the scientists put a liquid containing them on the bottom of the plant's leaves.As part of its natural process，the spinach plant pulls water through its roots and into its leaves.If the water contains certain chemicals used in bombs，the tiny sensors in the leaves make the nano­tubes，which，along with the sensors，were placed into the spinach plant before by the scientists，produce a slightly special kind of light.By watching the plant constantly using a camera attached to a cheap computer，the scientists set up a system that can send a warning email if chemicals from explosives are found in the water. The computer the scientists used is about the size of a playing card.They say that in the future，their system could even use a cell phone with its camera changed slightly.Discovering chemicals used in bombs is just one of the many uses the researchers are exploring.They have used such plants to discover several other dangerous chemicals as well.From their point of view，there's no doubt that in the future，such systems could give farmers specific information about the health of the land and water on their farms. 4．Why do the scientists use plants to do the experiment? A．They are common in the daily life. B．They are environmentally responsive. C．They absorb much carbon dioxide gas. D．They are small in size and easy to store. 5．What's the function of the carbon nano­tubes placed into spinach plants? A.To control the camera. B．To contain the liquid. C．To fix the tiny sensors. D．To give off plant light. 6．What can we say about the application of the experiment? A．It's diverse. B．It's unexpected. C．It's limited. D．It's cheap. 7．What's the suitable title for the text? A．Spinach Is Sensitive to Chemicals in Bombs B.Spinach Sends Warning Emails Using Nanotech C．Nanotech Helps Spinach Grow Healthily D．Nanotech Protects Spinach from Danger [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院的科学家们使用纳米技术将菠菜变成了天然传感器，可以在水中发现爆炸物中的化学物质，并发送警告电子邮件。 4．B　[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的“‘But actually they can sense small changes of soil and water potential and respond to them.If we tap into this point，there is a wealth of information to access.’ That's what the scientists use to power their tiny experiments.(‘但实际上，它们可以感知土壤和水势的微小变化并作出反应。如果我们深入了解这一点，就会获取丰富的信息。’这就是科学家们用来为他们的微小实验提供动力的东西。)”可知，科学家们使用植物做实验是因为它们可以感知环境的微小变化，对环境作出反应。故选B。 5．D　[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的“If the water contains certain chemicals used in bombs，the tiny sensors in the leaves make the nano­tubes，which，along with the sensors，were placed into the spinach plant before by the scientists，produce a slightly special kind of light.(如果水中含有炸弹中使用的某些化学物质，那么叶子中的微小传感器就会使得碳纳米管和之前被科学家放入菠菜中的传感器产生一种稍微特殊的光。)”可知，科学家将碳纳米管放入菠菜中，如果水中含有炸弹中使用的某些化学物质，植物就会发出特殊的光。故选D。 6．A　[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Discovering chemicals used in bombs is just one of the many uses the researchers are exploring.They have used such plants to discover several other dangerous chemicals as well.From their point of view，there's no doubt that in the future，such systems could give farmers specific information about the health of the land and water on their farms.(发现炸弹中使用的化学物质只是研究人员正在探索的众多用途之一。他们还利用这些植物发现了其他几种危险的化学物质。从他们的角度来看，毫无疑问，在未来，这样的系统可以为农民提供有关农场土地和水健康的具体信息。)”可知，这一实验可应用的范围非常广，是多种多样的。故选A。 7．B　[解析]标题概括题。根据第一段中的“Scientists at MIT have managed to change ordinary spinach plants into natural sensors which can find chemicals used in bombs.(麻省理工学院的科学家们成功地将普通的菠菜植物变成了天然传感器，可以找到炸弹中使用的化学物质。)”以及第三段中的“By watching the plant constantly using a camera attached to a cheap computer，the scientists set up a system that can send a warning email if chemicals from explosives are found in the water.(通过不断使用连接在廉价电脑上的摄像头观察植物，科学家们建立了一个系统，如果在水中发现爆炸物中的化学物质，该系统可以发送警告电子邮件。)”可知，本文主要介绍了科学家使用纳米技术将菠菜变成了天然传感器，可以在水中发现爆炸物中的化学物质，并发送警告电子邮件，所以“菠菜使用纳米技术发送警告电子邮件”可以作为文章标题。故选B。 二、完形填空 (2024·浙江强基联盟高三模拟)Long ago，in a village lived a wise old man.All the villagers were unhappy because they thought their neighbours had better lives，so day and night the __1__ townsfolk would burst into the old man's house for endless __2__ about their fortune. Early one brisk autumn morning，the old man posted a huge sign in the village square that __3__：ALL CITIZENS WILL GATHER HERE AT NOON.BRING A BIG GREEN PICKLE (泡菜). At twelve sharp all the villagers gathered in the square with a big，green pickle.The old man said，“I want you all to put your pickle down by your feet！” The crowd became __4__．After considerable __5__ and complaining，the villagers did as the old man said. Then the old man spoke once again，“Imagine that everything you are—your wisdom and your __6__，your blessings and your misfortune，your __7__ and your weaknesses—is in your pickle.If you don't like your pickle，no big deal.__8__ someone else's.Go ahead and choose.” With that __9__，all the villagers now had the overwhelming __10__ of deciding whose pickle they wanted.The baker's eye __11__ fell on the schoolteacher's pickle.The schoolteacher's eye __12__ over to the tailor's.Every eye __13__ every pickle in town.However，when it was over，the townspeople—every single one of them—had __14__ their very own pickles. Since that day，whenever a villager approached the old man to complain，he would simply say，“It's your __15__；you picked it.” 1．A.boring B．noisy C．nervous D．envious 2．A.complaints B．quarrels C．discussions D．suggestions 3．A.wrote B．read C．noted D．displayed 4．A.excited B．awkward C．silent D．restless 5．A.approving B．attempting C．doubting D．reviewing 6．A.foolishness B．intelligence C．courage D．inspiration 7．A.shortcomings B．talents C．confidence D．wealth 8．A.Pick B．Admire C．Post D．Value 9．A.assistance B．command C．announcement D．promise 10．A.profit B．task C．method D．fear 11．A.gradually B．constantly C．immediately D．casually 12．A.circled B．passed C．pulled D．shot 13．A.examined B．marked C．competed D．labeled 14．A.put away B．taken back C．missed out D．set aside 15．A.fortune B．choice C．pickle D．lesson [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了村民们因为认为他们的邻居过得更好而不开心，村里一位睿智的老人用选泡菜的方法使村民们不再心生怨恨。 1．D　[解析]句意：所有的村民都不高兴，因为他们认为邻居的生活比他们好，所以嫉妒的村民日夜冲进老人的房子，没完没了地抱怨他们的财富。A.boring令人厌烦的；B.noisy嘈杂的；C.nervous紧张的；D.envious嫉妒的。根据上文All the villagers were unhappy because they thought their neighbours had better lives可知，村民们因为认为他们的邻居过得更好而不开心，因此他们会产生嫉妒的心理。故选D。 2．A　[解析]句意见上题解析。A.complaints抱怨；B.quarrels争吵；C.discussions讨论；D.suggestions建议。根据下文whenever a villager approached the old man to complain可知，后来还是有村民向老人抱怨，此处呼应下文，表示村民没完没了地向老人抱怨他们的财富。故选A。 3．B　[解析]句意：一个秋高气爽的清晨，老人在村广场上张贴了一个巨大的告示，上面写着：全体村民中午在此集合。带一个大的绿色泡菜。A.wrote写；B.read (指示牌、信息上)写着；C.noted注意到；D.displayed展示。根据上文a huge sign和下文“ALL CITIZENS WILL GATHER HERE AT NOON.BRING A BIG GREEN PICKLE.”可推知，read“(指示牌、信息上)写着”侧重物显示内容，句中表示告示上写着具体的内容，write侧重人发出的动作，不符合语境。故选B。 4．D　[解析]句意：人群变得焦躁不安起来。A.excited兴奋的；B.awkward尴尬的；C.silent沉默的；D.restless不安的。根据下文“After considerable __5__ and complaining”可知，在听到老人的话之后，村民们抱怨了一番，因此应该是变得焦躁不安。故选D。 5．C　[解析]句意：经过一番怀疑和抱怨，村民们照老人说的做了。A.approving批准；B.attempting尝试；C.doubting怀疑；D.reviewing回顾。根据下文and complaining可知，村民们在抱怨，空处和complaining是并列的关系，doubting“怀疑”符合语境，表示他们怀疑和抱怨。故选C。 6．A　[解析]句意：想象一下，你的一切——你的智慧和愚蠢，你的幸运和不幸，你的才能和短处——都在你的泡菜中。A.foolishness愚蠢；B.intelligence智力；C.courage勇气；D.inspiration灵感。根据下文your blessings and your misfortune可知，老人让村民们想象的都是相互对立的事物，例如幸运和不幸，因此应用wisdom“智慧”的反义表达foolishness“愚蠢”。故选A。 7．B　[解析]句意见上题解析。A.shortcomings缺点；B.talents才能；C.confidence信心；D.wealth财富。根据上文your blessings and your misfortune可知，老人让村民们想象的都是相互对立的事物，例如幸运和不幸，因此应用weaknesses“短处”的反义表达talents“才能”。故选B。 8．A　[解析]句意：选择别人的。A.Pick选择；B.Admire钦佩；C.Post发帖子；D.Value珍视。根据下文“Go ahead and choose.”可知，老人让村民们去选，因此应该是选择别人的。故选A。 9．C　[解析]句意：有了这则宣告，所有的村民现在都面临着一项艰巨的任务，那就是决定他们想要谁的泡菜。A.assistance协助；B.command命令；C.announcement宣告；D.promise承诺。根据上文老人让村民们想象泡菜里有自己的一切事物，如果不满意，就去选别人的可知，此处指老人的宣告。故选C。 10．B　[解析]句意见上题解析。A.profit利润；B.task任务；C.method方法；D.fear恐惧。根据上文“Go ahead and choose.”可知，老人布置了一个任务。故选B。 11．C　[解析]句意：面包师的目光立刻落在了学校老师的泡菜上。A.gradually逐渐；B.constantly不断；C.immediately立即；D.casually随意地。根据上文All the villagers were unhappy because they thought their neighbours had better lives可知，村民们因为认为他们的邻居过得更好而不开心，因此在这种可以选别人的泡菜，选别人拥有的事物的时候，应该会立即看向别人的泡菜。故选C。 12．D　[解析]句意：老师的目光转向裁缝的(泡菜)。A.circled圈出；B.passed通过；C.pulled拉，拽；D.shot转向。根据上文eye和下文over to the tailor's可推知，shot“转向”符合语境，表示目光转向裁缝的泡菜。故选D。 13．A　[解析]句意：每只眼睛都检查了镇上的每一个泡菜。A.examined检查；B.marked标记；C.competed竞争；D.labeled标记。根据上文deciding whose pickle they wanted可知，村民们要决定自己要哪个泡菜，因此他们应该会认真看别人的泡菜，检查那些泡菜。故选A。 14．B　[解析]句意：然而，结束时，镇上的人——他们每一个人——都把自己的泡菜拿了回来。A.put away收起，放好；B.taken back收回；C.missed out错过；D.set aside搁置，暂时不考虑。根据上文However可知，此处语义有转折，虽然村民们看向别人的泡菜，但最终还是选的自己的泡菜，因此是收回自己的泡菜。故选B。 15．C　[解析]句意：这是你的泡菜；是你挑的。A.fortune财富；B.choice选择；C.pickle泡菜；D.lesson课。根据下文you picked it可知，老人对村民说这是“你”挑的，此处是it所指的对象，应该是pickle“泡菜”，以此比喻村民自己的生活。故选C。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$