必修第二册 Unit 6 Earth first-【金版教程】2025年高考英语一轮复习解决方案全书word（新教材，外研版）

金版教程　高考科学复习解决方案　英语［W］ 一　词汇过关测＋练 1．lecture：lect­同leg­讲，读；­ure名词后缀→讲授知识，引申词义：(尤指大学里的)讲座，讲课，演讲 2．permission：per­始终；miss同mit送，放出；­ion名词后缀→始终放出，引申词义：允许，许可 3．reduce：re­回；­duc同­duct 引导，带来，­e动词后缀→往回引，引申词义：减少，降低 4．majority：major 主要的；­ity名词后缀→主要的人或物，引申词义：多数，大多数(人或物) 5．affect：af­使；fect 做，制作→使人做，引申词义：影响 1．slide n. 幻灯片 2．device n. 设备，仪器，装置 3．staff n. 员工 4．shark n. 鲨(鱼) 5．ocean n. 海洋，大海 6．smog n. 烟雾，雾霾 7．flood n. 洪水，水灾 8．renewable adj. (能源)可更新的，可再生的，可恢复的 9．attitude n. (尤指通过行为表现出的对某事的一般)看法，态度 10．supply n. (煤气、电力、自来水等)供应(系统) 11．leak v. (使)漏，(使)渗漏 12．target v. 把……作为目标 13．highlight v. 使……突出，使注意力集中于 14．amount n. 数量，数额 15．average adj. 平均(数)的 16．restore v. 使恢复 17．damage v. 破损，损害，损伤 18．release v. 释放，排放 19．campaign n. (宣传)活动 20．false adj. 不正确的，错误的 1．(2023·全国乙卷)Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights (使……突出) the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. 2. (2023·全国甲卷)The best table in this two­story colonial Thai home offers a window right into the kitchen, where you can see chef Gaggan and his staff (员工) in action. 3．(2023·浙江高考1月)Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged (损害) the U．S. agricultural economy. 4．(2023·全国甲卷)The average (平均的) spend per project will be around ￡823. 5．(2024·湖南省岳阳市知源高级中学高三月考)When it rained, the house leaked (漏)and it became a nightmare to them. 6．We hope to restore (使恢复) the garden to its former glory. 7.Being unemployed produces negative attitudes (态度) to work. 8. (2024·四川成都树德中学高三质量检测)The ADA states that there are no natural plant foods that contain any significant amount (数量) of the vitamin. 1．presentation n. 报告，(观点的)陈述，说明；颁奖仪式→present v. 呈现；介绍；提出；赠送　adj. 出席的；现在的　n. 现在；礼物 2．dive v. (通常指使用呼吸设备的)潜水→diver n. 潜水者；跳水运动员→diving n. 跳水，潜水 3．devote v. 致力，献身，倾注→devoted adj. 献身的；忠诚的→devotion n. 献身，奉献；忠诚 4．contribute v. 促成，造成(某事发生)；捐献，捐赠；增加，添加→contribution n. 贡献；捐款；捐赠 5．cruelty n. 残忍，残酷，残暴→cruel adj. 残忍的，残酷的 6．drought n. 旱灾，干旱→dry adj. 干旱的，干燥的 7．fortunately adv. 幸运地→fortunate adj. 幸运的→fortune n. 财富；命运；运气→unfortunately adv. 不幸地 8．scare v. 使(某人)惊恐，吓唬→scary adj. 使人惊恐的，吓人的→scared adj. 惊慌的，吓坏的 9．adopt v. 采取(某种方法)；表决采纳；领养，收养→adoption n. 采用；收养 10．hunting n. 打猎，狩猎→hunter n. 猎人；猎犬；搜寻者→hunt v. 搜索；打猎 11．extinction n. 灭绝，绝种→extinct adj. 灭绝的，绝种的 12．reserve n. (野生生物)保护区　v. 预订，预约→reservation n. 预订，预约；保留意见 13．urge v. 竭力主张，强烈要求，敦促，催促；驱赶，鞭策　n. 冲动，强烈的欲望→urgent adj. 紧急的；急迫的→urgency n. 紧急(的事) 14．establish v. 建立，设立→establishment n. 建立 15．severe adj. (问题、伤势、疾病等)很严重的→severely adv. 严重地 16．infection n. 感染，传染病→infect v. 传染，使感染→infectious adj. 传染性的，感染的 17．concerned adj. 担心的，忧虑的；关注的，关切的→concern vt. 让(某人)担忧；涉及　n. 担心，忧虑；关心→concerning prep. 关于；涉及 18．sustainable adj. 可持续的，不破坏环境的→sustainability n. 可持续性→sustain v. 维持；使保持，使稳定持续 19．remove v. 移走，搬走，去掉→removal n. 移走，搬走 20．electricity n. 电→electric adj. 电的，用电的→electrically adv. 电力地，有关电地→electrician n. 电工 1.The diver went diving and dived in to save the dog at considerable risk to his own life. (dive) 2．Fortunately, I have had the good fortune to work with some brilliant directors. (fortune) 3．Many species have been shot to the verge of extinction but the idea of cloning extinct life forms still belongs to science fiction. (extinct) 4．The devoted professor devotes more time to writing and lecturing; everybody speaks in praise of her devotion to the cause of education. (devote) 5．I can't stand people who are cruel to animals and the cruelty often makes me afraid and angry. (cruel) 6．The boy was lost in the hunting game. Hundreds of local people have joined the hunters to hunt for the missing teenager.(hunt) 7．The ceremony went off without a hitch but the professor wasn't present at the award presentation. (present) 8．The frequency of extreme drought in the dry period is much higher than that in the wet period. (dry) 1 reserve [熟义]　n. 储备，储存　v. 储备，保留，预约 [生义]　n. (野生生物)保护区 This area is a wildlife reserve and hunting is strictly prohibited. 这个区域是野生动物保护区，严禁打猎。 2 amount [熟义]　n. 数量，数额 [生义]　v. 相当于；共计，达到 ①What you have said amounts to a plain refusal. 你所说的相当于是直截了当的拒绝。 ②The cost amounted to $200. 费用达到200美元。 3 remove [熟义]　v. 移走，搬走，去掉 [生义]　v. 消除，使消失 Sometimes this technique would not work, and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. 有时这种方法行不通，我不得不拿起音响，摇晃它来消除声音。 4 contribute [熟义]　v. 促成，造成(某事发生)；捐献；贡献 [生义]　v. 投稿；撰稿 The famous professor was asked to contribute to a newspaper article making predictions for the new year. 那位著名的教授被要求为一篇预测新年的报纸文章撰稿。 小积累 1.“害怕，惊恐”同义词 ①scared adj. 感到惊恐的 ②frightened adj. 害怕的 ③alarmed adj. 恐慌的 ④terrified adj. 害怕的，恐惧的 2．“人物特点”的形容词集锦 ①devoted 有献身精神的；忠诚的 ②generous 慷慨的 ③easy­going 随和的 ④confident 有信心的 ⑤mean 吝啬的；自私的 ⑥warm­hearted 热心肠的 ⑦determined 意志坚定的 ⑧honest 诚实的 3．“自然灾害”相关名词一览 ①drought 旱灾；干旱 ②earthquake 地震 ③typhoon 台风 ④eruption (火山)喷发 ⑤hurricane 飓风 ⑥tsunami 海啸 ⑦flood 洪水，水灾 二　语块过关测＋练 1．aim at doing ... 力求做…… 2．due to 由于，因为 3．be covered with 被……覆盖 4．take ... into account 把……考虑进去 5．be devoted to 投身于；致力于 6．protect ... from ... 保护……免于…… 7．cut off 切掉；切断；中断 8．be willing to do sth 愿意做某事 9．in fear 害怕地 10．take steps to do sth 采取措施做某事 11．by mistake 错误地；由于差错无意地 12．turn off 关上 1．If you don't feel you're progressing after some practice, you'll start to lose your confidence and stay stuck in fear． 2．(北师B1­U2)Even a thirty­minute run will provide relief from aches or tension that you may be suffering due to stress. 3．Yesterday I felt quite uncomfortable at school because I wore my brother's shoes to school by mistake． 4．Energy companies must take environmental issues into account when designing new products. 5．(北师B2­U5)All at once, the sky was covered with dark clouds and in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm. 6．(2024·浙江高考1月)Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary­Edmonton urban area from hail. 三　句式迁移练 1．see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事 【迁移创新】The darkness was intense, I saw a black mass disappearing in the east. 夜色黑沉，我看到一块黑东西在东方渐渐消失了。 2．形容词短语作状语 【迁移创新】Light­hearted and optimistic, she is the sort of woman to spread sunshine to people through her smile. 她无忧无虑、积极乐观，是那种用微笑给别人带来阳光的人。 3．rather than ... 而不是…… 【迁移创新】While having dinner, listen to some enjoyable music rather than watch television. 吃饭的时候，听一些好听的音乐而不要看电视。 Ⅰ 忆课文·语篇理解 Jaws, the 1975 film, tells the story of a great white shark that attacks and kills swimmers. In the opening scene, a woman swimming at night in a dark sea 1 (pull) underwater suddenly. She surfaces, cries in fear, then disappears forever. People have always been scared of sharks, but Jaws made things even 2 (bad). It made people 3 (frighten) of sharks, especially of the great white shark. Many people 4 saw the film started to believe that sharks were bad animals that ate humans. Some people stopped swimming in the sea, afraid of the horrible creature from the film. Other people started fishing for sharks, 5 (kill) as many as they could. At that time, nobody cared if sharks were killed, 6 how many were killed. People just wanted them killed. Jaws was 7 great success, attracting huge audiences and winning many awards. It strengthened people's long­held idea of the great white shark 8 a dangerous animal. 9 (fortunate), not everyone who watched the film Jaws became afraid of sharks—some became interested in understanding them. Today, as we learn more about sharks, more people than ever want to protect them from 10 (extinct)． 1． 　2. 　3. 　4. 　5. 　6. 　7. 　8. 9． 　10. 答案：1.is pulled　2.worse　3.frightened　4.that/who　5.killing　6.or　7.a　8.as　9.Fortunately　10.extinction Most of us are aware that we must take care of the environment, and the majority of us take steps 1 (save) energy and reduce waste and pollution. But recently, some “green truths” have been shown to be only half true, or even 2 (complete) false. Making a paper bag uses four times as much energy 3 making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water. The process also produces more greenhouse gases. In fact, paper bags and plastic ones are bad 4 the environment. So, take a reusable bag with you when you go shopping. When we turn off a device, it 5 (go) into stand­by mode. Devices in this mode still use power, and older devices in stand­by mode can use even more. To make sure your appliance is in fact off, remove the plug from 6 (it) power supply. It seems like common sense: eating local food should be better for the environment, because it does not need to be transported long distances and kept cold during transport. 7 (fortunately), it is not that simple. It is the production of food, not its transport, 8 uses most of the energy and produces most of the greenhouse gases. If you spend more than eight 9 (minute) in a shower, you'll use as much water as in a bath—about 50 litres of water. Therefore, the key is to keep your shower time as short as possible. Environmental awareness is now part of daily life. But it's worth 10 (check) common ideas and opinions to see what's really green. 1． 　2. 　3. 　4. 　5. 　6. 　7. 　8. 9． 　10. 答案：1.to save　2.completely　3.as　4.for　5.goes　6.its　7.Unfortunately　8.that　9.minutes　10.checking Ⅱ 学思悟·重点突破 1 scare vt. 使(某人)惊恐，吓唬　vi. 受惊吓　n. 恐慌(☞scary adj. 恐怖的；吓人的 ☞scared adj. 害怕的) 【知识归纳】 (1)scare ... away/off 把……吓跑 scare sb to death 把某人吓得要死 (2)be scared of ... 害怕…… be scared to do sth 害怕做某事 【语用点拨】 (1)the scared look 恐惧的表情(外貌描写) (2)get scared 感到害怕(心理描写) (3)It scared me to think I was alone in the building. 想到楼里只有我一个人，怪害怕的。(心理描写) (4)recent scares about pesticides in food 近来(人们)对含杀虫剂食物的恐慌(通知) 【语境运用】单句语法填空/句型转换/完成句子 ①Sometimes loud noises like these will scare bears away/off． ②The shy boy was a little scared to meet (meet) us, but started to smile shyly after my mom hugged him. ③The child was scared of the fierce dog and didn't go to his home. →Scared of the fierce dog, the child didn't go to his home. ④他不知道从哪里冒出来了，差点把我吓死。 He appeared from nowhere, which almost scared me to death. 2 devote v. 致力，献身，倾注(☞devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的；专心于……的 ☞devotion n. 奉献；献身；忠诚) 【知识归纳】 (1)devote ... to ... 把……奉献给……；把……专注于…… devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 (2)be devoted to 专心于；致力于 【语用点拨】 (1)devote oneself with a single mind to ... 全心全意献身于……(人物介绍) (2)He decided to devote the rest of his life to scientific investigation. 他决定把余生奉献给科学研究。(人物描写) (3)Her devotion to the job left her with very little free time. 她全身心投入工作，几乎没有闲暇。(人物描写) (4)A large part of the Internet is now devoted to weblogs. 因特网的很大一部分如今都专用于网络博客。(报道) 【名师点津】devote ... to ... 中的to是介词，其后常接名词、代词或动词­ing形式作宾语。 【语境运用】单句语法填空/完成句子/一句多译 ①Devoted (devote) to attaining a doctor's degree, he spares no effort to study every day. ②We have learned a great deal from her devotion (devote) to her work and her willingness to help others. ③我仍然记得你为提高我的英语口语和写作能力所做出的努力。 I still remember what you have devoted to improving my oral English and writing skills. ④我最崇拜的人是我的英语老师，他致力于教学。 The person I admire most is my English teacher, who is devoted to his teaching. (定语从句；devoted) ＝The person I admire most is my English teacher, who devotes himself to his teaching. (定语从句；devote) 3 reserve n. (野生生物)保护区；储备，储存　v. 储备，保留，预约(☞reservation n. 预订，预约；保留意见) 【知识归纳】 (1)reserve sth for sb/sth 为某人/某物预约/保留某物 be reserved for 留作/专供……之用 (2)without reservation 无保留地，无条件地 make a reservation 预订(房间、票等)；预约 【语用点拨】 (1)build/establish/set up a wildlife reserve 建立一个野生动物保护区(倡议书) (2)He discovered unexpected reserves of strength. 他出乎意料地发现还有体力。 (人物介绍) (3)I'll reserve a table for five. 我要预订一个5人的餐位。(电子邮件) (4)I told him my main reservation about his film was the ending. 我告诉他我主要是对他电影的结尾有保留意见。(电子邮件) 【语境运用】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Customers are advised to make seat reservations (reserve) in advance. ②The self­catering flats are reserved for postgraduate students. ③若你能为我预订一张明天早上开往武汉的火车票，我将不胜感激。 I would be very thankful if you could reserve a ticket for me for the train bound for Wuhan tomorrow morning. 4 damage v. 破损，损害，损伤　n. 损坏，损失 【知识归纳】 (1)damage crops 破坏庄稼 damage sb's career/reputation/health 损害某人的事业/名誉/健康 (2)do/cause (great) damage to ... 对……造成(很大的)损害 【语用点拨】 (1)The storm didn't do much damage. 暴风雨并未造成严重损失。(报道) (2)Several vehicles were damaged in the crash. 好几辆汽车在撞车事故中损坏了。(报道) (3)emotionally damaged children 感情上受伤害的孩子(人物描写) 【语境运用】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①I suggest that you buy a new machine because the old one has been damaged (damage) beyond repair. ②When a volcano is active, it sometimes explodes and causes great damage to the nearby towns. ③太多的交通堵塞破坏了我们的日常生活，所以我们每个人都应该遵守交通规则。 Too many traffic jams have done/caused damage to our daily life, so every one of us should obey the traffic rules. 5 reduce v. 减少，降低(☞reduction n. 减少；降低) 【知识归纳】 reduce ( ... ) by ... (把……)减少了…… reduce ( ... ) to ... (把……)减少到……；(把……)变为某种状态 be reduced to 陷入某种境地(to为介词) 【语用点拨】 (1)reduce speed 减速(报道) (2)reduce body pain 减少身体疼痛(建议信) (3)reduce stress 减轻压力(建议信) (4)It sets targets for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. 它为减少温室气体的排放设立了目标。(投稿) 【语境运用】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①It was so foggy that the driver had to reduce the speed to forty kilometers an hour. ②With great effort, she has reduced her weight by five kilograms in the past 7 days. ③Recent years have seen an increase in activities for the reduction (reduce) of smog due to its harmful effects on both humans and the environment. ④缓解压力最好的方法之一是与你信任的人谈谈你的感受。 One of the best ways to reduce stress is to talk about your feelings with someone you trust. 6 urge vt. 竭力主张，强烈要求，敦促，催促；大力推荐；驱赶，鞭策　n. 冲动，强烈的欲望(☞urgent adj. 紧急的；急切的 ☞urgently adv. 紧急地；急切地 ☞urgency n. 急切；紧迫) 【知识归纳】 (1)urge sb to do sth 力劝某人做某事 urge that ... 从句多用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用(should) do的形式 It is urged that ... (should) do sth坚决要求…… (2)an/the urge to do sth 做某事的冲动 【语用点拨】 (1)urge us to complete our tasks 督促我们完成我们的任务(感谢信) (2)The report urged that all children be taught to swim. 这份报告呼吁教所有的儿童游泳。 (电子邮件) (3)He had an urge to open a shop of his own. 他很想开一家自己的商店。(人物介绍) (4)There is an urgent need for food and shelter for these displaced people. 急需为这些流离失所者提供食物和住处。(通知) 【语境运用】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①I need your signature for this document; it's urgent (urge)． ②We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase (increase) farmland conservation. ③Because of all this extra time, there was no sense of urgency (urge) to do my school work immediately. ④我突然有一种想扇他耳光的冲动。 I had a sudden urge to slap him in the face. 7 take ... into account 把……考虑进去，考虑到 【知识归纳】 (1)take ... into account＝take account of 把……考虑进去，考虑到 open/close an account 开户/销户 give an account of 描述 on account of 因为，由于 on no account 决不 (2)account for 是……的说明(或原因)；(数量上、比例上)占 【语境运用】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The professor warned the students that on no account should they use mobile phones in his class. ②According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total global fertilizer consumption. ③Urban planners in practice have to take account of all interest groups in society. ④因为天气恶劣，航班延迟了。 The flight was postponed on account of bad weather. 8 形容词(短语)作状语 【知识归纳】 (1)形容词(短语)作状语可以表示方式、原因或伴随状况等，可位于句首、句中或句末，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。 (2)形容词(短语)作状语时常用来说明句子主语的状态。如果用来修饰句子的谓语动词或整个句子，则应用副词作状语。 【语境运用】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Luckily (lucky), I was able to catch them and put them back. ②The boy lay on the sofa, relaxed (relax)． ③Exhausted (exhaust), I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. ④由于害怕找不到去农场的路，我坐在一棵树旁，紧紧地抱着肩膀。 Afraid of not finding the way to the farm, I sat beside a tree and held my shoulders in my arms tightly. Ⅲ 语基过关检测 维度一　单句语法填空 1．(2023·全国甲卷)By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting (hunt) by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. 2．(2023·北京高考)Up to now, China has established (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves. 3．These seats are reserved for the elderly and women with babies. 4．(人教XB3­U4)Although my grandpa is retired, he is very concerned (concern) about volunteer work. 5．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Cycling is the most economical, sustainable (sustain) and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. 6．(2024·重庆渝北中学高三质量检测)Experts urge that at least 30 percent (should) be protected (protect) to safeguard marine (海洋的) ecosystems. 7．Finally his mother relented and gave permission (permit) for her youngest son to marry. 8．(2024·浙江名校协作体高三质量检测)In the darkest months, I devoted myself to trying (try)． 9．They have driven the rhino to the edge of extinction (extinct). 10．(2024·陕西商洛部分学校高三联考)Fortunately (fortunate), sports became my escape, and I was grateful to have natural athletic ability. 维度二　语篇练习 根据提示，运用本单元的词汇、短语及句式或使用词汇的正确形式完成下面的语篇。 As the annual Tree Planting Day is approaching, it once again reminds us of the environmental protection campaign. Nowadays, more and more people ①are concerned about the environmental problems (担心环境问题)． It's really high time that we ②took/should take environmental protection into account (把环境保护考虑在内). Hereby, the Student Union appeals to all the students to spare no effort to protect the environment. ③It's urged that (坚决要求) we ④(should) start (开始) with some small things, ⑤not only (不但) for ourselves, ⑥but also (而且) for our offspring and others around us. What's more, ⑦with a view to responding to this campaign (为了响应这一活动), our school has decided to organize the students to publicize the concept of environmental protection around the city next Saturday. Whoever shows any interest can come and join us! Student Union Ⅳ 读写用·素养提升 维度一　一词多义/熟词生义 (一)根据语境选出加黑词remove的词性和含义 A．v. 脱下　B．v. 移走，搬走，搬迁　C．v. 消除，除去，去掉　D．v. 拿走 1．Realizing her mom must be very tired after a day's work, the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. 2．Our office has removed to Shanghai from Beijing. 3．The doctor asked Mr King to remove his trousers so that he could give him an examination. 4．The news removed any doubts about the company's future. 答案：1.D　2.B　3.A　4.C (二)根据语境选出加黑词contribute的词性和含义 A．v. 投稿　B．v. 促成，造成(某事发生)　 C．v. 捐献　D．v. 为……做贡献 1．He has recently made a significant discovery—loneliness is a serious social problem that can contribute to depression and even crimes, but it can be prevented in a clever way. 2．She contributed a number of articles to the magazine. 3．It was generous of her to contribute such a large sum of money to the people in the earthquake­stricken area. 4．Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways. 答案：1.B　2.A　3.C　4.D 维度二　构词法 (2024·湖南常德临澧第一中学高三第二次阶段性考试)So anyone can be a Yo­Yo Ma as long as they devote enough time to practising.But can it be that simple? 合成词：de－分离，向下＋－vot 誓言，郑重宣告＋－e；devote意为致力，献身，倾注。 维度三　长难句分析 (2023·北京高考)Mangroves, known as “red forest” in China, grow between land and sea, characterised by their complex roots. 一划主干：Mangroves grow。 二括修饰：known as “red forest” in China为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Mangroves, characterised by their complex roots为过去分词短语作状语。 三会意：红树林在中国被称为“红色森林”，生长在陆地和海洋之间，特点是它们的复杂根系。 维度四　写作提能 完成句子/句式升级/一句多译 1．一周的旅行过后，他回到了家，很累但很高兴。(形容词短语作状语) After a week's trip, he returned home, tired but very happy． 2．她已经开始将精力投入到教学而不是表演中。 She had started to devote her energies to teaching rather than performing. 3．可持续发展就是要为每个人创造更好的医疗、教育、住房条件和更高的生活水平。 Sustainable development is all about creating better health care, education, housing and improved standard of life for everyone. 4．Because I am devoted to my study every day, I have learned much knowledge. →Devoted to my study every day, I have learned much knowledge.(过去分词短语作状语) →Devoting myself to studying every day, I have learned much knowledge.(现在分词短语作状语) 5．正在修建的新体育馆将是操场的两倍大。 The new stadium being built will be twice as big as the playground. (as ... as) ＝The new stadium being built will be twice the size of the playground. (size) 课时作业 Ⅰ.阅读 A (2024·云南师范大学附属中学高三高考适应性月考)Since the days of Charles Darwin, the long necks of giraffes have been a textbook example of evolution. The theory goes that as giraffe ancestors competed for food, those with longer necks were able to reach higher leaves, getting a leg­up or neck­up over shorter animals. But a very unusual prehistoric giraffe relative reveals that, in addition to finding food, fighting may have driven early neck evolution. In a study published Thursday in Science, a team of paleontologists described the Discokeryx (獬豸盘角鹿), a giraffe ancestor, as having a helmet­like head and large neck vertebrae (脊椎). The Discokeryx evolved like this to absorb and deliver skull­cracking collisions to seek mates and defeat competitors. “It shows that giraffe evolution is not just lengthening the neck，” said Jin Meng, a paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History and co­author of the new study. Head­butting is an ancient and widespread form of conflict solution. Dinosaurs like Pachycephalosaurs have firm skulls (头骨), and knocking heads remain common in bighorn sheep, chameleons and even whales. But the researchers suggested that the Discokeryx was uniquely expert at head­to­head fight. The team estimated that collisions between Discokeryxes were likely twice as forceful as head­butting muskoxen, which strike each other at nearly 25 mph. The series of interlocking neck joints haven't been discovered in any other vertebrate (脊椎动物), living or dead，giving the Discokeryx the greatest head­bashing equipment yet discovered, according to the researchers. “This animal is an extreme example of using head­butting as a fighting tool，” Meng said. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项古生物学家最近的研究发现：长颈鹿进化出长脖子可能不仅是为了吃到树叶，还有可能是为了打架。 1．What do we know about the Discokeryx? A．Its evolution helps make and bear crashes. B．It has tiny neck vertebrae. C．Its thin neck can stretch to find mates. D．It has a horn­like head. 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The Discokeryx evolved like this to absorb and deliver skull­cracking collisions to seek mates and defeat competitors.(獬豸盘角鹿进化成这样是为了吸收和传递头骨破裂的碰撞来寻找配偶和击败竞争对手。)”可知，獬豸盘角鹿的进化有助于进行和承受猛撞。故选A。 2．What does the research find? A．Whales move at the speed of 25 mph. B．Muskoxen are good at giving a side attack. C．Many vertebrates have amazing neck joints. D．Discokeryxes hit opponents with big power. 答案：D　推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The team estimated ... nearly 25 mph.(研究小组估计，獬豸盘角鹿之间的碰撞力度可能是麝牛的两倍，麝牛以接近25英里每小时的速度互相撞击。)”可推知，獬豸盘角鹿用强大的力量打击对手。故选D。 3．What is the text mainly about? A．How Jin Meng completed a research paper. B．Why giraffes' necks evolve so long. C．How the impact force between Discokeryxes is measured. D．Why giraffes' development goes against Charles Darwin's theory. 答案：B　主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中的“But a very unusual prehistoric giraffe relative reveals that ... early neck evolution.”可知，本文主要探讨了长颈鹿进化出长脖子的原因。故选B。 4．Where can the text be found? A．In a history book. B．In a story collection. C．In a science magazine. D．In a celebrity biography. 答案：C　推理判断题。本文主要介绍了科普知识：长颈鹿的祖先獬豸盘角鹿进化出长脖子可能不仅仅是为了吃到树叶，还有可能是为了打架，由此可推知，本文可能出现在科学杂志中。故选C。 B (2023·山东泰安统考)Europe's ski resorts (胜地) haven't been getting enough snow. Amedeo Reale is president of Sci Club 18, in Cortina d'Ampezzo, a town in Italy's Dolomite Mountains. In 2026, the area will host the Women's Winter Olympics downhill skiing events. “The only thing we are scared of is having one or two months of hot weather，” Reale says. “But in Cortina d'Ampezzo, I don't think there is any problem.” At more than 5，000 feet above sea level, the slopes (坡) stay cold enough for artificial snow. But other parts of Italy are not so lucky. They've been getting a taste of a much warmer future. The only plan for saving Italy's ski industry is to use artificial snow as much as possible, says Rolando Galli, who runs a ski lift in there sort of Abetone, in Italy. It has done more than $2 million less business this season because of the lack of snow. Even if there's snow for the rest of the season, Galli says, there's no way to make up for this year's lost income. He ran the lifts without snow, just for the views, but not many tourists showed up. The changing weather is making it hard to find the right conditions for winter­sports competitions. Promoting summertime sports is probably a good business strategy. The government and mountain towns should invest in lakes. In summer, these could be tourist destinations—for fishing, boating, and sightseeing. They might also provide water to fight bush fires. Climate change is something that we have to face. We can't just put our heads in the ground and ignore it. Since 1924, 21 cities have hosted the Winter Olympics. The first was Chamonix, France. If global temperatures continue rising at the current rate, only four of those places will have conditions appropriate for competition by 2050. That's the prediction of a recent scientific report. Cortina d'Ampezzo, in Italy, would be rated “unacceptable”， the report says. Only Sapporo, Japan, is considered a reliable bet for the 2078 or 2082 games. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了欧洲一些滑雪胜地降雪量减少，这产生了一系列的影响。 5．Which word can best describe Amedeo Reale's attitude to his business? A．Worried. B．Optimistic. C．Conservative. D．Uncertain. 答案：B　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“‘The only thing ... artificial snow.(雷亚莱说：‘我们唯一担心的就是一两个月的炎热天气。但在科尔蒂纳丹佩佐，我认为没有任何问题。’在海拔5，000多英尺的地方，山坡足够冷，可以人工造雪。)”可推知，Amedeo Reale (阿梅代奥·雷亚莱)对自己的生意持乐观态度。故选B。 6．Which statement does Rolando Galli probably agree with? A．Business is bad without snow. B．Winter is the peak season for tourism. C．Artificial snow is a short­term measure. D．His losses will be recovered next winter. 答案：A　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“It has done more than $2 million ... lost income.”可知，由于少雪，销售额减少，由此可推知，Rolando Galli (罗兰多·加利)会赞同“不下雪生意就不好”这一说法。故选A。 7．What does the author tell us to do about the changing weather in Paragraph 4? A．Mass­produce artificial snow. B．Think ahead to the next move. C．Develop the winter tourism in time. D．Try to stop climate change gradually. 答案：B　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The changing weather ... bush fires.(不断变化的天气使人们很难找到适合冬季运动比赛的场地。推广夏季运动可能是一个不错的商业策略。政府和山区城镇应该投资湖泊。在夏天，这些地方可以成为旅游胜地——钓鱼、划船和观光。它们也可能为扑灭丛林大火提供水。)”可推知，作者认为由于气候变化，我们需要先行一步，提前谋划，重新思考下一步的商业策略。故选B。 8．What does the recent scientific report indicate? A．The Winter Olympics might not exist long. B．Global temperatures are sure to keep rising. C．Climate change affects Italy and Japan most. D．More places will hold winter sports activities. 答案：A　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If global temperatures ... by 2050.”可知，因为全球气温变暖，具备举办冬奥会的条件的地方将越来越少，由此可推知，冬奥会可能不会存在太久了。故选A。 Ⅱ.七选五 (2023·陕西省西安市长安区第一中学高三质量检测)As the proverb goes, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 1 A paper published two years ago in Nature found a connection between people's sense of well­being and the scenicness (美景) of where they lived. The paper's authors measured scenicness by conducting a survey among volunteers. The connection, the paper's authors found, held true whether a neighborhood was urban or rural. 2 Nor did levels of air pollution have any influence on it. The authors also discovered that differences in volunteers' health were better explained by the scenicness of where they lived than by the amount of green space around them. 3 The team behind that Nature paper have nevertheless decided to have a go. They have adapted a computer program to recognize beautiful landscapes, whether natural or artificial, using the criteria that a human beholder would employ. The program's task was to work out, by analyzing each photograph's features in the context of its Scenic­or­Not ratings, what it is that makes a landscape scenic. Most of the results are not surprising. Lakes and horizons scored well. So did valleys and snowy mountains. In artificial landscapes, castles, churches and cottages were seen as scenic. 4 The analysis did, however, confirm one important finding from the team's previous study, which is also a message for town planners. Green spaces alone are not scenic. To be so they need to involve contours (高低起伏的轮廓) and trees. 5 A．But surroundings matter. B．Hospitals, garages and motels were not so much. C．So people have a deep affection for where they live. D．It bore no relation to volunteers' social and economic status. E．Therefore, less grass and more trees and bushes would be welcome. F．Natural landscapes are rated as scenicness as opposed to artificial landscapes. G．Determining what scenicness is, though, has always been frustrating for scientists. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类的幸福感与他们所居住的地方的景色之间存在联系。 1．A　上文“As the proverb goes, beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”说明美是个人的主观感受。下文提到幸福感与居住地的美景有联系。A项(但环境也很重要。)与上文形成转折并引出下文。故选A。 2．D　上文说明无论地点在哪里，幸福感和环境有关的联系都是存在的；下文说明与空气污染水平也无关。D项(它和志愿者的社会和经济地位无关。)承上启下。故选D。 3．G　根据下文“The program's task ... a landscape scenic.”可知，团队尝试分析景色被视为美景的因素。G项(然而，确定美景的概念让科学家们感到沮丧。)引出下文。故选G。 4．B　上文“In artificial landscapes, castles, churches and cottages were seen as scenic.”说明有些人工景观被评为美景。B项(医院、车库和汽车旅馆等另一些人工景观的评分并不高。)承接上文。故选B。 5．E　上文“Green spaces alone are not scenic. To be so they need to involve contours (高低起伏的轮廓) and trees.”说明要多种些树、具有高低起伏的轮廓才算是风景。E项(因此，少一些草地，多一些树和灌木丛才受大家欢迎。)对上文进行补充。故选E。 Ⅲ.语法填空 (2024·山西省大同市第一中学高三月考)“A barbecue restaurant owner I know told me to come back on Monday, so as to leave the weekends to out­of­town visitors.” said Huang Yang, a native of Zibo city in Shandong Province 1 works outside his hometown. He recently returned home for a visit and wanted to have some barbecue, 2 he failed to find seats in four different restaurants. Thanks to social media recommendations, Zibo has gone viral on Chinese social media platforms. 3 (video) on sites such as Xiaohongshu show thousands of people traveling to the city to try its local barbecue, which they say 4 (wrap) in a pancake and has a “distinct taste”． Taking advantage of the barbecue craze, Zibo has gone all out to promote local tourism resources, while 5 (work) to ensure the safety of visitors and the quality of tourism products. To provide visitors 6 a happy experience, market regulators have carried out inspections on barbecue restaurants to ensure food safety. Police have increased 7 number of patrol (巡逻) personnel to ensure visitors' safety. Railway authorities have even added two additional high­speed trains between the 8 (province) capital Jinan and Zibo on weekends to meet the growing passenger demand. The local government now has released a map of barbecue joints and added 21 new bus routes 9 (facilitate) urban transportation. According to data from on­demand service platform Meituan, Zibo saw an 800 percent increase in accommodation bookings for the 2023 May Day holiday 10 (compare) to 2019, ranking first in Shandong province in terms of growth rate. 1． 　2. 　3. 　4. 5． 　6. 　7. 　8. 9． 　10. 篇章导读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了由于社交媒体的推荐，淄博烧烤在中国社交媒体平台上迅速走红。 1．who/that　考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词native指人，应用关系代词who/that。故填who/that。 2．but　考查连词。由“wanted to have some barbecue”和“he failed to find seats in four different restaurants”可知，前后两句话是转折关系。故填but。 3．Videos　考查名词。设空处作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，设空处应用复数，位于句首，单词首字母大写。故填Videos。 4．is wrapped　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。烧烤是被包裹在薄饼里，句子用被动语态，且描述客观事实，因此设空处应用一般现在时的被动语态，which指代的先行词barbecue是不可数名词，be动词应用is。故填is wrapped。 5．working　考查非谓语动词。此处指“同时它努力确保游客安全和旅游产品的质量”，本句谓语动词为has gone，设空处为非谓语动词，work和主语Zibo之间为主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填working。 6．with　考查介词。provide sb with sth是固定短语，意为“为某人提供某物”。故填with。 7．the　考查冠词。此处表示“警方增加了巡逻人员以确保游客的安全”，the number of “……的数量”。故填the。 8．provincial　考查词性转换。设空处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词capital。故填provincial。 9．to facilitate　考查非谓语动词。句意：当地政府现在发布了一张烧烤店地图，并新增了21条公交线路，以方便城市交通。设空处应用不定式表示目的。故填to facilitate。 10．compared　考查非谓语动词。句中谓语是saw，设空处为非谓语动词，Zibo是被比较，因此设空处应用过去分词表示被动。故填compared。 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$