第二节 名词-【金版教程】2025年高考英语一轮复习解决方案全书word（新教材，北师大版）

金版教程　高考科学复习解决方案　英语 第二节 　名词 Ⅰ　高考感知 1．(2024·浙江高考1月)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the ________ (criticize) that they lead to waste. 答案：criticism　句意：许多超市不再进行“买一送一”的促销活动，因为有人批评这种活动会造成浪费。根据“that they lead to waste”可知，此处应用不可数名词criticism表示“批评”作宾语。故填criticism。 2．(2024·九省联考)Now, most people reach for ________ (keyboard) faster than they pick up pens. 答案：keyboards　句意：现在，大多数人拿起键盘的速度比拿起笔的速度还快。根据设空前的介词for可知，设空处应用名词作宾语，keyboard为可数名词，前面没有冠词修饰，应用复数。故填keyboards。 3．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)Since June 2017, right before the ________ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English. 答案：arrival　设空前是冠词，设空后是介词，所以设空处应用名词作介词before的宾语，arrive的名词形式是arrival，不可数。故填arrival。 4．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give ________ (interview) in English with international journalists. 答案：interviews　句意：他们还需要准备好用英语接受国际记者的采访。设空前是动词，所以设空处应用名词作宾语，此处表示不止一段采访，应用复数。故填interviews。 5．(2023·全国甲卷)However, Carson's theme is a more weighty ________ (warn) about environmental destruction. 答案：warning　形容词weighty后应用名词。根据设空前的不定冠词a可知，用可数名词的单数。故填warning。 6．(2023·浙江高考1月)Thanks to Beijing's long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic ________ (event)． 答案：events　此处表示具有历史意义的事件。不止一个事件，应用名词复数。故填events。 7．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Her delay came because she was carrying a ________ (compete) across the finish line. 答案：competitor　句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。根据句意可知，此处表示“参赛者”，设空前有不定冠词a，应用单数。故填competitor。 8．(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its ________ (surrounding)． 答案：surroundings　此处表示“周围的环境”，应用surroundings。故填surroundings。 9．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)As an ________ (art) who shares her journey on social media, I'm often asked by curious followers how to begin an art journey. 答案：artist　根据下文who引导的定语从句可知，此处指代“艺术家”。前面有an修饰，应用单数。故填artist。 10．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that welcomes the fast­paced development of modern life, with 21st­century architectural ________(wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 答案：wonders　根据设空后的historical buildings of the past可知，设空处应用名词的复数形式。故填wonders。 Ⅱ　考点梳理 考点一　名词的数 1．可数名词变复数的规则变化 (1)一般名词词尾加­s student→students 学生 chair→chairs 椅子 map→maps 地图 car→cars 汽车 book→books 书 idea→ideas 想法 month→months 月 house→houses 房子 (2)以s, x, sh, ch结尾的名词加－es glass→glasses 眼镜 box→boxes 箱子 brush→brushes 刷子 match→matches 比赛 dish→dishes 饭菜 watch→watches 手表 *stomach→stomachs 胃 *ox→oxen 公牛 (3)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的名词，变y为i加­es city→cities 城市 baby→babies 婴儿 enemy→enemies 敌人 country→countries 国家 story→stories 故事 activity→activities 活动 如果是两个元音字母结尾，则直接加­s key→keys答案 boy→boys男孩 (4)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v加­es thief→thieves 小偷 wife→wives 妻子 life→lives 生命 scarf→scarves 围巾 shelf→shelves 架子 loaf→loaves 条 wolf→wolves 狼 knife→knives 刀子 half→halves 一半 leaf→leaves 叶子 *chief→chiefs 首领 *roof→roofs 屋顶 *proof→proofs 证据 *belief→beliefs 信仰 *cliff→cliffs 悬崖 *gulf→gulfs 海湾 *brief→briefs 摘要 *grief→griefs 悲痛 (5)以o结尾的名词，有生命的，常加­es；无生命的加­s hero→heroes 英雄 potato→potatoes 土豆 tomato→tomatoes 西红柿 zoo→zoos 动物园 zero→zeros 零 piano→pianos 钢琴 tobacco→tobaccos 烟草 photo→photos 照片 radio→radios 收音机 video→videos 录像 *bamboo→bamboos 竹子 *volcano→volcano (e)s 火山 *mosquito→mosquito (e)s 蚊子 2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化 (1)单复数同形 deer 鹿 fish 鱼 sheep 羊 cattle 牛 means 方法 aircraft 飞机；航空器 series 系列 species 物种 police 警察 Chinese 中国人 Japanese 日本人 *German→Germans 德国人 (2)改变单词内部的元音字母 foot→feet 脚；英尺 tooth→teeth 牙齿 man→men 人 woman→women 女人 mouse→mice 老鼠 goose→geese 鹅 (3)特殊变形 criterion→criteria 标准 analysis→analyses 分析 basis→bases 基础 crisis→crises 危机 medium→media 媒体 bacterium→bacteria 细菌 datum→data 数据 phenomenon→phenomena 现象 formula→formulae/formulas 公式 child→children 儿童 3.复合名词的复数形式 (1)主体名词改为复数，没有主体名词的在词尾加­s passer­by→passers­by 过路人 looker­on→lookers­on 旁观者 step­father→ step­fathers 继父 grown­up→grown­ups 成年人 go­between→ go­betweens 中间人 boyfriend→boyfriends 男朋友 (2)含有man, woman时，其中的man, woman也要变为复数 newspaperman→ newspapermen 报社记者 chairman→chairmen 主席 man cook→men cooks 男厨师 woman doctor→women doctors 女医生 4.只有复数形式的名词 (1)由两个相同的部分构成的一个物件的名词 scissors 剪刀 trousers 裤子 compasses 圆规 scales 天平 glasses 眼镜 gloves 手套 earphones 耳机 　two pairs of trousers 两条裤子；a pair of glasses 一副眼镜 (2)以­ing结尾的名词 belongings 所属物 savings 节省下来的东西 surroundings 周围的环境 findings 调查结果 earnings 挣来的钱 remainings 剩余物 5.常考的不可数名词 news 新闻 word 消息 fun 乐趣 information 信息 weather 天气 advice 建议 progress 进步 equipment 设备 furniture 家具 luggage/baggage 行李 6.物质名词的复数现象 ash 灰→ashes 废墟；骨灰 grass 草→grasses 草原 paper 纸张→papers 论文，试卷 wood 木头→woods 树林 lesson 功课→lessons 教训 ground 地面→grounds 理由 cloth 布→clothes 衣服 wind 风→winds 风向，方位 line 线路→lines 台词 water 水→waters 水域 iron 铁→irons 熨斗 7.集体名词的数 (1)只有复数意义的集体名词 people 人们 police 警察 cattle 牛 (2)有单复数变形的集体名词(根据句意判断单复数) family 家庭，家人 class 班级，班级同学 team 队，队员 public 公共场合，公众 government 政府；政府人员 crowd 人群，人们 group 小组，小组人员 考点二　名词作定语 作定语的名词往往是说明中心名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式： 1．一般用单数形式。 如a stone bridge (石桥), a meeting room (会议室), morning exercise (早操), London Airport (伦敦机场), a story book (故事书), a shoe shop (鞋店)。 2．man, woman要与所修饰的名词的数一致。如a woman teacher (一位女教师), two women teachers (两位女教师)。 3．sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用复数形式。如a sports meet (运动会), a goods train (货车), customs house (海关), a sales manager (销售经理)。 考点三　名词的所有格 1．有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加's。如果是s结尾的复数名词或以s结尾的人名，则只加'即可。 the president's office 校长办公室 Engles' works 恩格斯的著作 the students' books 学生用书 2．无生命的名词，通常用of表示所属关系。 the cover of the book 书的封面 the window of the room 房间的窗户 3．一样东西为两个人共有，只在后一个名词后加's；不是共有的则两个名词后都要加's。 Tom and Mike's room 汤姆和麦克的房间(共有) Tom's and Mike's books 汤姆的书和麦克的书(不共有) 4．名词的双重所有格——of＋名词性物主代词或名词的's。 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 a friend of my father's 我父亲的一个朋友 5．名词所有格可用于一些固定短语和词组中。 at arm's length 保持一定距离 within a stone's throw 离得很近 out of harm's way 安全的地方 考点四　名词后缀 ­al 表示“行为；状态” refusal, arrival, survival, approval ­ment 表示“行为；状态；过程；手段及其结果” treatment, movement, judgment， punishment, argument, agreement, government, development ­ness 表示“性质；状态；程度” goodness, kindness, friendliness, business, happiness, greatness, illness, darkness －ance 表示“状态，性质，情况” performance, resistance, clearance, attendance ­er/­or 表示“人” foreigner, thinker, swimmer, traveller, actor, sailor, visitor, professor －ant 表示“人” participant, assistant, accountant, dependant, examinant ­ist 表示“人” pianist, scientist, artist, specialist, physicist ­ian 表示“精通某事的人；某地方的人” musician, magician, physician, technician, Russian ­dom 表达更具体的概念 freedom, kingdom, wisdom ­ee 表示“被……的人” employee, interviewee, trainee, examinee ­ship 表示“技能及身份；职业” hardship, membership, friendship ­eer 表示“从事于……人” engineer, volunteer, pioneer ­hood 表示“资格；身份；年纪；状态” childhood, manhood, womanhood ­sion/ ­tion 表示“行为的过程；结果；状况” action, solution, conclusion, expression, correction, explanation, pollution, suggestion ­ism 表示“主义” socialism, criticism, heroism ­th 表示“动作；性质；过程；状态” depth, wealth, truth, length, growth, death Ⅲ　难点突破 一、试题难点 名词“数”的判断：不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。如果不可数名词在句中表示特指意义，则要在其前加定冠词。 Word came that they would go to teach the students in the faraway villages.(word作“消息”讲，是不可数名词)消息传来，他们将去边远村庄执教。 单数名词不能单独使用：通常要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。 This book with pictures in it is very interesting.(book是可数名词，用单数形式时，前面要有限定词) 这本带有插图的书很有趣。 注意固定短语中名词的单复数。 At supper, everyone was in high spirits.(in high spirits是固定搭配，意为“兴高采烈的”) 晚餐时，每个人都兴致勃勃。 注意名词应与其修饰语保持数的一致。 many a接单数名词； many, (a) few, a number of, dozens of, scores of等接复数名词； some, a lot of, lots of, a large quantity of, quantities of等接复数名词或不可数名词； much, a great deal of, a large amount of等接不可数名词。 He spent a great deal of money helping the elderly.(money是不可数名词) 他花了很多钱帮助老人。 二、解题策略 策略1　根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式 (1)不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。 (2)有these, those, several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of, different或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式。 (3)名词前有one of, among时用名词复数形式。 策略2　根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式 名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。 策略3　根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式 表示两个(或以上)的可数名词即并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。 Ⅳ　对点演练 维度一　单句语法填空 1．(2024·浙江省高三尖子生深研模拟)The ________ (protect) and revival of Dunhuang's ancient culture is not an isolated case in China. 答案：protection　设空处应用名词和revival并列作主语，protection “保护”是不可数名词。故填protection。 2．(2024·四川省成都市高三高考适应性模拟)The main reason is a lack of food caused by disturbance to ocean conditions from global heating and ________ (compete) from the commercial fishing industry. 答案：competition　句意：主要原因是全球变暖对海洋环境的干扰和商业捕鱼业的竞争造成了食物短缺。设空处与名词disturbance并列，作介词from的宾语，名词competition意为“竞争”时为不可数名词。故填competition。 3．(2023·广东省广州市高三毕业班综合测试)Despite the cave's tough ________ (condition), Fan was determined to study national cultural heritage (遗产) and stayed to pursue her dream. 答案：conditions　设空处应用名词作宾语，此处指在莫高窟工作条件艰苦，condition 意为“条件”时常用复数。故填conditions。 4．(2024·贵州省贵阳市高三阶段检测)Chinese calligraphy has a profound influence on other art forms, such as ________ (paint), poetry, and seal carving. 答案：painting　设空处应用paint的名词painting作宾语，意为“绘画”，此处表示抽象的动作和技巧，为不可数名词。故填painting。 5．(2023·广东省惠州市高三二模)Chinese tea culture became widely known by people in many ________ (country) around the world years ago through the ancient Silk Road. 答案：countries　many后应用可数名词的复数形式。故填countries。 6．(2024·四川省成都市高三质检)However, the launch of the Youku non­barrier cinema is of special ________ (significant)． 答案：significance　此处用名词作介词of的宾语，significance为不可数名词。故填significance。 7．(2024·广东省广州市高三质检)Not far from Mei's address, the first theater for Peking Opera ________ (perform) was created in 1954, five years after the founding of the People's Republic of China. 答案：performances　句意：在离梅家不远的地方，1954年，也就是中华人民共和国成立五年后，第一家京剧表演剧院成立了。此处应用名词作介词for的宾语，performance “表演”，是可数名词，且前面没有冠词，所以用复数形式表示泛指。故填performances。 8．(2024·内蒙古包头质检)French President supported the idea of arranging the ceremony on the Seine in July, although some voiced concerns over how to ensure ________ (secure) for such a big event. 答案：security　设空处应用名词security作动词ensure的宾语，表示“安全”，为不可数名词。故填security。 9．(2024·陕西省宝鸡市高三质检)With the active involvement of all ________ (participant): authors, publishers, teachers, librarians and the mass media, World Book and Copyright Day has become a platform to gather together millions of people all around the world. 答案：participants　设空处作介词of的宾语，participant意为“参与者”，为可数名词，由all修饰，应用其复数形式。故填participants。 10．(2024·四川省成都市高三质检)Globally, many newspapers also provide sections to publish marriage announcements, along with births and ________ (die)． 答案：deaths　此处应用名词death表示“死亡人数”，作宾语，且根据设空前的births可知，此处应用其复数形式。故填deaths。 维度二　语法填空 (2024·山东省多校高三质检)As an epic which brings back to life some of the most iconic poets from the Tang Dynasty (618－907), the highly anticipated animated movie Chang'an __1__ (release) nationwide on July 8. The film is the seventh production of Light Chaser Animation Studios, often __2__ (refer) to as “China's Pixar” because of its successes since its __3__ (establish) in 2013. It gained an 8 out of 10 rating on the Chinese film and review website Douban, __4__ (unusual) high for a Chinese animated movie. With a runtime of 168 minutes—the __5__ (long) of any Chinese animated movie to date Chang'an presents the decades­long friendship of Li Bai, and Gao Shi, his close friend and __6__ renowned poet, during the dynasty's transition from peak prosperity to the turmoil (动乱). It was caused by the rebellion led by An Lushan, once one of Emperor Xuanzong's most favored __7__ (general)． Xie Junwei, __8__ co­directs the movie with Zou Jing, says that he has made multiple trips to Xi'an in search of inspiration during the creative process. He revealed that the sculptures and ancient paintings exhibited at the Shaanxi History Museum provided them __9__ invaluable ideas for the film. 　 One audience said, “Every Chinese has a Tang dream, and this movie takes me back to the Great Tang Empire, __10__ (inspire) me to feel ultimate idealism, romanticism and inclusiveness.” 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________9．________　10.________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动画电影《长安三万里》的相关信息。 1．was released　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语on July 8可知，应用一般过去时，release与主语movie之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语movie是单数，be动词应用was。故填was released。 2．referred　考查非谓语动词。设空处作非谓语动词，refer与逻辑主语Light Chaser Animation Studios之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填referred。 3．establishment　考查词性转换。设空处由形容词性物主代词its修饰，应用名词establishment，表示“成立，建立”，为不可数名词。故填establishment。 4．unusually　考查词性转换。设空处应用副词修饰形容词high，作状语。故填unusually。 5．longest　考查形容词的最高级。此处表示“《长安三万里》是中国迄今为止最长的一部动画电影”，设空处应用形容词的最高级longest，表示“最长的”。故填longest。 6．a　考查冠词。此处指高适是一位著名的诗人，设空处应用不定冠词表示泛指，renowned的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。 7．generals　考查名词。one of＋复数可数名词，为固定搭配，表示“……之一”。故填generals。 8．who　考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Xie Junwei，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。 9．with　考查介词。provide sb with sth为固定短语，表示“为某人提供某物”。故填with。 10．inspiring　考查非谓语动词。设空处作非谓语动词，inspire与逻辑主语this movie之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填inspiring。 维度三　完成句子 1．(2024·内蒙古赤峰市高三质检)现在，长城是中国著名的旅游胜地，每年都吸引许多游客。 →Now, the Great Wall is such __________________ in China that it attracts ________________ every year. 答案：a famous place of interest; many visitors 2．(2024·陕西省多地多校高三联考)我写这封信是想告诉你，我打算在即将到来的假期里读一些英文杂志和报纸，这既可以扩大我的视野，也可以扩大我的知识面。 →I am writing to let you know that I am planning to read ___________________________ _______________ during the coming holiday, by which I can both widen my horizons and expand my scope of knowledge. 答案：some English magazines and newspapers 3．(2024·四川省成都市高三高考适应性模拟)听说你对中国传统文化感兴趣，我建议你读一读中国古典文学，这可以帮助你更好地了解中国传统文化。 →Hearing that you are interested in Chinese traditional culture, _________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________． 答案：I recommend you to read Chinese classical literature which can help you have a better understanding of traditional Chinese culture 4．(2024·浙江省强基联盟高三高考适应性考试)各项活动如期举行，包括中文演讲及中文歌曲表演等。 →As scheduled, _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________． 答案：various activities will be available ranging from an oral Chinese speech to Chinese song performances 5．(2024·重庆市渝北中学高三月考)我写这封信是为了表达我对你在我高中的学习活动中给予我亲切和细心帮助的真诚感谢。 →I am writing to express my sincere thanks _________________________________________ ________________________________． 答案：for your kind and careful help during my high school's learning activities 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$