必修第二册 Unit 6 Earth first（word练习）-【导学教程】2025年英语新编高考大一轮总复习（外研版）

[对应学生用书P512] Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2023·湖北六校期中)Soot (煤烟灰) pollution is speeding up climate­driven melting in Antarctica, a new study suggests, raising questions about how to protect the delicate continent from the increasing number of humans who want to visit. “It really makes us question whether our presence is really needed，” says Alia Khan, one of the authors of the new study. “We have quite a large black carbon footprint in Antarctica, which is enhancing snow and ice melting.” Black carbon is the leftover thing from burning plants or fossil fuels. Soot in Antarctica comes primarily from waste gases of cruise ships (游轮)，vehicles，airplanes and electrical generators, although some pollution travels on the wind from other parts of the globe. The dark particles (微粒) coat white snow and absorb heat from the sun the way a black T­shirt does on a warm day. The blanket of dark bits speeds up melting that is already happening more quickly because of global warming. When snow and ice are uncovered, they reflect an enormous amount of sunlight before it can turn into heat. “These are the mirrors on our planet，” says Sonia Nagorski, a scientist at the University of Alaska Southeast.“When those mirrors are covered in a film of dark bits, they are less reflective. That means more heat is trapped on Earth, speeding up melting and contributing to global warming.” As a scientist who personally visits Antarctica every year, Khan says she is troubled by her own research results. On the one hand, she goes to Antarctica to collect crucial data about how quickly the snow and ice there are disappearing.“But then when we come to the conclusion like this it really does make us think twice about how frequently we need to visit the continent，”she says，“and what kind of regulation should be placed on tourism as well.” That could mean requiring that cruise ships and vehicles be electric, for example, or limiting the number of visitors each year. [语篇解读]　　 本文为一篇说明文。研究发现这些年人类对南极洲的频繁参观导致煤烟灰污染加重，而这正在加速南极洲的冰雪融化，这引发思考：如何保护这块脆弱的大陆免受越来越多想要来参观的人们的影响呢？ 1．What are the feelings expressed in Khan's words in paragraph 2? A．Doubt and concern. B．Confidence and courage. C．Anger and disappointment. D．Optimism and certainty. 解析　A　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“It really makes us question whether our presence is really needed”可推测出，Khan对于去南极洲表示怀疑；再根据后文的“We have quite a large black carbon footprint in Antarctica, which is enhancing snow and ice melting”可知，Khan已经注意到人们已经给南极洲留下了大量的黑炭足迹，这会加速其冰雪融化。故Khan的话既表达了对人们去南极洲的怀疑，也表达了对所产生问题的担心，故选A。 2．Which of the following is a major source of soot in Antarctica? A．Burnt plants. B．Tourist vehicles. C．Black carbon elsewhere. D．Fossil fuels underneath Antarctica. 解析　B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Soot in Antarctica comes primarily from waste gases of cruise ships... some pollution travels on the wind from other parts of the globe”可知，尽管一些污染是通过风从地球其他地区传播过来的，但是南极洲的煤烟灰主要来自游轮、车辆、飞机和发电机的废气。由此可知，南极洲煤烟灰的主要来源是游客使用的交通工具，故选B。 3．What does Nagorski say about soot? A．It causes Antarctic surface temperature to rise. B．It is increasing in amount because of wind. C．It reflects a large volume of sunlight. D．It is like a big mirror on Earth. 解析　A　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“When those mirrors are covered in a film of dark bits... speeding up melting and contributing to global warming”可知，当南极洲表面被覆盖了一层煤烟灰之后，冰雪的反射效率就会降低，更多的热量就会被地球吸收，从而导致全球变暖，因此A项“它引起南极洲的表面温度上升”正确，故选A。 4．What might Khan do in the future? A．Help design scientific research regulations. B．Use electric cars for her daily transportation. C．Collect more data about Antarctica. D．Reduce her visits to Antarctica. 解析　D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But then when we come to the conclusion like this... for example, or limiting the number of visitors each year”可知，Khan在重新考虑要多久去一次南极洲，由此可推测出，为了保护当地环境，Khan会减少未来去南极洲的次数，故选D。 B (2023·苏锡常镇教学情况调查)IQ is often regarded as a crucial driver of success，particularly in fields such as science，innovation and technology.But the truth is that some of the greatest achievements by our species have primarily relied on what scientists call “cognitive(认知的)flexibility”． Cognitive flexibility is a skill that enables us to switch between different concepts，or to adapt behavior to achieve goals in a novel or changing environment. And the good news is that it can be trained.Currently，a group of researchers from Cambridge University are conducting a study，trying to work out how people can best boost(促进)their cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility may have affected how people coped with the pandemic lockdowns，which produced new challenges around work and schooling.Some people may have changed their routines from time to time，trying to find better and more varied ways of going about their day.Others，however，struggled and finally became more rigid in their thinking. They stuck to the same routine activities，with little flexibility or change. Flexible thinking is key to creativity.It also supports academic and work skills such as problem­solving.Unlike working memory，it is largely independent of IQ.For example，many visual artists may be of average intelligence，but highly creative and have produced masterpieces. So does cognitive flexibility make people smarter in a way that isn't always captured on IQ tests？We know that it leads to better rational(理性的)thinking throughout the lifespan.For example，for children it leads to better reading abilities and better school performance. It can also help protect against a number of prejudice.People who are cognitively flexible are better at recognizing potential faults in themselves and using strategies to overcome these faults. Cognitive flexibility is essential for the society to flourish(繁荣).It can help maximize the potential of individuals to create innovative ideas and creative inventions.Ultimately，it is such qualities that we need to solve the big challenges of today. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了“认知灵活性”的重要意义、认知灵活的人的特点以及如何才能很好地提高人们的认知灵活性。 5．What is the purpose of the research conducted by Cambridge University researchers? A．To clarify people's misunderstanding about cognitive flexibility. B．To figure out the relationship between IQ and cognitive flexibility. C．To explore effective ways to improve people's cognitive flexibility. D．To make out the benefits of increasing people's cognitive flexibility. 解析　C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Currently，a group of...their cognitive flexibility”可知，剑桥大学研究人员进行这项研究的目的是探索提高人们认知灵活性的有效途径。故选C。 6．What will cognitively flexible people probably do to deal with new challenges? A．Stick to their original plan. B．Handle new problems rigidly. C．Adjust their thoughts and behavior. D．Apply creative ideas to improve their IQ. 解析　C　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Cognitive...or changing environment”可知，认知灵活性是一种技能，它使我们能够在不同的概念之间切换，或在一个新的或不断变化的环境中调整行为以实现目标；根据第三段中的“Cognitive flexibility may...about their day”可知，在疫情期间，认知灵活性高的人可能会不时地改变他们的日常生活，试图找到更好、更多样化的方式来度过他们的一天。据此可以推知，在应对新挑战时，认知灵活的人可能会调整他们的想法和行为。故选C。 7．What can we learn about cognitive flexibility? A．It is closely related to people's IQ. B．It is an unchangeable inborn quality. C．It helps people avoid reasonable thinking. D．It helps people make greater achievements. 解析　D　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But the truth is...scientists call‘cognitive(认知的)flexibility’”可知，认知灵活性可以帮助人们取得更大的成就。故选D。 8．What do the last three paragraphs mainly talk about? A．Applications of cognitive flexibility. B．Benefits of cognitive flexibility. C．Experiments on cognitive flexibility. D．Definitions of cognitive flexibility. 解析　B　段落大意题。通读第五段可知，该段主要论述了认知灵活性的好处：让人更聪明、更理性地思考；通读第六段可知，该段主要论述了认知灵活性的好处：反思错误，防止产生偏见；通读第七段可知，该段主要论述了认知灵活性的好处：认知的灵活性对社会的繁荣至关重要，它可以帮助最大限度地发挥个人创新想法和创造性发明的潜力。据此可知，最后三段主要介绍了认知灵活性的好处。故选B。 Ⅱ.七选五 (2023·广东六校联考)Science shows that stretching(伸展)is essential after exercise. Stretching lengthens and mobilizes the connective tissue around your muscles. What's more，stretching helps your blood flow and even relieves your stress. __1__ You could feel sick. You won't be surprised to know that when you exercise，you raise your heart rate for a period of time. While it's great to get that blood flowing，it's just as important to get your heart rate back to a normal level after the workout is over. __2__ As your heart is beating faster and your body temperature is higher，you could pass out or feel sick if you stop too fast. Stretching after physical activity allows a gradual decrease at the end of the episode. Your muscles will likely become stiffer and more sore. When you exercise your muscles，it produces lactic acid(乳酸)，which is actually what causes your muscles to become sore. When you rest between periods of exercise，your body naturally breaks down that lactic acid. Is there one thing that helps your body get rid of that lactic acid? __3__ Stretching helps you distribute oxygen throughout your body，which can reduce lactic acid production and rid your muscles of any accumulation of lactic acid. __4__ Flexibility is closely related to injury risk. Poor flexibility will cause you to have muscles that get tired more quickly and joints that are more likely to suffer from injury. Besides，your weakened range of motion will lead to less blood and nutrients to your joints. __5__ Sticking to stretching after physical activity can hopefully improve your flexibility. A．You'll be at risk of injury. B．You guessed it：stretching. C．You'll improve your flexibility by stretching. D．It does wonders for both your physical and mental health. E．This is also known in the fitness world as “cooling down”． F．There are harmful side effects if you don't stretch after exercise. G．That's why people often feel pain in their weight­bearing joints like knees and hips. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。科学表明运动后拉伸非常有必要，本篇文章介绍了运动后为什么要拉伸以及拉伸的好处。 1．解析　F　空前讲到了拉伸的好处。根据第二段和第三段的首句可知，空处承上启下，应该会讲到运动后不拉伸的坏处。F项“如果你运动后不做伸展运动，就会产生有害的副作用”符合文意。故选F。 2．解析　E　根据空前的“it's just as important...workout is over”可知，E项“这在健身界也被称为‘降温’”符合语境，且E项中的“This”指代“get your heart rate back to a normal level after the workout is over”。故选E。 3．解析　B　空前提出一个问题：有没有方法可以帮助身体摆脱乳酸。接下来应该回答这个问题并呼应主题，B项“你猜对了：拉伸”对空前的提问进行了回答。故选B。 4．解析　A　根据第二段和第三段的首句可知，空处应与前两段在逻辑上保持一致，也应该讲不做拉伸的负面作用，再结合空后的“injury risk”可知，A项“你将会有受伤的危险”符合语境。故选A。 5．解析　G　根据空前两句内容可知，灵活性差会导致你的肌肉更快疲劳，关节更易损伤。除此之外，运动范围的缩小会导致关节的血液和营养供应减少。G项“那就是人们的负重关节(如膝盖和髋关节)经常感到疼痛的原因”符合语境。故选G。 Ⅲ. 语法填空 (2024·长沙检测)There's just a 1­in­3，700，000 chance that a person will be killed by 1.________ shark, but the fear is still enough to have swimmers worrying about 2.________(be) seen as prey (猎物). Now, new research supports the long­standing theory, 3._________ explains that it's a case of “mistaken identity” when great whites go in for a bite. A team of biologists 4.________ (compare) videos of seals swimming with those of humans swimming. They then edited the clips to simulate a great white's vision and found that from the ocean inhabitant's point 5.________ view, humans do indeed bear a strong resemblance to seals. “Usually, great white sharks 6.________ (regard) as ‘mindless killers’ and ‘fond of human flesh’. However, this does not seem to be the case; we just look like 7.________ (they) food，” Laura Ryan, lead author of the study, told Live Science. “They eat seals every day and bites on people are 8.________ (extreme) rare，”said Catherine Macdonald, a marine scientist at the University of Miami.“ So if they're not solving the problem visually, then how do we think they're solving it? 9.________ (hit) the right targets, sharks could be relying on other senses, like the scent. If that's the case, 10._________ (addition) studies on how great whites use those senses could help prevent further attacks.” [语篇解读]　研究发现，鲨鱼吃人是因为它们把人误以为是海豹。 1．解析　a　考查冠词。句意为：一个人被鲨鱼杀死的概率只有370万分之一，但这种恐惧仍然足以让游泳者担心被其视为猎物。shark是可数名词，结合句意可知，此处表泛指，前面要用不定冠词修饰，且shark的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。 2．解析　being　考查非谓语动词。句意见上一题解析。about是介词，其后跟动名词作宾语。故填being。 3．解析　which　考查定语从句。句意为：现在，新的研究支持了一个存在已久的理论，该理论解释说，大白鲨咬人是 “认错身份”的情况。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词为theory，指物，设空处应用关系代词which。故填which。 4．解析　compared　考查动词的时态。句意为：一组生物学家比较了海豹和人类游泳的视频。设空处作谓语，且句子描述过去的事情，时态应用一般过去时。故填compared。 5．解析　of　考查介词。句意为：然后，他们对这些片段进行编辑，模拟大白鲨的视角，发现从海洋生物的角度来看，人类确实与海豹非常相似。from one's point of view是固定短语，意为“从某人的角度看”。故填of。 6．解析　are regarded　考查动词的时态和语态及主谓一致。句意为：通常，大白鲨被视为“愚蠢的杀手”和“喜欢吃人肉”。regard和great white sharks之间为被动关系，需用被动语态，句子描述的是客观事实，时态应用一般现在时，且主语great white sharks是复数。故填are regarded。 7．解析　their　考查代词。句意为：……我们只是看起来像它们的食物……根据语境可知，此处修饰名词food表示 “它们的”，故用形容词性物主代词。故填their。 8．解析　extremely　考查词性转换。句意为：迈阿密大学的一位海洋科学家凯瑟琳·麦克唐纳说：“它们每天吃海豹，咬人的情况极为罕见。”设空处修饰形容词rare应用副词extremely。故填extremely。 9．解析　To hit　考查非谓语动词。句意为：为了击中正确的目标，鲨鱼可以依靠其他感官，比如气味。根据语境可知，设空处用不定式表目的，位于句首的单词首字母要大写。故填To hit。 10．解析　additional　考查词性转换。句意为：如果是这样的话，关于大白鲨如何使用这些感官的进一步研究可能有助于防止更多的攻击。设空处作定语，修饰名词studies应用形容词additional。故填additional。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$