主题语境22 法律常识与法治意识等-【创新教程】2025年高考英语总复习大一轮课时作业word（英语话题）

主题语境22　法律常识与法治意识等 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2024·吉林市高三考试)New York is among the slowest cities during rush hour in the world, according to a report published in January.Crossing midtown by car is soul­destroying. The average speed is 4.7 miles per hour, not much quicker than a quick walk. But relief is in sight. On April 1st, state lawmakers agreed to introduce road charges, making New York the first big American city to do so. By next year vehicles will have to pay to enter Manhattan south of 60th Street. The details of the new rule, including how much drivers will have to pay, how they will pay and how often they will pay, have yet to be decided. A “traffic mobility review board” will be set up to work all this out. New Yorkers living in the fee zone who make less than $60,000 a year will be exempt (豁免权). Other drivers, including motorcyclists, the city' s civil servants, disabled drivers and the trucking industry, all want discounts or exemptions, which might not be a good sign. If done right, road pricing could be expanded beyond Manhattan. New York can learn from other cities. Singapore, for instance, which has had pricing for decades, adjusts prices regularly. It can also learn from mistakes. London, which rolled out its pricing in 2003, is only starting to charge on­demand car hires like Uber. Stockholm exempted too many vehicles, which caused a drop in revenues (收入)． Other cities considering road charges, including Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Portland, San Francisco and Seattle, are watching New York. “We really have to make a good example，”says Nicole Gelinas of the Manhattan Institute, a New York think­tank. 1．What does the report find? A．New York has terrible road traffic. B．New York often introduces new laws. C．New Yorkers prefer walking to driving. D．New Yorkers face an increased cost of living. 2．What can be inferred about the new rule from Paragraph 2? A．It faces some potential problems. B．It has clear and detailed fee standards. C．It favors New Yorkers living in the fee zone. D．It fails to win a traffic mobility review board's approval. 3．What do London and Stockholm have in common? A．They learn a lot from Singapore. B．They have greatly increased revenues. C．They charge on­demand car hires heavily. D．They are bad examples of placing road charges. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了目前全球很多大城市都为交通问题所困扰。对此，包括伦敦在内的一些城市采取了拥堵收费措施，最近纽约也开始采取类似的措施。 1．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“New York is among the slowest cities ... according to a report published in January ... The average speed is 4.7 miles per hour, not much quicker than a quick walk.”可知，这项报告指出，上下班高峰时间，纽约是世界上最慢的城市之一，在市中心开车令人心烦意乱，平均车速为每小时4.7英里，和快步行走差不多。这些都表明，纽约的交通拥挤情况十分严重。] 2．A　[推理判断题。根据第二段中的“New Yorkers living in the fee zone ... all want discounts or exemptions, which might not be a good sign.”可知，新规还未正式实施就有很多人要求不交费或少交费，这给该规定的实施带来了一些隐患。] 3．D　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It can also learn from mistakes. London ... only starting to charge on­demand car hires like Uber. Stockholm exempted too many vehicles ... drop in revenues.”可知，伦敦在2003年就开始实施道路拥堵收费，但直到现在才开始对网约车进行收费，斯德哥尔摩豁免了太多车辆，这两个城市都是实施道路拥堵收费的错误示范案例。] B (2024·湖南高三月考)We are all aware of the damaging pollution that's created by driving petrol and diesel (柴油) vehicles. Many of the world's cities are jammed with traffic, creating poisonous gases such as nitrogen oxides. The solution for a cleaner, greener future could be electric vehicles. But how optimistic should we be? There was much excitement last year when the UK government announced it will ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030. But is that easier said than done？The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off. Currently, battery life is an issue—a fully charged battery won't take you as far as a full tank of petrol. Here are also limited numbers of charging points to plug an EV into. Of course, technology is always improving. Some of the biggest tech companies, like Google and Tesla, are spending huge amounts of money developing electric cars. And most of the big car manufacturers are now making them too. Colin Herron, a consultant on low­carbon vehicle technology, told the BBC：“The big leap forward will come with solid­state batteries，which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they progress cars. These will charge more quickly, and give cars a bigger range.” Cost is another issue that may deter people switching to electric power. But some countries offer encouraging measures, such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking. Some also provide exclusive lanes for electric cars to be driven on，overtaking traditional cars which might be stuck in jams. These kinds of measures have made Norway the Country with the most electric cars per capita (人均) at more than thirty electric cars per 1,000 inhabitants. But Colin Herron warns that “electric motoring” doesn't mean a zero­carbon future. 4．What makes global traffic difficult to be totally electric according to the second paragraph? A．A ban of the UK government. B．Lack of petrol. C．The small number of charging points. D．A low battery quality. 5．According to Colin Herron, what can we learn? A．Solid­state batteries will allow electric cars to travel farther. B．Electric cars will indeed make for a zero­carbon future. C．Solid­state batteries will be initially employed in electric cars. D．Big progress has been made in laptops and mobile phones. 6．What does the underlined word “deter” mean in the fourth paragraph? A．Block.　　　　　　 B．Suggest. C．Leave. D．Catch. 7．What will be most probably talked about next? A．The huge potential of electric cars. B．The unfavorable future of electric cars. C．The eagerness for a zero­carbon future. D．The reasons for not achieving a zero­carbon future. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国曾于2020年宣布从2030年起禁止销售新的汽油和柴油汽车，这引起了人们的广泛关注。但是，说起来容易做起来难，全球汽车产业电动化还有很长的路要走。 4．C　[细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Currently, battery life is an issue—a fully charged battery won't take you as far as a full tank of petrol. Here are also limited numbers of charging points to plug an EV into.”可知，充电点比较少是其中一个问题。] 5．A　[细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“The big leap forward will come with solid­state batteries, which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they progress cars. These will charge more quickly, and give cars a bigger range. ”可知，固体电池可以让车开得更远。] 6．A　[词义猜测题。根据第四段前两句“Cost is another issue that may deter people switching to electric power. But some countries offer encouraging measures, such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking.”可知，“But”前后为转折关系。其后为国家的鼓励措施，故可推知，其前应为电力车推广的阻碍因素，故“deter”词义应为“阻碍”。] 7．D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段“But Colin Herron warns that ‘electric motoring’ doesn't mean a zero­carbon future. ”可知，接下来的部分可能讨论不能实现零碳未来的原因。] C For most people, death is hard to think about. We tend to avoid the subject—involuntarily, even. The philosopher Stephen Cave offers one explanation for this avoidance in his 2012 book, Immorality. “Death，” he writes, “presents itself as both inevitable and impossible.” You can know rationally that you will die, yet struggle to understand your non­existence. Put another way, you cannot be conscious of your own consciousnesses. So we dismiss death form our thoughts. But this leads us to make choice in life that actually reduce our happiness. People who express more regrets tend to be those who postpone profound activities that yield meaning, such as appreciating beauty or spending more time with loved ones. When we avoid thoughts of death, we unconsciously assume that tomorrow will look a lot like today, so we can do tomorrow what we could today. But when we focus on death, that increases the stakes at play in the present, and clarifies what we should do with our time. By forcing ourselves to think about death, our resources­use decisions change. I ask my 20­something graduate students to estimate how many Thanksgivings they realistically have left with their parents, and then to consider how they should spend those remaining occasions. This usually simulates a strong emotional reaction. But it can also alter such decisions as where they choose to live and work. This highlights that facing discomfort and thinking seriously about the impermanence of your mortal life are important for making decisions that enhance your happiness. There are other benefits. For example, paradoxical though it may seem, considering death can encourage positive thinking, as researchers found in 2007.People who prepared to think about their death tended to focus on favorable emotional information around them, and to interpret random words in a pleasanter way. You begin to think extremely clearly, and realize that you have a choice about how to see present moment—and choose the positive. If you insist ignoring your own death, you are likely to make decisions that cause you to sleepwalk through life. You may not be dead yet, but you are not fully alive either. If you can look across that border with resolve and confidence, you will experience every day fully and deeply. 8．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A．People's fear of death. B．People's escape from death. C．People's acceptance of death. D．People's struggle against death. 9．What will happen to us if we don't focus on death? A．Enjoying a lot more happiness. B．Taking better advantage of time. C．Postponing big things until tomorrow. D．Engaging in more meaningful activities. 10．What's the author's purpose in mentioning his graduate students? A．To argue for the changes in making big decisions. B．To show doubts about facing discomfort of death. C．To compare students' different attitudes to death. D．To argue against the necessity of considering death. 11．What does the author suggest readers do in the passage? A．Avoid thinking about your death. B．Live a better life by ignoring death. C．Step away from death and live better. D．Think about your death and live better. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了我们倾向于回避死亡这个话题，但实际上思考死亡有许多好处。 8．B　[段落大意题。根据第一段第一句“For most people, death is hard to think about. We tend to avoid the subject—involuntarily，even.”并结合下文内容可知，本段主要讲述了人们通常会回避死亡这个话题。] 9．C　[细节理解题。第二段中的“When we avoid thoughts of death, we unconsciously assume that tomorrow will look a lot like today, so we can do tomorrow what we could today.”可知，如果我们不思考死亡，我们就可能把大事推到明天才做。] 10．A　[推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“his graduate students”定位到第三段的第二句。结合例子前面的论点，即第三段第一句“By forcing ourselves to think about death, our resources­use decisions change.”可以推断出，作者提到他的研究生是为了论证思考死亡使做决定方面发生的变化。] 11．D　[推理判断题。通读全文可知，根据第一段第一句“For most people, death is hard to think about. We tend to avoid the subject—involuntarily, even.”可知，本段主要讲述了我们倾向于回避死亡这个话题；根据第二段前两句“So we dismiss death form our thoughts. But this leads us to make choice in life that actually reduce our happiness.”可知，本段主要讲述了回避死亡话题产生的不良影响；根据第三段第一句“By forcing ourselves to think about death, our resources­use decisions change.”、第四段第一句“There are other benefits.”可知，第三、四段主要讲述了思考死亡话题的好处；根据最后一段中的“If you can look across that border with resolve and confidence, you will experience every day fully and deeply.”表明态度，思考死亡话题可以让人充分而深刻地体验每一天。由此可推测出，作者写这篇文章的目的是想要建议读者能够思考死亡这个话题，更好地去生活。] D (2024·广东潮州统考二模)In 2006, documents were published by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They suggested that cloned animals and cloned animal products would be allowed into the American food supply. The FDA has stated that cloned animal products are safe for consumption, and has performed many studies to support this view. In fact, products from cloned animals have already been eaten by some Americans without ill effects. The FDA analyzed the structure(结构)and content of cloned animal products and compared it with that of traditionally reproduced animals, and discovered no statistical difference between the two. Consumers raised serious concerns about cloned animals. The first is the question of whether or not cloned tissue and animal products are truly safe. The second is that many clones are also genetically modified(转基因的)animals, which the FDA has said are unsafe for human consumption. The third is that consumers want to be able to choose what they put into their bodies. The first concern about cloned animals is almost unnecessary due to the price of producing a clone. Making a clone needs hard work and is very costly. These clones live spoiled lives because they are very valuable, despite biologists' warning that cloned animals decrease diversity. The second concern, about genetic modification of cloned animals, is more problematic. It may be very difficult to separate genetically modified animals from normal ones. The purpose of genetically modified cloned animals is unclear, and the FDA hasn't allowed their products onto the market, due to health concerns, but the risk of genetic pollution of healthy animals still exists. Finally, the matter of choice is a large one. Many animal rights activists are worried about clone rights because cloned or not, the animals still have lives. Other consumers are simply trying to eat healthy foods, and have doubts about the cloned animals. If the FDA does not make labeling (贴标签)laws, people may not be able to make informed choices about their food. 12．Why did the FDA allow cloned animal products for consumption? A．They appeal to consumers very much. B．They differ from traditional animal products. C．They taste better than normal animal products. D．They have been proved safe in several aspects. 13．What do we know about producing clones of animals? A．It takes much more efforts and money. B．It provides some new medical benefits. C．It needs less time than raising animals. D．It helps increase the diversity of animals. 14．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Cloned animals should be forbidden to enter market. B．Cloned animals should have the same rights as humans. C．Laws should be made to protect people's right to choose food. D．Animal rights activists are strongly against cloned animal products. 15．What's the text mainly about? A．Doubts about cloned animals rights. B．Discussions about how to clone animals. C．Concerns about animal cloning technology. D．Worries about cloned animal consumption. [语篇解读]　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了食用克隆动物的三个忧虑。 12．D　[细节理解题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是“The FDA has stated that cloned animal products are safe for consumption, and has performed many studies to support this view.”FDA已经声明克隆动物产品是安全的，并进行了许多研究来支持这一观点，可知，FDA认为克隆动物产品在很多方面被证明是安全的，所以允许食用克隆动物产品。] 13．A　[细节理解题。由第四段的第二句“Making a clone needs hard work and is very costly.”克隆动物需要艰苦的工作并且价格非常昂贵，可知，克隆动物花费了很多的努力和耗费了大量金钱。] 14．C　[推理判断题。由最后一段内容，尤其是“If the FDA does not make labeling (贴标签)laws, people may not be able to make informed choices about their food.”如果FDA不从法律上标明，人们可能无法对他们的食物做出明智的选择。可以推断出，应该制定法律来保护人们选择食物的权利。] 15．D　[主旨大意题。这篇文章是总分结构，开头提出FDA建议允许克隆动物和克隆动物产品进入美国的食品供应。第三段提出了食用克隆动物的三个顾虑，第一，克隆组织和动物产品是否真正安全的问题；第二，许多克隆动物也是转基因动物，FDA曾表示转基因动物食材不安全；第三，消费者希望能够选择吃什么。第四、五、六段分别仔细论述了这三个忧虑。可以推断出这篇文章主要探讨了食用克隆动物的担忧。] Ⅱ.阅读七选五 (2024·山东潍坊市高三模拟)The Malaysian night market is based on a concept of open­air shopping where street vendors(小贩)take over a designated street to set up stalls(货摊)．The night market is the place where you can hang around the stalls，enjoy the smell of local foods and maybe pick up some items. Each night market comprises a different combination of stalls.__1__There is always something new and exciting to look forward to at each visit. The night markets are typically from 5 p．m.till 10：30 p．m.You can get anything from night markets，be it groceries，clothing，good local food，hot snacks，household items，fresh produce，and even the latest styles.By around 6 p．m.，the market is in full swing as the first groups of people sweep in.For those who cook，there is stall upon stall selling fresh seafood, meat products，and a limitless variety of vegetables.__2__ It is no secret that all­night markets share a common treasure—tasty street cuisine.__3__ The ever­popular soybean drink and sugarcane juice are a permanent feature here. __4__Therefore，it is not a place for the faint­hearted or the gentle.To many，they are fun and thrilling places to explore.You can even be addicted to discoveries of the antique kind which can be found in some night markets. Some places are 24­hour markets，which are livelier at night when traders set up numerous stalls selling unusual local food，exotic tropical(热带的)fruits，cheap clothes，second­hand goods as well as fresh produce.The night market is truly an exciting experience and a feast for the eyes on a tropical night out.The atmosphere is almost festive.__5__ A．Your curiosity will be satisfied here. B．There is so much to see，buy and eat. C．People would complain about the noises here. D．Noisy crowds are the hallmark of the night market. E．It would be a regret not to try on mouth­watering local dishes. F．New items are constantly being added on in line with current trends and market demand. G．Dried and preserved items such as dried beef and salted eggs are easily available here too. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了马来西亚的夜市。 1．F　[根据下文“There is always something new and exciting to look forward to at each visit.”可知，每次去夜市都有新的体验，故F项“根据当前的趋势和市场的需求不断增加新产品”符合语境，因为有不断增加的新产品，所以每次去都有新的和令人兴奋的事情发生符合语境。] 2．G　[空处位于段末应承接上文。根据上文“For those who cook, there is stall upon stall selling fresh seafood, meat products, and a limitless variety of vegetables.”可知，空处应承接上文继续描述夜市出售的食材，G项“干牛肉和咸鸡蛋等干制和腌制食品在这里也很容易买到”符合语境。] 3．E　[根据上文“It is no secret that all­night markets share a common treasure — tasty street cuisine.”以及下文“The ever­popular soybean drink and sugarcane juice are a permanent feature here.”可知，本段是在描述夜市的美食，E项“如果不尝尝令人垂涎欲滴的当地菜肴，那就太遗憾了”符合语境。] 4．D　[根据下文“Therefore, it is not a place for the faint­hearted or the gentle.”可知，空处是解释夜市不适合胆小或温柔的人的原因，D项“喧闹的人群是夜市的标志”符合语境。] 5．B　[根据上文“The night market is truly an exciting experience and a feast for the eyes on a tropical night out. The atmosphere is almost festive.”可知，此处是总结夜市的一些特点，B项“有那么多东西要看、要买、要吃”符合语境。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$