必修第3册 Unit 3 The world of science-【创新教程】2025年高考英语总复习大一轮课时作业word（外研版）

课时冲关15　Unit 3　The world of science Ⅰ.阅读A 主题：人与自然 体裁：说明文 话题：昆虫和人类一样有心理数字线 A study shows that newborn babies and some vertebrate (有脊椎的) animals organize numbers from left to right.Even before children learn to count，they start organizing growing quantities from left to right in what has been called the “mental number line”． Giurfa led a study，aiming to find out if the same holds true for insects，through an experiment on bees.“It has already been shown that bees are able to count—at least up to five，” said Giurfa.They also process information differently in the two hemispheres (半球) of their brains，he added.They seem to share this feature with humans，and it is thought to be a potential reason for “the existence of the mental number line，” Giurfa said. For the experiment，the researchers had individual honeybees fly into the first of two cells of a wooden box.Sugar water was then used to tempt the bees to select a number attached to the middle of the second cell.The number stayed the same for each individual bee，but varied randomly across the group from between one，three or five，in shapes of circles，squares or triangles.Once the bees were trained to fly towards their set number，the researchers removed it and put another number on both sides of the second cell，leaving the middle blank.They then removed the sugar water and observed which way the bees went.If the bees were trained to select the number three，and were now faced with two number ones on either side and nothing in the middle，the bees chose the option on the left.But if those same bees were given two number fives to choose from，they went right，again supporting the mental number line. Even if animals do think of numbers from left to right this is not true for all humans.The opposite direction has been found in people from cultures that use an Arabic number which reads from right to left.“Though the mental number line is inborn，culture can still modify it，even reverse it，” Giurfa said. [语篇解读]　这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一项研究，证实了昆虫和人类一样有心理数字线。 1．What is the purpose of the experiment? A．To know if bees are able to count. B．To teach bees how to count from one to five. C．To see how many numbers insects can memorize. D．To find out if insects organize numbers from left to right. 解析：D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“Giurfa led a study，aiming to find out if the same holds true for insects，through an experiment on bees.(Giurfa领导了一项研究，旨在通过对蜜蜂的实验，找出昆虫是否也存在同样的情况。)”可知，这项试验的目的是弄清楚昆虫是否也有心理数字线。] 2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The first cell. B．The second cell. C．The number in the middle of the first cell. D．The number in the middle of the second cell. 解析：D　[词义猜测题。根据第三段中“Sugar water was then used to tempt the bees to select a number attached to the middle of the second cell.(然后用糖水引诱蜜蜂选择附着在第二个隔间中间的数字)”和“Once the bees were trained to fly towards their set number，the researchers removed it and put another number on both sides of the second cell，leaving the middle blank.(一旦蜜蜂被训练飞向它们设定的数字，研究人员就把它移走，在第二个细胞的两侧放上另一个数字，中间留下空白。)”可知，实验人员在第二个隔间中间贴上一个数字，等蜜蜂记住了它们各自的数字后，研究人员就将这个数字移除，在两边贴上另一个数字，这样中间就成空白了。由此推断，it指的是第二个隔间中间的那个数字。] 3．Why can some people organize numbers from right to left? A．Because they belong to a superior creature. B．Because culture changes their mental number line. C．Because they have a higher IQ than other people. D．Because they were born with an opposite mental number line. 解析：B　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Though the mental number line is inborn，culture can still modify it，even reverse it(虽然心理数字线是天生的，但文化仍然可以改变它，甚至逆转它。)”可知，虽然心理数字线与生俱来，但是文化可以修改甚至将其逆转。] 4．Where does this text most probably come from? A．Science fiction. B．Children's literature. C．A science magazine. D．A newspaper advertisement. 解析：C　[推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“A study shows that newborn babies and some vertebrate (有脊椎的) animals organize numbers from left to right.(一项研究表明，新生儿和一些脊椎动物从左到右组织数字。)”可知，本文主要介绍了科学家做的有关昆虫的心理数字线的研究，因此很有可能出自一本科学杂志。] 阅读B 主题：人与社会 体裁：说明文 话题：空气污染导致嗅觉下降 (2024·陕西商洛·统考三模)A strong sense of smell is a key component of a healthy and enjoyable life.Yet our sense of smell is in decline as a result of an unnoticed threat to our health: air pollution. Scientists are finding that anosmia，a loss of the sense of smell，is becoming a widespread problem among people of all ages exposed to PM2.5 pollutants constantly，which are tiny particles (微粒) that can enter our bodies with every breath we take. The reason，they suggest，is that the olfactory bulbs (嗅球)，which are located in our noses and packed with nerve endings，are affected by exposure to air pollution.The tiny particles cause illness either in the bulbs themselves or in the brain，impacting our sense of smell over time，“Our data show the risk of developing anosmia with constant particulate pollution is 1.6 to 1.7 times higher，” says Ramanathan，a doctor at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine，America. Ramanathan is an author of a recent study of nearly 2,700 patients，a fifth of whom had anosmia despite many of them being non­smokers. When he and his colleagues looked into the backgrounds of the affected patients，they found most of them lived in neighborhoods with significantly higher levels of air pollution. The findings prove other studies with similar findings.One of these studies，conducted in a town in Italy，found that more than 200 teenagers and young adults between the ages of 15 and 25 suffered olfactory damage as a result of exposure to NO2，a common component in traffic emissions.“This is alarming as olfactory loss affects patient safety，well­being，and it is a predictor of poor health，” says Ramanathan. Yet the loss of a sense of smell is a condition that is often overlooked though it can bring about numerous health problems.A sense of smell is linked to memory as well and life is a lot less fun without it.“People don't remember what the pastry that they ate in childhood looked like，but they remember what the shop smelled like，” says Ramanathan. [语篇解读]　本文是说明文。文章讲述了科学家们发现了一个未被注意到的威胁的结果：空气污染。我们的嗅觉正在下降，嗅觉缺失症正成为所有年龄段暴露在PM2.5环境中的人普遍存在的问题。 5．How air pollution negatively influences our sense of smell? A．It blocks the inside transport of information. B．It prevents the nerve system functioning normally. C．It leads to the brain requiring more time to respond. D．It results in diseases in the olfactory bulbs or the brain. 解析：D　[细节理解题。根据第三段“The reason，they suggest，is that the olfactory bulbs (嗅球)，which are located in our noses and packed with nerve endings，are affected by exposure to air pollution.(他们认为，原因在于嗅球位于我们的鼻子里，里面充满了神经末梢，暴露在空气污染中会受到影响。)”可知，空气污染会对我们的嗅觉产生负面影响，它会导致嗅球或大脑疾病。] 6．What can we conclude from the two studies? A．Air pollution can rob us of our sense of smell. B．Smokers are more likely to suffer from anosmia. C．Traffic emissions contribute a lot to air pollution. D．Exposure to PM2.5 pollutants occasionally is harmless. 解析：A　[推理判断题。根据第二段“Scientists are finding that anosmia，a loss of the sense of smell，is becoming a widespread problem among people of all ages exposed to PM2.5 pollutants constantly，which are tiny particles (微粒) that can enter our bodies with every breath we take.(科学家们发现，嗅觉缺失症(嗅觉丧失)正成为所有年龄段暴露在PM2.5环境中的人普遍存在的问题，它们是微小的颗粒，可以随着我们的每次呼吸进入我们的身体。)”以及第四段“Ramanathan is an author of a recent study of nearly 2,700 patients，a fifth of whom had anosmia despite many of them being non­smokers. When he and his colleagues looked into the backgrounds of the affected patients，they found most of them lived in neighborhoods with significantly higher levels of air pollution.(拉马纳坦最近对近2 700名患者进行了一项研究，其中五分之一的患者患有嗅觉缺失症，尽管其中许多人不吸烟。当他和他的同事调查受影响患者的背景时，他们发现大多数人生活在空气污染程度明显较高的社区。)”可知，我们从这两项研究中得出结论：空气污染会使我们丧失嗅觉。] 7．What does Ramanathan think of the loss of people's sense of smell? A．Confusing and astonishing. B．Complicated but treatable. C．Critical and concerning. D．Disturbing but temporary. 解析：C　[推理判断题。根据第三段“The tiny particles cause illness either in the bulbs themselves or in the brain，impacting our sense of smell over time，‘Our data show the risk of developing anosmia with constant particulate pollution is 1.6 to 1.7 times higher，’says Ramanathan，a doctor at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine，America.(这些微小的颗粒会在球茎本身或大脑中引起疾病，随着时间的推移会影响我们的嗅觉，美国约翰霍普金斯医学院的医生Ramanathan说：‘我们的数据显示，持续的颗粒物污染使患嗅觉缺失的风险高出1.6到1.7倍。’)”可知，Ramanathan认为人类嗅觉丧失这个问题的解决方法是至关重要的。以及倒数第二段“‘This is alarming as olfactory loss affects patient safety，well­being，and it is a predictor of poor health，’ says Ramanathan.(Ramanathan说：‘这是令人担忧的，因为嗅觉丧失会影响患者的安全和健康，它是健康状况不佳的一个预测指标。’)”可知，Ramanathan认为人类嗅觉的丧失这个问题的解决方法是至关重要的同时也是令人担忧的。] 8．From which is the text probably taken? A．A travel brochure.　 B．A science website. C．A biology textbook. D．An art magazine. 解析：B　[推理判断题。根据第二段“Scientists are finding that anosmia，a loss of the sense of smell，is becoming a widespread problem among people of all ages exposed to PM2.5 pollutants constantly，which are tiny particles (微粒) that can enter our bodies with every breath we take.(科学家们发现，嗅觉缺失症(嗅觉丧失)正成为所有年龄段暴露在PM2.5环境中的人普遍存在的问题，它们是微小的颗粒，可以随着我们的每次呼吸进入我们的身体。)”可知，这是一篇关于科学的发现，本文出自科学网站。] Ⅱ.语法填空 主题：人与社会 体裁：说明文 话题：积极的心理学 Why true happiness isn't about being happy all the time? Over the past two decades，the positive psychology movement 1.________ (brighten) up psychological research with its science of happiness，human potential and flourishing.It argues that psychologists should investigate not only mental illness but also 2.________ makes life worth living. The founding father of positive psychology，Martin Seligman，describes happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions，such as joy，excitement and satisfaction,3.________(combine) with deeper feelings of meaning and purpose.It implies a positive attitude in the present and an optimistic outlook for the future.Importantly，happiness experts have argued that happiness is not a stable,4.________(change) feature but something flexible 5.________ we can work on and ultimately strive towards. Recent research indicates that psychological 6.________(flexible) is the key to greater happiness and well­being.For example,7.________(be) open to emotional experiences and the ability to tolerate periods of discomfort can allow us to move towards a richer，more meaningful existence.Studies have also demonstrated that the way we respond to the circumstances of our lives has 8.________(influence) on our happiness than the events 9.________(they)．Experiencing stress，sadness and anxiety in the short term doesn't mean we can't be happy in the long term.Often when people have faced difficulty，illness or loss，they describe their lives as happier and more meaningful as a result. 10．________ feeling happy，which is a temporary state，leading a happier life is about individual growth by finding meaning through the whole life.It is about accepting our humanity with all its ups and downs，enjoying the positive emotions，and making use of painful feelings in order to reach our full potential. [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。文章介绍了什么是积极的心理学。幸福专家认为幸福是灵活的，我们可以为此努力，个人成长和接受人性是幸福生活的关键。 1．has brightened　[考查动词时态。句意：在过去的二十年中，积极的心理学运动以其对幸福和人类潜力的科学研究为心理学研究带来了光明。分析句子结构可知，此处是句子的谓语部分，根据时间状语“Over the past two decades”需用现在完成时，主语是movement，应使用第三人称单数形式。故填has brightened。] 2．what　[考查宾语从句。句意：它认为，心理学家不仅应该研究精神疾病，还应该研究什么让生活变得有价值。分析句子结构可知，此处是not only...but also...的并列部分作动词investigate的宾语，此处是宾语从句，从句缺少主语，表示“事物”。故填what。] 3．combined　[考查非谓语动词。句意：积极的心理学的创始人 Martin Seligman将幸福描述为经历频繁的积极情绪，如喜悦、兴奋和满足，以及更深层次的意义和目的感。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语形式，combine与positive emotions之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，应使用过去分词表被动，故填combined。] 4．unchangeable/unchanging　[考查形容词。句意：重要的是，幸福专家认为幸福不是一种稳定的、不变的特性，而是我们可以努力并最终努力实现的、灵活的特性。分析句子结构可知，此处需用形容词作定语修饰名词feature，表示“不变的”，故填unchangeable/unchanging。] 5．that　[考查定语从句。句意同上题。分析句子结构可知，此处缺少定语从句的引导词，先行词是something，定语从句缺少宾语，故填that。] 6．flexibility　[考查名词。句意：最近的研究表明，心理灵活性是获得更大幸福感的关键。分析句子结构可知，此处是句子的主语部分应使用名词形式，表抽象意义，不可数的。故填flexibility。] 7．being　[考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，对情感体验持开放态度，能够忍受一段时间的不适，可以让我们走向更丰富、更有意义的生活。分析句子结构可知，此处是句子的主语部分，应使用动名词形式。故填being。] 8．more influences/more influence　[考查形容词比较级以及名词单复数。句意：研究还表明，与事件本身相比，我们对生活环境的反应方式对我们的幸福感影响更多(或者更大)。根据后文“than the events 9.______(they)”可知此处表示“更大影响”应使用比较级，此处构成固定短语have an influence on 或者have influence on，故填more influences/more influence。] 9．themselves　[考查反身代词。句意同上题。分析句子结构可知，此处表示“事件本身”，需用反身代词。故填themselves。] 10．Unlike　[考查介词。句意：与感觉幸福——一种暂时的状态不同，过一种更幸福的生活是通过寻找生活的意义来实现个人成长。分析句子结构可知，此处表示“暂时的幸福”和“更幸福的生活”的比较，这两种幸福是不同的，需用介词unlike，位于句首首字母大写。故填Unlike。] Ⅲ.应用文写作(征稿)◄ 你校英语社团在为6月6日全国爱眼日的特刊进行征稿，主题是： 保护眼睛，科学用眼。请你写一篇短文投稿，内容包括： 1．目前高中生的用眼问题； 2．保护眼睛的意义和方法。 注意： 1．词数80 左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇： 全国爱眼日National Eye­caring Day ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ [参考范文] As the National Eye­caring Day is approaching，let's shift our attention to our most used organ－eyes. In today's digital age，high school students，in particular，are spending long hours reading，writing，and using electronic devices.The over­use of eyes can lead to various eye problems，which may arouse a major impact on their learning and even affect the quality of life. For the sake of eye caring，it would be wise for us students to engage in daily eye exercises and arrange the study schedule better to guarantee enough rest and sleep. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$