01 阅读理解（细节理解题 ）-2025年高考英语一轮复习基础知识能力提升全囊括（通用版）

阅读理解---细节理解题 [设题特点] 新高考阅读理解的4种命题形式中，细节理解题所占相对比例最高，但相对容易，重在考查对文章的某一细节或事实的理解，都是对文中具体信息进行提问，如who,when,where,which,why,what,how many/much等。 [选项特征] 正确选项特征 1.同义替换：指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换；有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换； 2.信息归纳：用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案； 3.正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项； 4.原文原词：利用原文原词作为正确选项。 干扰选项特征 1.张冠李戴：是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容； 2.无中生有：符合常识，但不是文章的内容； 3.曲解文意：与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动； 4.颠倒是非：在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反； 5.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。 考法一 直接细节题 [设题特点] 直接细节题的特点是在原文中可以找到和选项信息几乎一样的短语或句子。只需要弄清题干问的是什么,找到题干中的关键信息，然后根据信息在文中寻找相关内容(有时需跨段落寻找细节信息)。正确选项和原文在表述上没有太大的变化。 常涉及考查直接细节题的一般为应用文，涉及人与社会这一主题的：①旅游广告；②活动介绍/通知/启事；③演出信息；④飞机/火车等交通工具出行问题。 [设问方式] 特殊疑问句形式：以 when,where,what,which,who等疑问词开头引出问题。 [技法点拨] 典例1【江苏省百校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次考试】 Even tree-planting can increase health risks to local human populations if it focuses too narrowly on a small number of species, as is often the case in commercial forests. Outbreaks of infectious diseases are more likely in areas of monoculture plantations, according to a new study. The researchers of the study said this was because diseases are filtered (过滤) and blocked by a range of predators (食肉动物) and habitats in a healthy, biodiverse forest. When this is replaced by a palm oil plantation or soy fields, the specialist species die off, leaving generalists such as rats and mosquitoes to thrive (繁殖) and spread pathogens across human and non-human habitats. The net result is a loss of natural disease regulation. The researchers examined the correlation between trends for forest cover, plantations, population and disease around the globe using statistics from international institutions such as the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization. Over the period of study from 1990 to 2016, this covered 3,884 outbreaks of 116 diseases that crossed the species barrier and 1,996 outbreaks of 69 vector-borne infectious diseases, mostly carried by mosquitoes, ticks or flies. The new study adds to a growing body of evidence tha