Unit 12 Section Ⅱ LESSON 2 & LESSON 3（Word教参）-【优化指导】2023-2024学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅱ　LESSON 2 & LESSON 3 [对应学生用书P111] [默写单词] 1．coincidence n．运气；巧合 2．clueless adj.一无所知的，一窍不通的 3．overcome vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜 4．PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) n．博士学位 5．grand adj.宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的 6．decline vi.减少，降低 7．bonus n．意外收获，额外的好处；奖金；红利 8．gravity n．重力，引力 [拓展单词] 1．emerge vi.出现，浮现→emergence n．出现；浮现→emergency n．突发事件；紧急情况→emergent adj.新兴的 2．evaluation n．评估，评价→evaluate vt.评估；评价；估计 3．theoretical adj.理论的→theory n．理论；学说 1．in spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……) 2．at the age of 在……岁时 3．rather than 而不是 4．as a result 结果；因此 5．a number of 若干，一些；许多 6．separate from 分离；把……和……分开 7．instead of 代替；而不是 8．because of 因为；由于 1．句型公式：while引导状语从句，表示对比 教材原句：Why do some people work so hard but achieve very little, while some others seem to do nothing but good ideas emerge? 为什么有些人努力工作却收效甚微，而另一些人似乎什么都没做，却想出了好主意？ 佳句仿写：你喜欢体育，而我喜欢读书。 You like sports，while I'd rather read． 2．句型公式：not just ... but also ... 不仅……而且…… 教材原句：Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS(a disease that affects muscle control)． 霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。 佳句仿写：这不仅是我个人的荣誉，也是对中国所有科学家的认可和鼓励。 This is not just an honour for myself，but also recognition and encouragement for all scientists in China. 3．句型公式：when引导定语从句 教材原句：At the age of 21, when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge, physicians discovered he had a rare, slow­progressing form of ALS. 21岁那年，也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症。 佳句仿写：我经常想起我在农场度过的童年。 I often thought of my childhood when I lived on a farm． 4．句型公式：rather than而不是…… 教材原句：...but he was allowed to do research only rather than teach, which was easier for him. ……但研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。 佳句仿写：你可以直接购买，而不是通过代理商购买。 You can buy it directly，rather than through an agent． 5．句型公式：as引导时间状语从句，意为“随着” 教材原句：However, as his illness became worse, he lost the use of his hands. 但是，随着他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。 佳句仿写：随着时间的推移，他意识到父亲是多么爱自己。 As time went by, he realized how much his father loved him. 6．句型公式：what引导名词性从句 教材原句：However, many people could not really understand what he had written. 然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。 佳句仿写：让我担心的是，他还在不断改变主意。 What worries me is that he keeps changing his mind. [对应学生用书P112] [主旨大意] This article introduces the great physicist Stephen Hawking. Hawking is known for his outstanding research in theoretical physics and cosmology, and he owes everything he has achieved to the support of his family and the help of others. [文章架构] STEPHEN HAWKING Para. 1: To sum up StephenHawking's life Stephen Hawking passed away on 14 March, 2018. He was one of the most 1.influential physicists in history. Para. 2～Para. 7: The introduction of Hawking's life experiences and achievements in detail In 1959, Hawking went to the University of Oxford to study 2.physics. At the age of 21, Hawking got a serious 3.illness． In 1985, he had to have an operation and lost his speech. In 4.2005, A Briefer History of Time was finished. In 2010, Hawking argued that people should discover the deepest secrets of the 5.universe in a different way in The Grand Design. At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, Hawking said humans should always be 6.curious about space. Para. 8：Hawking's assessment of himself Hawking didn't consider himself an 7.unlucky man. And he regarded everything as a 8.bonus because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations. [细节探究] 1．Which of the following is TRUE about the book A Brief History of Time？(　　) A．It was written by Albert Einstein. B．It tells people about Hawking's life. C．It became the base for a lot of research. D．It sells well around the world. 2．What can we learn from the passage？(　　) A．Hawking was satisfied with his life when he first knew his disease. B．Although Hawking had a serious disease, he still had a wonderful and meaningful life. C．Hawking has millions of fans in both China and England. D．Hawking travelled around the world to attend TV shows. 3．What is the writer's purpose in writing this passage？(　　) A．To introduce Hawking's life to help people remember him. B．To introduce Hawking's famous theory about the universe. C．To tell us one of the brightest stars — Hawking died. D．To describe Hawking's serious physical disease. 答案：1～3 DBA [难句突破] 1．In the early stages of his career, his illness got worse, but he was allowed to do research only rather than teach, which was easier for him. 分析：本句为主从复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句；连词but连接两个分句。 翻译：在他的职业生涯早期，他的病情开始恶化，但研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。 2．Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes. 分析：本句为主从复合句。Although引导让步状语从句；连词and连接两个并列分句。 翻译：尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能在不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。 STEPHEN HAWKING On 14 March, 2018, one of the world's most influential scientists, Stephen Hawking, died at his home in England, ❶aged 76.Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical① physics and cosmology②， but also for overcoming③ the challenges of ALS④ (a disease that affects muscle control)． Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January, 1942, in Oxford. He went to the University of Oxford to study physics in 1959.At the age of⑤ 21，❷when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge⑥， physicians discovered he had a rare, slow­progressing form of ALS.He was only expected to live for a few years. Hawking later found a job at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. In the early stages of his career, his illness got worse, but he was allowed to do research only rather than⑦ teach, ❸which was easier for him．In 1985, he had to have an operation. As a result⑧， he lost his speech. Soon his doctors developed a piece of speech­generating equipment that allowed him to speak. However, ❹as his illness became worse, he lost the use of his hands. Although Hawking's physical abilities declined⑨ over decades, he never ceased⑩ his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes. Hawking believed that the birth of the universe (the “Big Bang”) created many small black holes. His theory was ❺that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole．This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own. Hawking also wrote books. His 1988 book, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth. However, many people could not really understand ❻what he had written．Therefore, Hawking decided to write a simpler version, A Briefer History of Time(2005)． In The Grand Design(2010, with Leonard Mlodinow), Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe. Instead of trying to find one big new explanation, scientists should put together all the ideas ❼that they already have． At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, Hawking said to a TV audience of 900 million people：“Look up at the stars and not down at your feet ...be curious.” In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man. He said it had not prevented him from having a family, and being successful in his work.“My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21.Everything since then has been a bonus.”And he believed this was because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations. Fact File WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE? A black hole is a place in space where gravity is very strong. Anything that falls into it never comes out. Nothing can escape from it, not even light. As a result, it is impossible to see a black hole. EHT Collaboration [参考译文] 史蒂芬·霍金 2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一——史蒂芬·霍金，在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。 1942年1月8日，史蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津，1959 年进入牛津大学学习物理学。21岁那年，也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症，预言他只能再活几年。 后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了一份工作。在他的职业生涯早期，他的病情开始恶化，但研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。1985年，他不得不动手术，结果丧失了说话能力。很快，医生为他研发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。但是，随着他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。 尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能在不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。霍金认为宇宙诞生时即“宇宙大爆炸”创造了许多小黑洞，在黑洞的中心还有一种洞，这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的世界完全分隔。 霍金还写书。1988年出版的《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》一书，地球上平均每750人便购买过一本。然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。因此，霍金决定写一个简化的版本，即《时间简史》(2005)。 在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。与其尝试寻找一个全新的解释，科学家们不如把他们已经有的想法汇集起来。 在2012 年伦敦奥运会的开幕式上，霍金对9亿电视观众说：“仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。” 尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是一个不幸的人。他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有阻碍他在工作中取得成功。“21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。从那以后，一切都是馈赠。”他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人的支持和他人的帮助。 事实档案 什么是黑洞？ 黑洞是宇宙空间中引力极其强大的地方。 落入黑洞的任何物质都不可能再出来。任何东西，包括光，都无法从黑洞中逃脱。因此，黑洞是无法直接观测到的。 EHT合作组织 [难词注解] ①theoretical adj.理论的 ②cosmology n．宇宙论，宇宙学 ③overcome vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜 ④ALS 一般指肌萎缩侧索硬化症，也叫运动神经元病。 ⑤at the age of 在……岁时 ⑥University of Cambridge剑桥大学 ⑦rather than 而不是 ⑧as a result 结果；因此 ⑨decline vi.减少，降低 ⑩cease vi.停止 a number of 若干，一些；许多 the “Big Bang”宇宙大爆炸 separate from分离；把……和……分开 A Briefer History of Time 《时间简史》 The Grand Design 《宏伟设计》 grand adj.宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的 instead of代替；而不是 in spite of虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……) prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事 bonus n．意外收获，额外的好处；奖金；红利 because of 因为；由于 gravity n．重力，引力 [难句分析] ❶过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词Stephen Hawking。 ❷when引导定语从句，修饰先行词At the age of 21。 ❸which引导定语从句，指代前面整句话。 ❹as引导时间状语从句，意为“随着”。 ❺that引导表语从句。 ❻what引导宾语从句。 ❼that引导定语从句，修饰先行词ideas。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 [对应学生用书P116] 1 　emerge vi.出现，浮现 Why do some people work so hard but achieve very little, while some others seem to do nothing but good ideas emerge? 为什么有些人努力工作却收效甚微，而另一些人似乎什么都没做，却想出了好主意？ ►情境探究 ①No new evidence emerged during the investigation. 调查过程中未发现新证据。 ②This door should only be used in an emergency. 这道门只能在紧急情况下使用。 ►要点突破 ①emerge as ...作为……出现 emerge from ...从……出现 ②emergence n．出现，显露 in an emergency在紧急情况下 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①She's the most exciting British singer to emerge(emerge) on the pop scene for a decade. ②The organisation helps provide children around the world with education, health care and emergency(emerge) aid. [完成句子] ③她向他们说明了紧急情况下应采取的行动。 She explained to them what to do in an emergency． 2 　coincidence n．运气；巧合 to happen by coincidence 碰巧发生 ►情境探究 ①By a happy coincidence，we arrived at exactly the same time. 碰巧运气好，我们刚好同时到达。 ②I still can't believe what a coincidence it was. 我还是不敢相信这是多么巧合。 ►要点突破 ①What a coincidence！真巧！ ②It's not a coincidence that ...……并非偶然。 ③by coincidence巧合 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①By coincidence, I met the person we'd been discussing the next day. [完成句子] ②真巧！我没料到会在这里见到你。 What a coincidence! I wasn't expecting to see you here. ③很多生活在炎热地区的人都吃辛辣的食物，这不是一个巧合。 It's not a coincidence that many people in hot regions of the world eat spicy food. 3 　overcome vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜 Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control)． 霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。 ►情境探究 ①He is consciously trying to overcome his weakness. 他有意识地在努力克服自己的缺点。 ②When I saw what was in the bag, I was overcome with a mixture of respect and gratefulness. 当我看到包里的东西时，我心里充满了敬意和感激。 ►要点突破 ①be overcome by ...……使某人垮掉，……使某人昏迷 ②be overcome with ...因……而不能自持 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①The girl appeared to be overcome with homesickness! ②He was then overcome by a terrible fit of coughing. [完成句子] ③他努力克服羞怯。 He tried/struggled to overcome his shyness． ④这个年轻人克服了很多困难，最终取得成功。 The young man overcame many difficulties and eventually succeed. 4 　decline vi.减少，降低；下降；衰退vi.& vt.谢绝，拒绝 n．下降；衰退 Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes. 尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能在不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。 ►情境探究 ①There's a widely­held belief that the birthrate has been on the decline in the past few years. 人们普遍认为过去几年出生率一直在下降。 ②His health fell into a decline after he was injured in the accident. 在事故中受伤后，他的健康状况每况愈下。 ►要点突破 ①decline to do sth.拒绝做某事 decline to下降/减少到 decline by下降/减少了 ②a decline in/of sth.在某方面减少/下降 in decline下降 on the decline走下坡路，在衰退中 fall/go into (a) decline开始衰落，陷入衰退 decline后接不定式作宾语，一般不接动词­ing形式；decline表示“谢绝”时，已含有“拒绝接受”之意，所以其后一般不接to accept，以免语义重复。 ►学以致用 [写出下列句中decline的词性和含义] ①I invited her to my wedding, but she declined my invitation. vt.谢绝 ②The company reported a small decline in its profits. n.下降 ③As is known to us all, industry in Britain has been on the decline since the 1970s. n.衰退 [单句填空] ④There has been a sharp decline in/of sales this year. ⑤The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10 percent last month. ⑥The company, however, now declines to comment (comment) further on the subject. 5 　argue vi.争辩，争吵vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明；说服，劝说 Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe. 霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。 ►情境探究 ①There was a heated argument about whether he was suitable for the position，and most of the people argued for him. 关于他是否适合这个职位展开了激烈的争论，大多数人都为他辩护。 ②Some argued that more attention should be paid to our heavy road traffic. 一些人主张应该多注意我们拥堵的道路交通。 ►要点突破 ①argue with sb. about/over sth.就某事与某人争论 argue that ...(should) do主张/认为…… argue for/against ...为赞成/反对……而辩论 argue sb. into doing sth.说服某人做某事 argue sb. out of doing sth.说服某人不做某事 ②argument n．争论，辩论；论据，论点；异议 have an argument beyond argument无须争论 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①As far as I know, they argue for the right to vote. ②I argue that every one of us (should) try (try) our best to help those in need. ③He argued against smoking and insisted that it was beyond argument that smoking is harmful to health. ④When this happens, the important thing is to try not to let a calm discussion turn into a heated argument(argue)． [完成句子] ⑤He was unhappy because many people argued against his plan(反对他的计划)． ⑥It is beyond argument(无可争辩) that there are still millions of people leading a hard life with hunger and coldness. 6 　in spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……) In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man. 尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是一个不幸的人。 ►情境探究 ①We proceeded with the work in spite of the coldness. 尽管天气寒冷，我们还是继续工作。 ②Despite the fact that we may fail，we still try to team up with each other efficiently. 尽管我们可能会失败，但我们仍然努力高效地合作。 ③He went ahead and did it，regardless of the consequences. 他说干就干，没有考虑后果。 ►要点突破 ①in spite of＝despite ②regardless of 不顾；不予理会 ►学以致用 [完成句子] ①In spite of/Despite(尽管) his old age，he still leads an active life. ②He has decided on the date of the opening of his own company in spite of the fact/despite the fact(尽管事实是) that his parents don't agree with him. [同义句改写] ③In spite of our joint effort，we still can't make a great breakthrough. → Despite our joint effort，we still can't make a great breakthrough. 7 　prevent vt.阻止，阻碍，阻挠 He said it had not prevented him from having a family, and being successful in his work. 他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有阻碍他在工作中取得成功。 ►情境探究 ①The situation in that area should be prevented from becoming worse. 应该防止那个地区的局势恶化。 ②Soldiers have been sent to protect the crew against attack. 已派出士兵保护船员免受袭击。 ►要点突破 ①prevent ...from ...防止；阻止；预防 ②stop ...from (doing) ...阻止…… ③keep ...from (doing) ...阻止…… ④protect...from/against (doing) ...保护……免受……伤害 短语prevent/stop ...from ...中的from可以省略，keep/protect ...from ...中的from不能省略。但在被动结构中，from均不可省略。 ►学以致用 [一句多译] ①必须采取有效措施保护环境免受污染。 →Effective measures must be taken to protect the environment from/against pollution．(protect) →Effective measures must be taken to prevent/keep/stop the environment from being polluted. (prevent/keep/stop) [完成句子] ②我们必须不惜一切代价阻止他们发现这个计划。 We must at all costs prevent them from finding out the plan. 8 　organisation n．组织；团体 And he believed this was because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations. 他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人的支持和他人的帮助。 ►情境探究 ①The plans were drawn up in consultation with the World Health Organisation. 这些方案是与世界卫生组织磋商后起草的。 ②It seems they all want to organise their time better. 他们似乎都想把自己的时间安排得更好。 ►要点突破 ①organise v．组织；筹划；安排 ②organised adj.有组织的；组织起来的 well­organised adj.有条理的；组织良好的 ►学以致用 [用organise的适当形式填空] ①Mr Black, who is a very organised person, works as the president of a large international organization. He is busy organising a conference to be held next week with his assistants. [完成句子] ②他加入该组织的申请被拒绝了。 His application for membership of the organisation was rejected. ③我们学校昨天组织了一场为穷人筹款的活动。 Our school organised a campaign to raise money for the needy yesterday. 1 　while引导状语从句，表示对比 Why do some people work so hard but achieve very little, while some others seem to do nothing but good ideas emerge? 为什么有些人努力工作却收效甚微，而另一些人似乎什么都没做，却想出了好主意？ ►情境探究 ①Some are rich, while others are poor. 有些人很富，而另外一些人却很穷。 ②While she sailed through her exams，he struggled. 她顺利通过了考试，而他却奋力挣扎。 ►要点突破 ①while意为“当……的时候，同时”时引导时间状语从句。 ②while意为“虽然，而；可是”时引导让步状语从句，常位于句首。 ③while意为“而……，然而……”(对比两件事物)时用来连接两个并列分句，强调前后对比，常位于句中。 ►学以致用 [完成句子] ①我准备晚餐的时候他在洗澡。 He took a bath while I was preparing dinner． ②虽然我承认这些问题很难，却并不同意它们无法解决。 While I admit that the problems are difficult, I don't agree that they cannot be solved. 2 　not just ...but also ... 不仅……而且…… Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control)． 霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。 ►情境探究 ①I not just/not only can speak Mandarin fluently，but also know how to work on it to make great progress. 我不仅能说流利的普通话，而且知道如何努力以取得很大的进步。 ②Not just/Not only should we raise money for them，but also we should help them rebuild their home. 我们不仅应该为他们筹集资金，而且应该帮助他们重建家园。 ③Not just/Not only the students but also their teacher likes playing football. 不仅是学生，老师也喜欢踢足球。 ►要点突破 ①用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分时，着重强调后者，其意为“不仅……而且……”；其中的also有时可以省略。 ②若连接两个句子，且not just/not only位于句首时，其后的句子要用部分倒装。 ③若连接的两个成分作主语，其谓语动词的数通常与靠近的主语的数保持一致。 ►学以致用 [完成句子] ①正如你所知道的，打乒乓球不仅能锻炼你的身体，还能塑造你的品格。 As you know, playing ping pong can not only build up your body but also shape your character. ②他们不仅进行了音乐表演，还简短地介绍了中国乐器的历史。 Not only did they present a musical performance but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Chinese instruments. [句型转换] ③The driver can drive buses as well as cars. →The driver can drive not only cars but also buses． ④He speaks not only English and French but also Spanish. →Not only does he speak English and French but also Spanish(改为倒装句) 3 　rather than 而不是…… ...but he was allowed to do research only rather than teach, which was easier for him. ……但研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。 ►情境探究 ①It is those who are willing to give rather than receive that deserve respect. 正是那些甘愿奉献而不索取的人才应受到尊敬。 ②Rather than feeling excited by this drive through the mountains, I found it depressing. 没有那种驾车穿越群山所带来的兴奋，我感觉它令人沮丧。 ►要点突破 ①rather than为并列连词，表示选择，意为“而不是”。它通常用在平行结构中，连接相同的句子成分，即rather than 前后两部分在成分和形式上应该一致。 ②rather than 连接主语及其附属成分时，谓语动词应与rather than前面的词在人称和数上保持一致。 ③would rather＋从句，从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，过去完成时表示过去的愿望。 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①The children preferred cycling(cycle) to the countryside to staying(stay) indoors all the day. ②The children preferred to cycle(cycle) to the countryside rather than stay indoors all the day. ③The children would rather cycle (cycle) to the countryside than stay (stay) indoors all the day. ④The children would cycle to the countryside rather than stay (stay) indoors all the day. [同义句改写] ⑤After all，all kids prefer being praised to being scolded. →After all, all kids prefer to be praised rather than be scolded．(prefer ...rather than) →After all, all kids would be praised rather than be scolded．(would ...rather than) →After all, all kids would rather be praised than be scolded．(would rather ...than) 4 　as引导时间状语从句，意为“随着” However, as his illness became worse, he lost the use of his hands. 但是，随着他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。 ►情境探究 ①As the number of English learners is on the rise, we should be tolerant of different words in our language. 随着英语学习者数量的增加，我们应该对我们语言中出现的不同词汇保持宽容。 ②When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。 ►要点突破 ①as引导方式状语从句，意为“按照，如同”。 ②as引导原因状语从句，意为“既然，由于”。 ③as引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，从句用倒装语序，即“名词/形容词/副词/分词/动词＋as＋主语＋系动词/助动词”结构。 as引导让步状语从句必须用倒装语序，如果表语是名词，前面不加冠词。though引导让步状语从句时，可以倒装，也可以不倒装。although引导让步状语从句时不能倒装。 ►学以致用 [完成句子] ①你应该像以前那样提前预习功课。 You should prepare your lessons in advance as you did before． ②既然你身体不舒服，你可以待在家里。 As you're not feeling well, you may stay at home. [句型转换] ③Although they were tired, they stayed up preparing the report. →Tired as/though they were, they stayed up preparing the report.(改为倒装句) 5 　what引导名词性从句 However, many people could not really understand what he had written. 然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。 ►情境探究 ①What appeals to us is not only his intelligence but also his sense of humor. 吸引我们的不仅是他的聪明，还有他的幽默感。 ②What you have said will make no difference to the naughty boy. 你所说的不会对这个淘气的男孩起任何作用。 ►要点突破 ①what引导主语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语； ②whatever也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter what； ③引导主语从句时，what表示特指，whatever表示泛指。 ①“疑问词＋ever”既可引导让步状语从句，又可引导名词性从句。引导让步状语从句时，“疑问词＋ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”可以互换。 ②“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。 ►学以致用 [完成句子] ①我希望上面我提到的会有所帮助，盼望着你的到来。 I hope what mentioned above will be helpful and I am really looking forward to your coming. ②无论他做出什么决定，我都会支持的。 Whatever decision he made, I would support it. [同义句改写] ③Whatever the result is, we should accept it with a smile, because we have tried our best. →No matter what the result is, we should accept it with a smile, because we have tried our best. [对应学生用书P123] 1．He's completely clueless(clue) about computers. 2．The third book in the series is currently in preparation(prepare)． 3．The children are at different stages(stage) of development. 4．She's very creative(create)—she writes poetry and paints. 5．The way the guests were treated in the hotel influenced their evaluation(evaluate) of the service. 6．The country is a “second­rate power” which has been in decline for a century. 7．The two parties overcame(overcome) their differences on the issue in the end. 8．The most likely explanation(explain) is that his plane was delayed. 9．The first year provides students with a sound theoretical(theory) basis for later study. 10．He wanted to be a physicist(physics) and devote himself to research. instead of, at the age of, because of, look up, by coincidence, lead to, as a result, in spite of, rather than, a number of 1．We arrived at the same time by coincidence． 2．Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems. 3．Food chains have been seriously damaged because of the climate change. 4．I have looked up words in the dictionary and still not fully understand the meanings. 5．In spite of all the problems，several of the players produced excellent performances. 6．I had an early start at the age of nine with a role in a 1990s TV series. 7．We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our differences unite us, rather than divide us. 8．As a result，humans developed a range of character types that still exist today. 9．Jackie has worked at a number of different hospitals, including one in Scotland. 10．Instead of doing everything for them, parents should encourage their children to become independent. 1．这就是今天发生的事情。 This is exactly what happened today． 2．最好的运动是你喜欢并愿意做的运动。 The best exercise is the one that you enjoy and that you are willing to do． 3．李建议穿中国传统服装，而苏认为校服更合适。 Li suggests wearing traditional Chinese clothes while Su thinks the school uniforms are more suitable． 4．你最好冷静下来了再做决定。 It would be better for you to cool yourself down before making any decision． 5．正如我昨天所说，这也是一个令人沉思和表示尊重的时刻。 As I said yesterday, this is also a moment of reflection and respect. 6．会上讨论过的这个问题与我们的生活有关。 The question discussed at the meeting is related to our life. 7．我们应该想办法解释。 We should find a way to explain． 8．曾经有一段时间我对待在室内感到厌倦。 There was a time when I was tired of staying indoors． 9．我们认为口罩是一种阻止疾病传播的有效工具。 We regard masks as an effective tool to prevent disease from spreading． 10．在翻阅报纸的时候，我被亚洲一场飓风摧毁了一座城镇的照片震惊了。 As I was looking through the newspaper，I was shocked by the photos showing that a hurricane in Asia had destroyed a town. Stephen Hawking passed away on 14 March, 2018.He is one of the 1.greatest (great) physicists in history. He was born in 1942.When he was young, he 2.studied(study) physics at the University of Oxford. At the age of 21, Hawking got a serious illness. In 1985, he had to have an operation. As 3.a result, he lost his speech. Soon his doctors developed a piece of speech­generating equipment 4.that/which allowed him to speak. However, as his illness became worse, he lost the use of his hands. Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new 5.ideas (idea) about black holes. His books, such as A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes gained 6.popularity (popular) all over the world. In his book The Grand Design, he argued that we should look for a different way 7.to discover (discover) the deepest secrets of the universe. Instead of 8.trying(try) to find one big new explanation, scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have. In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider 9.himself(him) an unlucky man. And he believed it was the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations 10.that made his achievements. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$