Unit 3 Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar（Word教参）-【优化指导】2023-2024学年新教材高中英语必修第三册（外研版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Using language—Grammar 现在完成时的被动语态 [对应学生用书P71] [观察] 1．This evening, I'll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. 2．I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. 3．In addition, important advances have been made in medicine and environmental science thanks to increasing computer power. 4．New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement hearts and bone parts. 5．I've also been told that you're an inventor yourself. 6．Nothing like this has been invented yet and I'd say we're a long way from an invention like that at the moment! [归纳] 现在完成时的被动语态强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，但主语为动作的承受者，表示“……已经被……”。现在完成时的被动语态的结构就是现在完成时态和被动语态结构的结合，即“have/has been done”。 [对应学生用书P71] 肯定式 主语＋have/has been done 否定式 主语＋have/has not been done 一般疑问式 Have/Has＋主语＋been done ...？ 特殊疑问式 疑问词＋have/has＋主语＋been done ...？ 1．现在完成时的被动语态同它的主动语态一样，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，通常与 already, yet, just, never, recently等副词连用。 The room has already been cleaned. 房间已经被打扫干净了。(意为“不用打扫房间了”) The doctor hasn't been sent for yet. 还没有派人去请医生。(意为“应派人去请医生”) Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事以前从未听说过。(意为“现在才听说”) Recently the price of TV sets has been cut. 近来电视机降价了。(意为“电视机的价格现在比以前低了”) 2．表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能持续下去，常与for或since等引导的时间状语连用，或用于“How long ...？”句型中。 The machine has been repaired for two hours. 这台机器已经修了两个小时了。 The party has been planned since the New Year. 自从新年就计划这次聚会了。 How long has the project been carried out? 这项工程已经实施多长时间了？ 3．由finish，buy，start，begin，post，return，borrow，join，marry，open等非延续性动词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语如for four days, how long等连用，而要改换动词或时态。但这类动词的否定式可表示动作的持续过程，具有延续性，因而可与since或for引导的时间段连用。如： 误：How long has this book been bought? 正：How long ago was this book bought? 这本书买了多久了？ No books have been bought since last week. 自上周以来，没有人来买过书。 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： ①将主动语态的宾语作为被动语态的主语； ②谓语动词变为“be＋及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态； ③主动语态的主语变为介词“by”的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后(有时“by”的短语可以省略)。 Bruce writes a letter ev