语法 专题二 第四讲 名词（word教参）-【勤径学升】2025年高考英语一轮总复习（外研版）

专题二　需要“变形”的名词、形容词和副词 第四讲　名词 [对应学生用书P244] 高考真题练 微技能点拨 1.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Since June 2017, right before the ________(arrive)of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English. 2.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)They(The panda keepers)also need to be ready to give ________(interview)in English with international journalists. 3.(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ________(wonder)standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 4.(2023·全国甲卷)However, Carson's theme is a more weighty ________(warn)about environmental destruction. 5.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ________(population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 6.(2022·全国乙卷)China has a ________(responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 7.(2021·浙江卷)In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their ________(marry)ceremony in 1842. 8.(2021·全国乙卷)________(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment. 9.(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ________(human)are. 语法填空“二”谨记 1.根据语境标志词判断名词 (1)看到冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词时，要想到用名词； (2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到用名词； (3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到用名词。 2.根据规则确定名词的单复数形式 (1)如果空格处被these、several、many和数词等修饰时，要考虑用名词的复数形式； (2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。 1.解析 　 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作介词before的宾语，跟在定冠词the的后面，需要用名词，arrive的名词形式是arrival。故填arrival。 答案 　 arrival 2.解析 　 考查名词的复数形式。分析句子结构可知，空处作动词give的宾语，需要用名词。根据空后的with international journalists(和国际记者)可知，空处表示复数意义，所以空处需要填interviews。 答案 　 interviews 3.解析 　 考查名词的复数形式。句意：但是，除了它所有的古建筑之外，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。wonder在此表示“奇迹，奇观”，是可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，应用复数。故填wonders。 答案 　 wonders 4.解析 　 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空前有冠词和形容词修饰，故空处应填名词warning。句意：然而，卡森的主题是一个更有分量的关于环境破坏的警告。 答案 　 warning 5.解析 　 考查名词的复数形式。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。设空处和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语，应用可数名词population(种群)的复数形式。故填populations。 答案 　 populations 6.解析 　 考查名词。句意：中国有责任与其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数形式。故填responsibility。 答案 　 responsibility 7.解析 　 考查名词。根据句意可知，此处要用名词marriage作ceremony的定语，意为“结婚仪式，结婚典礼”。 答案 　 marriage 8.解析 　 考查名词的复数形式。本空作主语，且本句的谓语动词是range，故主语应是名词复数activities，空格位于句首，首字母应大写。 答案 　 Activities 9.解析 　 考查名词的复数形式。本空作宾语从句主语we的同位语，故应用名词的复数形式。 答案 　 humans [对应学生用书P245] 英语中的名词(不可数除外)一般不独立使用，需在其前加限定词，如冠词。 1．可数名词变复数的规则变化 构成方法 例词 一般在词尾加­s map→maps, sea→seas, girl→girls， game→games 以­s、­x、­ch、­sh结尾的名词后加­es(stomach除外) class→classes, box→boxes, watch→watches, dish→dishes 以“辅音字母＋­y”结尾的名词 变y为i，再加­es country→countries, factory→factories 以“元音字母＋­y”结尾的名词 在词尾直接加­s holiday→holidays, monkey→monkeys 以­o结尾的名词 无生命的一般在词尾加­s piano→pianos, photo→photos 有生命的(包含植物)一般在词尾加­es hero→heroes, potato→potatoes 以­f或­fe结尾的词 变­f或­fe为­v，再加­es leaf→leaves, knife→knives, wife→wives, wolf→wolves 加­s belief→beliefs, chief→chiefs, proof→proofs, roof→roofs, gulf→gulfs, safe→safes(保险箱) 2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化 构成方法 例词 增加字母 child→children, ox→oxen 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice 单复数同形 sheep, deer, series, means, fish, species 表示“某国人”的名词 加­s American→Americans, German→Germans， Greek→Greeks 单复数同形 Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以­man或­woman结尾的，将­man和­woman分别改为­men和­women Englishman→Englishmen 3.有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等 如congratulations(祝贺)、regards(问候)、respects(敬意；问候)、thanks(谢谢)、wishes(祝愿)等。 4．一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式 如make friends with(与……交朋友)、shake hands with…(与……握手)、take measures(采取措施)、make preparations for(为……做准备)、in high spirits(兴高采烈地)、burst into tears(放声大哭)等。 5．常考的不可数名词 (1)常见的不可数名词：advice(建议)、equipment(设备)、fun(乐趣)、furniture(家具)、progress (进步)、news/word (消息)等。 (2)表物质的不可数名词：baggage/luggage(行李)、cash(现金)、meat(肉)、paper(纸张)等。 (3)表抽象概念的不可数名词：work(工作)、knowledge(知识)、luck(运气)、scenery(风景)、traffic(交通)等。 ［即时演练］ 1.(2023·长沙雅礼中学月考)Recent studies(study) have suggested that loneliness could be as significant a health risk as smoking or being overweight, according to the researchers. 2.(2023·山东日照校级联考)Many artists draw with pens and brushes, but few “paint” with knives(knife). 3.(2023·四川宜宾一模)With a view of pavilions, early visitors(visitor)to this garden in downtown Suzhou can feel a sense of inner peace. 1．'s所有格名词 主要用于有生命的人或物的名词。如John's home(约翰的家)、students' textbooks(学生的教科书)、Children's park(儿童乐园)、anybody else's works(其他人的作品)。 's所有格还可用于下列情况： 用于表时间的名词后tomorrow's weather 用于表国家、城市的名词后China's economy 用于多人组成的组织、机构的名词后the government's policy； the nation's interests(国家利益) 用于度量衡及价值名词后twenty dollar's value 用于表天体的名词后the moon's rays 2．of所有格 表示无生命事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。如the content of the novel(小说的内容)和the name of the girl over there(那边那个女孩的名字)。 3．双重所有格 双重所有格的构成：“名词＋of＋名词­'s”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。双重所有格主要用于下列两种情况中： (1)表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，可用a、any、some、a few、two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the。 a picture of my mother's[我母亲(拥有)的一张照片] some inventions of Edison's(爱迪生的一些发明) (2)常用来表示赞赏、厌恶等爱憎褒贬的情感，此时of短语前面的名词可用this、that、these、those等指示代词修饰。 That dog of Tom's is really clever. 汤姆的那只狗真聪明。(比Tom's dog更有赞叹意味) Get those dirty hands of yours off me! 快把你的脏手拿开！(比your dirty hands有更强的厌恶情绪) 由于不清楚句意和名词之间的关系，学生经常混淆名词所有格与名词作定语。名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式： ①一般用单数形式。如a stone bridge(一座石桥)、a meeting room(一间会议室)、morning exercises(早操)、London Airport(伦敦机场)、a shoe shop(一家鞋店)。 ②man、woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。如a woman teacher(一名女教师)、two women teachers(两名女教师)。 ③sports、sales、clothes、goods、arts、customs等一般用复数形式。如a sports meet(一场运动会)、a goods train(一辆货运列车)、a customs officer(一名海关官员)、a sales manager(一名销售部经理)。 [即时演练] 单句语法填空 1.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)“He saved my son's(son)life,” said Mrs.Brown. 2.(2021·浙江卷)It is calculated by dividing a person's(person)weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. 3.The doctor was very pleased that most of his patients'(patient)health improved after the treatment. 考点三名词的词形转换 1.以-al 结尾的名词 arrival(到达)、approval(批准)、proposal(提议)、survival(幸存) 2.以-ure 结尾的名词 failure(失败)、mixture(混合)、pressure(压力)、pleasure(愉快) 3.以-age 结尾的名词 ①直接加或去e加-age。如 package(包，盒); postage(邮资，邮费); storage(贮存); shortage(不足，短缺); coverage(覆盖范围); percentage(百分比); passage(通道) ②变y为i加-age。如marry→marriage(婚姻); carry→carriage(客车厢，运输) 4.以-er 结尾表事物的名词 washer(洗衣机)、cutter(刀具)、lighter(打火机)、cooker(炉具)、hanger(衣架)、container(容器)、heater(加热器)、cooler(冷却器)、cleaner［吸尘器，清洁剂(也可指清洁工)］ 5.表示“人”的名词 ①加-or，如 translator(翻译家) ②加-ar，如 beggar(乞丐)  ③加-er，如 stranger(陌生人)  ④加-ee，如 trainee(实习生)  ⑤加-ess，如waitress(女服务员) ⑥加-ist，如journalist(记者)  ⑦加-ian，如 civilian(平民) ⑧加-ant，如 assistant(助手)  ⑨加-(at)ive，如 representative(代表) 6.无规律可循的特殊变形 applaud→applause,  believe→belief,  choose→choice,  enthusiastic→enthusiasm, high→height,  proud→pride,  tour→tourism, weigh→weight,  vary→variety,  lose→loss,  poor→poverty,  behave→behavio(u)r  ［即时演练］ 1.(2023·安徽马鞍山三模)About one year ago, 24-year-old Alex Wong found himself struggling with his mental health. With anxiety(anxious), he couldn't fall asleep, especially at night. 2.(2023·深圳适应性考试)China will also strengthen cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road including poverty reduction(reduce), health and education, and initiate more “small but beautiful” projects to enhance local people's sense of accomplishment, Chen said. 3.(2023·河北邯郸三模)Zou also mentioned the performance(perform)of scientific experiments, like growing plants on the lunar surface, and the utilization of lunar resources, such as moon minerals and solar energy. 4.(2023·黄冈中学二模)“The Terracotta Warriors used a very special mechanism to connect pieces together. Such wisdom(wise)was unique to China,” said Lv Qiuxia. 5.(2023·苏锡常镇四市二模)It is well known that aero(航空的)sports have been popular in the US, New Zealand and other countries for years. China's Hainan is famous for its natural beauty(beautiful)of endless sea, and golden beaches. [对应学生用书P248] Ⅰ.语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 (2023·济南模拟)Hundreds of kids and parents are riding their bikes to school every Friday in Barcelona, Spain. They are part of a unique bike bus—bicibús in Spanish. It all 1.________(begin)in the Eixample District of Barcelona when five families were looking for a safe and 2.________(environmental)friendly way to get to school. Then it mushroomed. The bicibús operates just like a school bus with three 3.________(stop)along the way for the riders to join and then it stops at several schools in the district. Every week, the organizers publish the route and post 4.________ to social media so that the families know where 5.________(join)the bus. The route is a very busy road 6.________ 20,000 vehicles usually ride every day. It is a 7.________(danger)road for kids to go along to school, even 8.________(accompany)by their parents. While these types of bikeways already exist in other parts of Barcelona, they are absent in this neighborhood. The parents of the community are hoping that the city will create school-friendly bikeways that are separated 9.________ the main road. “Bicycles are a means of transportation.If the population uses their bikes, there will be a healthier, quieter 10________ overall better city to live in,”parent Mireia Boix said. ［语篇解读］本文是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述了巴塞罗那某一地区的家长出于安全和环保因素，通过bicibús这种骑行方式护送孩子上学。 1.解析 　 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，空处作主句的谓语，根据从句时态可知，主句应用一般过去时。故填began。 答案 　 began 2.解析 　 考查副词。空处修饰形容词friendly，应用副词。故填environmentally。 答案 　 environmentally 3.解析 　 考查名词的复数形式。分析句子结构可知，空处应填名词作with的宾语，stop表示“车站”时是可数名词，由空前的three可知，此处用复数。故填stops。 答案 　 stops 4.解析 　 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，空处指代the route，the route表示物，且属于第三人称单数，应用代词it。 答案 　 it 5.解析 　 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词know后是“特殊疑问词＋动词不定式”结构充当宾语，由此可知，空处应填不定式。故填to join。 答案 　 to join 6.解析 　 考查定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是road，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。 答案 　 where 7.解析 　 考查形容词。空处修饰名词road，且空前有a，故填形容词作定语。 答案 　 dangerous 8.解析 　 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处需填非谓语动词作状语，动词accompany与kids之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。 答案 　 accompanied 9.解析 　 考查介词。be separated from表示“与……分离”，为固定搭配。 答案 　 from 10.解析 　 考查连词。根据healthier、quieter和better可知，三者是并列关系，应用连词and连接。 答案 　 and Ⅱ.写作运用 根据汉语提示补全作文，并注意其中名词的使用。 To whom it may concern， I'm 1.one of your customers(你的一个顾客). I ordered a set of Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn't receive them until yesterday. And 2.much to my disappointment(令我十分失望的是), the books were so poorly packed up that 3.the cover of one book was torn(其中一本书的书皮破损了). To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missing. I'm sorry to have received such poor service, and I believe I have every right to ask you to deal with this problem. I hope that you either return my money or 4.deliver a new set of books to me(给我递送一套新书). Besides, I'd like to be informed of 5.the process of your dealing with my complaint(你处理我投诉的过程). Looking forward to your reply. Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$