Unit 11 课时跟踪检测(4) 阅读写作融会练（word练习）-【新课程学案】新教材2023-2024学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版2019）

UNIT 11 课时跟踪检测(四) 阅读写作融会练 Ⅰ.阅读理解 Almost every community has some form of rules and some way of enforcing them.So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? Studies have suggested that the reason we don't like rule-breaking is because fairness is programmed into our brains.Scientists have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly.A fair situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings.The study found that this also happened when subjects saw others being treated unfairly.They concluded that fairness is one of basic human needs. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view.Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise.But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there are conflicting interests.This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow. Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules.They influence the way we behave, and can be internal (内在的) or external.Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears.Most of us don't steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong.We also don't want to disappoint our family and friends.In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict. External controls include rewards and punishments.Rewards, such as job promotions and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community's best interests. People need their communities to function smoothly.If there were no rules, most people would probably still behave positively.However, there would always be a minority who would not.This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist