Unit 2 课时跟踪检测(2) 语言运用综合练（word练习）-【新课程学案】新教材2023-2024学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版2019）

UNIT 2 课时跟踪检测（二） 语言运用综合练 Ⅰ.阅读理解 Optimism is a psychological quality characterized as the general expectation that good things will happen, or the belief that the future will be favorable because one can control important outcomes.“Most research on exceptional longevity investigated biomedical factors associated with survival, but recent work suggests non-biological factors are also important，” said lead author Dr.Lewina Lee, a clinical research psychologist at Boston University School of Medicine.“Thus, we tested whether higher optimism was associated with longer life span and greater likelihood of exceptional longevity.” In the study, Dr.Lee and co-authors analyzed data from 69,744 women and 1,429 men.The women's age range was 58－86 years when they completed an optimism assessment in 2004, and their mortality (死亡率) status was tracked through 2014.The men's age range was 41－90 years when they completed an optimism assessment in 1986, and their mortality status was tracked through 2016. When individuals were compared based on their initial levels of optimism, the researchers found that the most optimistic men and women demonstrated, on average, an 11% to 15% longer lifespan, and had 50%－70% greater chances of reaching 85 years old compared to the least optimistic groups.The results were maintained after accounting for age, educational attainment, chronic diseases, depression and also health behaviors, such as alcohol use, exercise, diet and primary care visits. It is unclear how exactly optimism helps people attain longer life.Researchers suggest that more optimistic people may be able to control emotions and behavior as well as bounce_back_from stressors and difficulties more effectively.They also consider that more optimistic people tend to have healthier habits, such as being more likely to engage in more exercise and less likely to smoke, which could extend lifespan. Research on the reason why optimism matters so much remains to be done, but the link between op