内容正文:
第五讲 怎样“准”解题(3)——主旨大意题(高屋建瓴明意旨)
主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的认知。主旨大意题虽然比重不高,但难度较大,也是考生容易失分的题型,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中抽取、提炼一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。所以,遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答,一定要读完、读通文章后再做判定。此类题目可分为三大类,即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
正确
选项
特征
涵盖性强,覆盖全文或全段
确定的范围恰当,既不太大,也不太小
精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩
干扰
选项
特征
过于笼统,不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大,超出全文或全段所述内容
以偏概全,主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点
移花接木,偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上,若不留神,极易选错答案
无中生有,生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了,但经过仔细阅读分析之后,发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系
题型(一) 标题归纳题——活用4技巧
1.运用4大技巧
关键词法
多次出现的词语或表明观点态度的词语是体现主旨的中心词
主题句法
依主题句定中心词
穿珠
连串法
从文章细节中找共同点,如同穿珠般,串联细节共同点,断定标题
逆向
思维法
考虑四个选项的可能内容,对照原文,最相似者为最佳标题
2.融合标题3大特点
(1)概括精准:表述凝练,常用短语或单句形式。
(2)统领全文:标题外延与文章内容相符。
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(3)醒目新颖:能引发读者的阅读兴趣。
3.排除3种干扰项
(1)概括范围窄,只含某个细节。
(2)概括范围宽,超出文章内容。
(3)包含文中未提及的信息。
[典例] (2023·浙江1月高考阅读D)
[1]According to the Solar Energy Industries Association, the number of solar panels installed (安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
[2]Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
[3]“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment (InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “lowimpact”solar development, which focuses on