专题 02名词-2024初中英语中考语法复习

名词 知识概述 名词用来表示人或事物的名称.名词可分为专有名词和普通名词.专有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专 有的名称,如,the Great Wall, Japan....普通名词包括:个体名词,如 pen, worker...它表示单一的个体人或事物;集体名词,如:family, class, team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词,如:milk, water...它表示的是一种物质.同时,它又可分为可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词有单复数形式,不可数名词没有复数形式.名词在语法功能上可做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语. 考点归纳 1.名词的数 1)规则变化 (1)一般名词后面加s.如:boy-boys, bird- birds . (2)以s, ss, x, ch, sh结尾的名词,后面加es.如: bus-buses, boss-bosses, box-boxes, match -matches, brush -brushes, watch-watches (3)以o结尾的名词,有的加es,有的加s.如: potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes; radio-radios, zoo-zoos, piano-pianos ,photo-photos (4)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i再加es,以元音字母加y结尾的名词相直接加s.如: factory-factories, city-cities; toy-toys, day-days, play-plays (5)以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v再加es.如: knife-knives, wolf -wolves , thief -thieves, leaf-leaves (例外:roof-roofs, chief-chiefs),scarf-scarfs或scarves. 2)不规则变化 (1)改元音字母,构成复数.如: man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, fisherman-fishermen, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice (例外:German-Germans, human-humans). (2)单复数形式一样.如: sheep-sheep, deer- deer, fish- fish, Chinese- Chinese , Japanese- Japanese 当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,加es构成复数形式. (3)词尾变化.如:child-children (4)只有复数形式,无单数形式的名词.如:clothes, trousers, glasses. (5)以man和woman构成的复合名词变复数时,要采用双复数形式.如: man doctor-men doctors , woman teacher- women teachers 但以下情况除外:boy student-boy students(boy在此处可理解为形容词) 3)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等.如: The police are busy running after the thieves. 4)数词＋名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符,但如果不用单数形式表达,就用‘s或s'结构.如: (十分钟的路程) ten minutes’ walk. (一个八岁的女孩) an 8-year-old girl. 5)还有些名词仅有复数形式像trousers, pants, jeans, shorts, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, scissors等.如: My jeans are worn out. I want to buy a new pair. 6)只用作单数的复数形式的名词像physics, maths, the United States, Niagara Falls, news, falls等词.如: My maths is (be)very good. The news is (be) about our hometown. 2.名词的数量表达 1)可数名词:用数词直接修饰,如: (一本书)one book,(三只表) three watches , (四条狗) four dogs 与量词连用,量词与所修饰名词都要用复数形式,如: (三双鞋) three pairs of shoes 模糊数量词 many, a few, few, a large number of 修饰可数名词,如: (几个亲戚) a few relatives, (一些人) some peo