内容正文:
目录
第八章 语态
第一节 被动语态的基本形式变化
第二节 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
第三节 不能用于被动语态的几种情况
第四节 主动形式表示被动含义
第五节 被动形式表示主动意义
第六节 被动语态与系表结构的区别
课堂随练
第八章 语态
被动语态定义:是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
第一节 被动语态的基本形式变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式为(以do为例):
时
体
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
is / am / are done
was / were done
will / shall be done
would / should be done
进行
is / am / are being done
was / were being done
完成
have / has been done
had been done
will / shall have been done
would / should have been done
被动语态的特殊结构形式
(1)含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词
Something must be done to stop the water from being polluted.
必须采取措施来制止水受到污染。
(2) “get+过去分词”式被动语态
在口语和非正式的语体中,常用“get+过去分词”表示被动语态,其中get相当于be动词,起助动词的作用。这种形式一般用来谈论突然发生的事,通常只表示动作,不表示状态。
Some glasses got broken when we were moving.
我们搬家时有些玻璃杯被打碎了。
几种主动变被动的规则
(1)有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. (间接宾语为主语)
A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday. (直接宾语为主语,需加介词to)
(2)当"动词+宾语+宾语补足语"结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
(3)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
(4)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如"动词+介词","动词+副词"等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
The meeting is to be put off till Friday. (介词off不能遗漏)
5.当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时,被动语态有两种形式:
(1)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主语补足语。
People said he was a smart boy.
可变为:It was said that he was a smart boy.
He was said to be a smart boy
(2)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如:
类似句型有:It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that...
第二节 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
1. 主动变为被动时双宾