内容正文:
第三讲 段落整合
段落是一个相对独立的单元,同时也是构成一篇文章的基本单元,但它并不是几个句子的简单堆砌,而是通过连续的句子来表达一个中心意思。合理地组织段落会使文章大放异彩。
一 组段应遵循的原则
1.统一性原则
段落的统一性是段落写作的最基本要求。一个段落只能有一个主题,其他所有的事实、例子、证据都应服务于同一个主题。统一性有助于笔者清楚有效地表达自己的观点。通过有机地将与主题密切相关的扩展句编排在一起,可使文章主题更明确,中心更突出。例如:
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷,读后续写)Mrs.Meredith was a most kind and thoughtful woman.She spent a great deal of time visiting the poor.She knew they had problems, and they needed all kinds of help.When she had time, she would bring food and medicine to them.
本段文字都是围绕段落首句“Mrs.Meredith was a most kind and thoughtful woman.”展开的。首句交代了段落主旨,其余文字根据主旨进行了具体的阐述。
2.连贯性原则
段落的连贯性指句与句、段与段过渡自然(和谐、流畅、层次分明、符合逻辑)。保持段落的连贯性就应恰如其分地运用过渡语,使内容承前启后。常用的过渡语有first,at first,second,and then,finally,what's more,but,however,such as,thus,as a result,in fact,therefore,in a word,in short等。例如:
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷,书面表达)The are many respectable people around us.They may be our teachers,parents or elders.As for me,my English teacher is the person I respect most.She is a warm-hearted and dedicated teacher,who has won general praise.My English teacher is both strict with us and full of love at the same time.She has a flexible teaching method.When I encounter problems in English learning,my teacher listens to me patiently and explains them carefully,helping me overcome the difficulties.She has made great achievements in her work and has won respect from her students.So, in my mind,my English teacher is the person I respect most.
该范文内容完整,要点全面,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。时态用一般现在时表示“人物品质和习惯”,用现在完成时表示“事件和实例”。主要用第三人称,根据需要穿插其他人称。运用了较多的高级词汇和短语。
3.简洁性原则
一个段落的长度没有具体的限制,主要取决于段落主题表达的需求。有的只需简短的几句,有的则需要更多的细节支持。但无论哪种情况,一个段落的写作必须遵循简洁的原则,避免与主题无关的语言成分。例如:
If you are like me,and you really believe that children's living is important,and that all school experiences should be happy,then go and open your children's textbook,and have a look at it.
该段只用了35个单词就巧妙表达了一个完整的思想:如果你和我一样,就去看看孩子的课本,孩子负担太重了。
二 常见的段落排列
衔接(过渡)性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间、段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的衔接(过渡)性词语是非常必要的。高中阶段应该掌握的衔接(过渡)性词语归纳如下:
1. 表示起始关系的过渡性词语
above all, to begin/start wi