Unit 1语法- 冠词和特殊疑问句 讲义 2023-2024学年沪教牛津版英语七年级上册

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U1语法- 冠词和特殊疑问句

【知识要点】

U1重点语法总结

一、带特殊疑问词的特殊疑问句 (what / where / when / how / who (whom) / whose / which / why / how old / how many / how much / how long / how often / how soon / how far)

要注意: 对时间提问的几个疑问词when, how long和how soon的区别;

        对数量提问的how many和how much的区别(另外how much还可以问价格);

二、不定冠词(a / an) 和 定冠词the的用法 (首次提到某人或某物用不定冠词, 谈到上文已经提过的人或物用定冠词);

三、连词(and / but / so)的用法(and”和”表并列, but”但是”表转折, so”所以”表结果)。

具体讲解

一、疑问词的用法

以疑问代词what, who, whom, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how等放在句首提问的句子,叫特殊疑问句。答句必须针对问句中的疑问词来回答。

  1. 疑问代词:

what用于对句子的主语、宾语、表语提问。用于提问“事情、东西”,还可以提问“姓名、职业、时间”等。

Who, whom, whose只能指人,who“谁”,常作主语,whom“谁”,常作宾语,whose“谁的”,常作定语或表语。Who可用来代替whom,但前面有介词时只能用whom, 不能用who.

which用来询问人或物,一般有特定的选择范围。

What did you say?       What would you like to eat today?

What’s your brother? = What did your brother do? = what’s your brother’s job?

Who taught you English last year?

Whose father works in Beijing?

Which is your sister of the two girls?

2. when, where, why, how分别对时间、地点、原因和方式。

When did you arrive here? 你什么时候到这里的?

Where were you last night? 你昨晚在哪里?

Why were you late again? 你怎么又迟到了?

How do you go to school? 你怎样上学的?

注:when与what time的区别:when指的是大体的时间,而what time询问的是具体的时间。

--What time shall we meet?    -- At ten o’clock.

--When shall we meet?    --Tomorrow.

3. how many用于询问“多少”,且后面接可数名词复数。how much用于提问“多少”,后面接不可数名词,也可对“钱”提问。

--How many students are there in your class?      --There are 50 students in our class.

--How much time do we still have?    --We have 15 minutes.

4. how old用于提问年龄“多大岁数”;how long用于提问时间或长度“多长时间,长度多长”,回答用“for+一段时间”;how soon用于提问时间“还要多久”,回答用“in+一段时间”;how far提问距离“有多远”;how often用于提问频率“多长时间一次”。

--How old is your sister?     --She is 14 years old.

--How long will you stay here?    --I’ll stay here for two days.

--How far is it from your house to the school?    --It is two kilometers away.page number 0

 

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5. 形容词及对应名词    how+形容词= what+名词

形容词

long长的

tall/high高的

old年老的

对应名词

length长,长度

height高,高度

age年龄

How old are you? = What is your age?      How tall are you? = What is your height?

How long is the table? = What’s the length of the table?

 

二、冠词的用法

冠词分三种:定冠词the,零冠词/,不定冠词a/an.

1.不定冠词有a 和an两个,泛指“一”的概念,但并不强调数量,只表示名词为不特定者,且仅用在单数可数名词前。

a用于发音以辅音音标(不是以辅音字母)开头的单词前面;an用于发音以元音音标(不是元音字母)开头的单词前面。

My mother is a doctor.

My father is an engineer.

This is a useful book.     He is a European.     He is an honest man.   

He is from a university.      There is an “l” in the word “leg”.

(useful, university, European与a 连用; honest, hour, honour与an连用)

1、表示“一”,用于可数名词的单数形式前。

The company needs a worker.

2、表示“一类”,指一类人或事物,用在可数名词单数前。

An elephant is bigger than a cat.     

3、某示“某一个”,不具体指明是何人何物。

A teacher wants to see you.

4、表示“每一”。

We work five days a week.     

You should take the medicine three times a day.

5、表示“第一次提到”;首次提到人或物,但不特别指明是哪一个

Long long ago, there was a king.

6、用于固定词组中:a few一些(加可数名词),  a little一些(加不可数名词),  a lot of许多,  a great deal of 大量,  a moment ago刚才, after a while过了一会儿, a piece of 一片, have a cold感冒, have a try试一试,  in a word总之,  in a hurry匆忙地,

quite a nice dog相当好的一只小狗, such a sunny day如此晴朗的一天 

定冠词the

二、定冠词the的用法:

①特指某些人或物   

②谈话双方都熟悉的人或事 

③上文已经提到的人或事  

④世界上独一无二的事物前 

⑤序数词回形容词最高级前  page number 1

 

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 ⑥某些专有名词前 

 ⑦一些习惯短语(如:in the day等)中和乐器前(如:play the violin / piano)

三、不用冠词(零冠词)

①名词前已有作定语用的this、that、some、any、my等限定词。

 ②专有名词和不可数名词前。

 ③表示学科的名词前。

④球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。

⑤复数名词表示泛指(一类人或事)时。 

⑥节日、季节、星期、月份前。  

⑦表示颜色、语种和国家的非全称名词。

⑧在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。 

⑨某些习惯短语中(如:in bed、go to school等)。

三、连词and, but, so的用法

and用来连接具有并列或对称结构的词或句子,意为“和,及,并,又”。如:

I have short black hair and brown eyes.

My name is Simon and my Chinese name is Li Peichun.

注:祈使句+and, and意为“那么”,表示结果; 祈使句+or, or意为“否则”。

Do something, and you will… 做某事,你就会……

Be careful, and you will do better.仔细些,你就会做得更好。

Work harder, and you’ll pass the exam.

Work harder, or you’ll miss the exam.

but表转折,意为“可是,但是”。如:

She sings well but she cannot dance.

I can speak Chinese, but I cannot write it very well.

注:I am sorry, but… 对不起,……

I am sorry, but I have to look after my mother.

so表因果关系,意为“所以,因此”。如:

It is near my house, so I can walk to school.

He was ill, so he didn’t go to school.

注:because与so不能同时使用。

此外:so也可表示:“如此地”,后面加形容词或副词原级

 so tall, so fast        so……that如此……以致

 

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