Unit3 SectionⅡ Learning About Language-【精讲精练】2023-2024学年高中英语选择性必修第四册人教版（教师用书）

Section Ⅱ　Learning About Language

不定式

一、基本概念

动词不定式的基本构成是“to＋动词原形”。 to是不定式符号，无词义。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词和动词的特征。它可以在句中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分。

不定式的各种形式：

二、不定式的用法

1．不定式作主语

(1) 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。

To do such things is foolish.

做这样的事情是愚蠢的。

(2) 主系表结构

To see is to believe.眼见为实。

(3) it作形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it作形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。

常用于下列结构中：

①It is/was＋adj.＋(of sb) to do...(如 good/kind/nice/clever/foolish/selfish...)

②It is＋adj.＋(for sb) ＋to do...(如easy/difficult/hard/unwise/possible/necessary...)

③It is＋a/an＋名词＋to do...(如a pity/a shame/a pleasure/one's duty/an honor...)

④It takes (sb) some time/courage/patience...to do...

⑤It requires courage/patience/hard work...to do...

[对点训练1]——单句语法填空

①It is common  to find  (find)  this type of poetry，calligraphy art，hanging in people's homes.

②If you live in a cold climate，it will be important  to know  (know)  your dog's limits and how you can keep it safe and warm.

③It is an honor for me  to be invited  (invite)  to attend the meeting.

2．不定式作表语

主语多用aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, job, suggestion, wish, purpose等抽象名词或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。

What I would suggest is to start work at once.

我的建议是马上开始工作。

The main task is to keep our room clean.

最主要的任务是保持我们房间的整洁。

[对点训练2]——单句语法填空

①It is important to remember when you're trying to get along with people who are very difficult or seem  to be ignoring  (ignore)  you，everyone is just doing the best that they can.

②He is children's books editor，whose job is  to sort  (sort) through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in The Times.

③The goal of this activity is  to meet  (meet)  the needs of common people.

3．动词不定式作宾语

ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语。

口诀(接不定式作宾语的动词) ：

想要学习　早打算(want learn plan)

快准备　有希望(prepare hope wish expect)

同意否　供选择(agree offer choose)

决定了　已答应(decide be determined promise)

尽力去　着手做(manage undertake)

别拒绝　别假装(refuse pretend)

失败不是属于你(fail)

Tom refused to lend me his pen.

汤姆拒绝借他的笔给我。

[名师点津]　①某些及物动词可用­ing也可用动词不定式作宾语，但意义不同，如stop/go on/remember/forget/regret/try/mean等。

②某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it作形式宾语。

Technology makes it possible to realize our dream.

科技使我们实现梦想成为可能。

[对点训练3]——单句语法填空

①He pretended  to be reading  (read)  the text when I came in.

②I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused  to stop  (stop)  until we reached the next stop.

③I think it necessary  to send  (send)  for an expert.

④But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants  to prove  (prove)  that she has brains as well as beauty.

4．动词不定式作定语

当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表示被动。

(1) 不定式作定语需要后置。

(2) 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语(逻辑上的主谓关系) 或逻辑宾语(逻辑上的动宾关系) 或修饰性关系(同位关系)。

①动宾关系

I have a lot of work to do(要做).

Give me a piece of paper to write on(写).

②主谓关系

Women and children were the first to aboard the lifeboat(登上救生艇).

③修饰性关系： 不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象，它所修饰的词多为抽象名词need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement等。

There is no need for him to come.他没必要来。

He has no time to read the book.他没时间看书。

[名师点津]　逻辑上为动宾关系的不定式，必须是及物动词或不及物动词加介词；如果不定式所修饰的词是way 或 place, 介词可省略。

It is a comfortable sofa to sit on.

这是一张坐上去很舒服的沙发。

He has no way to go.他无路可走。