内容正文:
长难句分析讲义:一个特殊的考点
原句
A person is thought to develop a habit in the course of pursuing goals by beginning to associate certain cues (刺激) with behavioural responses that help meet the goal.(2023年北京卷阅读表达)
按照介词短语补充和从句补充的不同情况,可以把这句话拆分成五个部分,每个部分都有明确的标志。各位同学可以自己检验一下,你现在能够正确完成这个拆分动作了吗?
A person is thought to develop a habit 句子主干信息
in the course of pursuing goals 介词短语补充1
by beginning to associate certain cues with behavioural responses 介词短语补充2
that help meet the goal 从句补充
句子主干信息
A person is thought to develop a habit
有的同学会说,这里的“to develop a habit”不是非谓语动词作补充吗,为什么不单独断开呢?实际上,我们在这个句子里看到的是一个相对比较边缘化的考点,虽然在真题中出现概率很低,但是在模拟题中只要出现,往往是错误率较高的题目,而且各位同学对它的理解也不甚准确。这个考点就是“to have done和to have been done”这两个非谓语动词的特殊形态。
在语法填空里,to have done和to have been done作为正确答案出现的概率低于千分之一,基本是可以完全忽略的,除了某个特殊的考查情况,各位请看下面的例句:
Nearly half a million people are believed to have left their homes as a result of the disaster.接近五十万人被认为因为灾难的缘故背井离乡。
China is known to have changed greatly in terms of its cultural values over the past few years.在过去的数年间,据了解中国在文化价值方面发生了巨大的变化。
这两个句子里分别出现了to have left和to have changed,看上去都是to have done的格式,但是实际上正确的结构划分应该是“be believed to … 被认为……”和“be known to … 据了解……”。to和前面的被动语态在一起,其实就是个插入的结构。如果把这个插入结构去掉,这两句话的结构就变得清晰多了。
Nearly half a million people have left their homes as a result of the disaster.接近五十万人因为灾难的缘故背井离乡。
China has changed greatly in terms of its cultural values over the past few years.在过去的数年间,中国在文化价值方面发生了巨大的变化。
能够发挥类似作用的插入结构,常见的无外乎“be believed to、be known to、be thought to、be said to、be reported to、be considered to”这几个,总之都是“据了解、据报道、据说、被认为”之类的意思。在这个结构后面只可能出现两种情形,一种是do,一种是have done。区分方法也很简单,只要这个动作完成了,就用have done;这个动作没完成,就用do。被动的时候,就把be动词按要求加上,完成了就用have been done,没完成就用be done。
Nearly half a million people are believed to have left their homes as a result of the disaster.接近五十万人被认为因为灾难的缘故背井离乡。(人们已经离开了)
China is known to have changed greatly in terms of its cultural values over the past few years.在过去的数年间,据了解中国在文化价值方面发生了巨大的变化。(中国已经变化了)
类似的句子还有:
Napoleon is famously said to have declared, “When