2024届中考英语专项复习模块一词汇：10.非谓语动词
非谓语动词
非谓语动词有3种形式：不定式、分词和动名词。
动词不定式
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成（有时不带to）。它不能单独作谓语，不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。动词不定式连同它的宾语、状语等一起构成不定式短语，不定式短语可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。
- 动词不定式的句法作用
(1) 作主语
① 不定式在句中作主语，相当于名词或代词的作用，谓语动词通常用单数。
To learn English well is difficult.
To read good books makes him happy.
② 不定式作主语常常用it作为形式主语，不定式置于句尾。其句型有3种：
1) It + v.+宾语/表语+to do sth.
It is a great honor to give a lecture here.
It is a great pleasure to work with you.
It took me two days to finish the report.
It makes me feel happy to think about my kids.
2) It + be +表语+for sb. + to do sth.
It is not easy for her to grasp a foreign language.
It was necessary for him to find out the truth.
It is hard for us to work out the problem.
3) It + be +表语+ of +名词/代词+ to do sth.
It is very kind of you to give me a hand.
It was careless of you to leave your bag in the taxi.
③ “疑问代词/疑问副词/连接词+不定式”结构作主语
How to stop polluting rivers is a big problem.
When and where to hold the meeting is still unknown.
(2) 作表语
① 动词不定式直接作表语
The most important thing for him is to take care of his parents.
The only thing we can do is to wait and see.
Our goal is to reach the top of the mountain before 11 a.m..
② “how/ what/ when/ where/ which/ why +不定式”结构作表语
The question is how to improve ourselves in English.
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The point is when to leave for Hong Kong.
The difficulty is which one to give the reward to.
(3) 作宾语
① 动词不定式直接作及物动词的宾语
常以动词不定式作宾语的动词由:afford, agree, ask, begin, choose, continue, decide, demand, expect, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, require, start, try, volunteer, want, wish等。
其句型是：主语+ vt. + to do sth.
I can’t afford to buy an apartment.
They decided to visit their grandparents on the weekend.
Someone forgot to turn off the light.
His father promised to take him to the science museum on Sunday.
② 以it作形式宾语，动词不定式作真正的宾语
1) 主语+ vt. + it + 宾语补足语 + to do sth.
They found it impossible to get there on time.
The high-speed train makes it possible to reach Changsha in three hours.
We consider it our duty to do so.
2) 主语+ vt. + it + 宾语补足语 + for sb. to do sth.
The Internet makes it possible for us to know the news around the world.
I think it better for him to do his homework right now.
④ “疑问代词/疑问副词/连接词+不定式”结构作宾语
其句型是：主语+vt.+how/what/when/where/why/which/who/whether+to do sth.
He told me where to get the book.
When I’m in trouble, she’ll advise me what to do.
I don’t know how to solve this problem.
I wondered whether to trust him or not.
(4) 作定语
不定式作定语时需置于修饰词之后。
① 不定式和它修饰的词是动宾关系
I'd like to buy something to eat.
There are many difficulties to overcome.
② 被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语
Teachers thought he was the best one to do the job.
The next man to clean the meeting room is James.
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(5) 作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时，宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。有的动词需要用带to的不定式作宾语补足语，有的需要用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
① 需要用带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise, allow, ask, command, encourage, expect, give, order, remind, request, teach, tell, warn等
My teacher advised me to talk with my parents.
The doctor warned the patient not to smoke.
Lucy’s mother reminded her to bring an umbrella.
He told me to put on my coat.
② 需要用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：feel, hear, look at, listen to, see, watch, have, let, make等
Did you hear anyone sing in the music room?
It’s quite interesting to look at other people play chess.
The funny story makes me laugh.
We shall have you know the results.
(6) 作主语补足语
He is considered to be the best player of basketball.
(7) 作状语
动词不定式常用作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件等。
① 作目的状语
To make our dreams come true, we should try our best.
He listened to music to relax himself.
She went to the library to return some books.
② 作原因状语
Tom was anxious to check the results.
My mother was happy to meet her old friends.
The old woman cried to know her son was dead.
③ 作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常置于被修饰词之后，常见于too...to..., enough...to...,only，强调结果出人意料
His daughter is too young to go to school.
Those teenagers are excellent enough to solve the problem.
I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train had already gone.
④ 作条件状语
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