2024年中考英语专项复习模块三-时态和语态：6.被动语态 讲义
被动语态
当主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。
被动语态的构成
- 被动语态的构成形式是：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以ask为例，将八种时态的被动语态的肯定式、否定式和疑问式列表如下：
| 肯定式 | 否定式 | 疑问式 |
一般现在时 | I am asked... He/She is asked... We/You/They are asked ... | I am not asked... He/She is not asked ... We/You/They are not asked ... | Am I asked ...? Is he/she asked ...? Are we/you/they asked ...? |
一般过去时 | I/He/She was asked... We/You/They were asked ... | I/He/She was not asked... We/You/They were not asked ... | Was I/he/she asked...? Were we/you/they asked ...? |
现在进行时 | I am being asked... He/She is being asked... We/You/They are being asked ... | I am not being asked... He/She is not being asked ... We/You/They are not being asked ... | Am I being asked ...? Is he/she being asked ...? Are we/you/they being asked ...? |
过去进行时 | I/He/She was being asked... We/You/They were being asked ... | I/He/She was not being asked... We/You/They were not being asked ... | Was I/he/she being asked...? Were we/you/they being asked ...? |
一般将来时 | I/He/She/We/You/They will be asked... I/We shall/will be asked ... | I/He/She/We/You/They will not be asked... I/We shall/will not be asked ... | Will I/he/she/we/you/they be asked...? Shall/Will I/we be asked...? |
过去将来时 | I/He/She/We/You/They would be asked... I/We should/would be asked ... | I/He/She/We/You/They would not be asked... I/We should/would not be asked ... | Would I/he/she/we/you/they be asked...? Should/Would I/we be |
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|
|
| asked...? |
现在完成时 | I/We/You/They have been asked ... He/She has been asked...
| I/We/You/They have not been asked ... He/She has not been asked...
| Have I/we/you/they been asked...? Has he/she been asked...? |
过去完成时 | I/He/She/We/You/They had been asked... | I/He/She/We/You/They had not been asked... | Had I/he/she/we/you/they been asked...? |
- 含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式：情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词
Teenagers should be allowed to make their own decisions.
Your homework must be handed in today.
A concert will be held next month.
May the trees be planted behind the house.
被动语态的用法
- 强调动作的承受者
His spoken English has been improved greatly.
They were given a second chance.
These letters will be sent to Miss White.
- 当不知道或没必要说明谁是动作的发出者时
Some tents have been put up at the foot of the mountain.
A new school is being built here.
Air conditioners are widely used in our daily life.
- 当动作的发出者带有较长的修饰语时
The novel was written by a young lady who was disabled because of an accident.
The advice was accepted by the students who had difficulty in getting along with others.
I have been invited to a house warming party by the new neighbor who came from South Africa.
主动语态转换为被动语态
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- 主语+及物动词+宾语
The government take many measures to prevent pollution.
Many measures are taken to prevent pollution.
My father fixed up the bike.
The bike was fixed up by my father.
- 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
(1) 主动句中的宾补变为被动句中的主补
We saw him out.
He was seen out.
She has kept us waiting for an hour.
We have been kept waiting for an hour.
(2) 主动句中用带to的不定式作宾补，转换为被动句时要加上to（let除外）
Can you make this watch work?
Can this watch be made to work?
I heard the boy play the drums.
The boy was heard to play the drums.
- 主语+及物动词+直接宾语+间接宾语
(1) 这一句型转换成被动句时，直接宾语和间接宾语都可用作被动句的主语
The old man gave us much help.
We were given much help by the old man. （间接宾语转化成主语）
Much help was given to us by the old man. （直接宾语转化成主语）
〖注意： 当直接宾语转化为被动句的主语，间接宾语可以直接位于动词之后，也可以由介词to或for引出。在间接宾语前加“to”，这类动词有：give, offer, lend, pass, promise, tell等；在间接宾语前加“for”，这类动词有：buy, cook, get, make等 〗
Our teacher taught us English songs.
English songs were taught us by our teacher. （直接宾语转化成主语）
We were taught English songs by out teacher.（间接宾语转化成主语）
(2) 并非所有的间接宾语都可作为被动句的主语
She wrote Miss Green a letter.
A letter was written to Miss Green by her.（√）
Miss Green was written a letter by her.（×）
(3) 宾语从句不能作为被动句的主语
My friends told me where we were going to meet.
I was told where we were going to meet by my friends.（√）
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