2024年中考英语专项复习模块一词汇：9.动词

动词

动词的分类

分类法	种类		例词
按句法作用分类	实义动词	及物动词	play, drive, drink, eat, sing, dance, swim, speak
		不及物动词	go, come, arrive, listen, walk, look
	助动词		do, does, did, will, would, be, have, has
	情态动词		can, could, must, have to, may, might, will, should, shall
	系动词		become, get, turn, look, smell, sound, smell, feel,remain, stay
按词汇意义分类	动态动词	持续性动词	read, fly, study, work, grow, improve, increase
		瞬息性动词	jump, knock, begin, leave, die, reach, start, buy
	状态动词		allow, need, order, prefer, require, ask, mind, advice

1. 及物动词

及物动词后可直接接宾语，可分为跟单宾语的及物动词、双宾语的及物动词、宾语补足语的及物动词。

(1)       常见跟单宾语的及物动词:catch, hold, break, celebrate, discuss, educate, grow, borrow, put, forget, love, worry...

Eg: Don’t break the rules.

   We are going to discuss the topic in groups.

   I borrow a pen from a stranger.

   Put the bananas in the blender.

(2)       间接宾语前可加to或for的及物动词: give, offer, buy, pass, sell, show, read, sing, draw, make, choose, cook...

Eg: My father bought a bike for me as a present.

   Miss Li offered some pictures to us.

(3)       间接宾语一定要放在直接宾语前的及物动词: ask, cost...

Eg: The doctor asked me some questions.

   It costs me twenty dollars.

(4)       常见跟宾语补足语的及物动词

①　名词作宾语补足语:call, consider, name, make...

Eg: Robinson named the man Friday.  

②　形容词作宾语补足语: make, find, believe, keep...

    Eg: A sad movie makes me unhappy.

③　分词作宾语补足语: see, watch, find, keep, feel, hear, make,have...

Eg: I love to watch the monkeys climbing around.

   Lily has her hair cut.

④　带to的不定式作宾语补足语: advice, tell, ask, expect, promise, want, invite, allow, encourage, remind, require...

Eg: My parents required me to clean my room.

   They invited Mr. Black to take part in the game.

⑤　不带to的不定式作宾语补足语: feel, hear, make, have, let, see, watch...

    Eg: I saw him walk into the hall.

           The funny movie makes people laugh.

2. 不及物动词

不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，大多数动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，纯不及物动词很少，常见纯不及物动词有：arrive, come, go, walk, sit, stand, happen, lie, run...

Eg: We arrived at the science museum at 8:30 this morning. 

   The police happened to know the truth.

 

3. 助动词

助动词本身没有意义，不能单独作谓语，只能用来帮助主动词构成各种时态、语态、否定式和疑问式等。基本助动词有be, do, have, will shall

(1)       be的用法

①　与现在分词连用构成各种进行时态

Eg: Look! Some boys are playing basketball.

   They were having dinner when the earthquake happened.

②　与过去分词连用构成被动语态

Eg: Students are required to have a discussion.

   The building is named after a famous scientist.

③　与带to的不定式构成复合谓语

    Eg: If we are to win the game, we must try our best.

(2)       do的用法

①　帮助构成一般现在时态和过去时的否定式和疑问式

Eg: She doesn’t like eating carrots.

   Do you want to be an actor?

②　用于加强语气

Eg: I do believe you.

③　用于代替前面出现过的动词，以免重复

Eg: I didn’t watch TV last night, but my brother did.

(3)       have的用法

与过去分词连用构成完成时

Eg: I have finished reading this book.

   Have you ever been to a museum?

   She has lived here for over twenty years.

   He realized that he had left his keys at home.

(4)       will、would、shall、should的用法

will、shall构成一般将来时，would、should构成过去将来时；shall、should主要用于第一人称，will、would可用于各种人称

Eg: He will reach the airport in half an hour.

   Cindy said she would make her dream come true.

   I shall pay a visit to Europe this summer.

   I was told that we should fix up the machine.

       Sam was informed that he shouldn’t touch anything in the room.

       It won’t rain tomorrow.

 

4. 情态动词

    情态动词本身有各种含义，不能单独作谓语，要和动词原形连用构成谓语，表示说话人的语气、情绪或态度。情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化。

(1)       can和could

①　表示能力，意为“会，能够”，can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力

Eg: He can sing.

   He could play the guitar when he was young.

②　表示推测，意为“可能”

Eg: She is on business, so she can’t be at home.

③　表示请求、允许、建议，意为“可以”，could比can的语气更加委婉、礼貌

Eg: -Could you help me with math?  -Sorry, I can’t. I’m busy preparing for the test.

   -Could I use your computer?   -Of course, you can.

   You could ask hospitals to let you visit the kids and cheer them up.

(2)       must和have to

    must只有一种时态形式；have to可用于多种时态，其否定式和疑问式都要借助助动词构成。

①　表示必须：must强调主观意愿，而have to强调客观上的必要性，意为“不得不”

Eg: You must follow the laws.

   You don’t have to stay up late.

②　must可以表示推测，且把握较大

Eg: The man over there must be our new teacher.

(3)       may和might

①　表示推测，意为“可能”，可能性的大小关系为：must > can > may > might

Eg: Billy may/might be in the library. I’m not sure.

②　表示请求、允许，意为“可以”，might比may的语气更加委婉、礼貌

Eg: --May/Might I take a rest?

   --Yes, you can.

(4)       shall

①　表示询问意见，用于一、三人称的疑问句中

Eg: Shall I take it off?

②　表示决心、许诺、警告、威胁或命令，用于第一、二、三各人称的肯定句中

Eg: Nothing shall prevent us from protecting the environment.

   You shall be punished if you break the rule again.

③　表示规定或义务

Eg: The new law shall be carried out next month.

(5)       should

①　表示义务、责任