内容正文:
Section 4 Grammar—过去完成时
先会观察 悟考点
课前观察 自主领悟
语法图解
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去( pastinthepast )”。
观察句子
①He asked me where I had gone during the summer holidays.
②What had Jane done by the time he was seven?
③I had learnt 900 English words by the time I was ten.
④By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I had cooked the dinner already.
⑤She said she had seen the principal already.
⑥By the time he was ten years old, he had completed university.
⑦He had learnt to play the piano before he was 11 years old.
我的领悟
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或者结束,也可能是早已完成或结束,即“过去的过去”,也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。
过去完成时由“had +动词的过去分词”构成,had通常用于任何人称。
精讲细点 通语法
语法课堂 高效学习
一、过去完成时的基本结构:had+done
①They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
到旅馆前他们已经吃过早饭了。
②She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.
到今天早上十点为止她已经写完了作文。
过去完成时主要有以下几点用法:
1.表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。句中常用by, before, when, until等词引导的时间状语。它是以过去某一时间为起点,所以过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”。只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才能用到它。
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
当他到达晚会时,大多数客人已经离开了。
2.过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去,常与for, since等词连用。
When I arrived, I learnt the star had been away for almost an hour.
当我到时,我得知那位明星已经离开快一个小时了。
3.用于并列句:一个并列句的谓语动词用过去式,如果另一个并列句表示的动作早于过去式这一动作,这时需用过去完成时。
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.
汤姆乘飞机回家,但是他的父亲已经去世了。
4.某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有hope, expect, suppose, think, want, wish等。
They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten.
他们本来打算能在10点之前到达。
5.在before, after, as soon as等引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间先后,所以可以用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。
二、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
1.现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“have (has) + 过去分词”。
2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较:
①I have learnt 1,000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
②I had learnt 1,000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
③—I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
对不起,让你久等了。
—Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现