内容正文:
10 定语从句
一、 关系代词引导的定语从句
(一)常见关系代词的基本用法
1. that
可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语。
2. which
指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。如:
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主语)
3. who, whom, whose
(1)who: 主格, 在从句中作主语,只可指人
(2)whom: 宾格,在从句中只能作宾语;只可指人
(3) whose: 表所属关系,在从句中作定语。译为:某人的,某物的
(4)whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)
注意:
① 关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中,介词提前时,介词后:表人用 whom;表物用 which)
② 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末。但以放于句首较为正式。(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末。)
4. as
as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语
(1)如为限制性的,多用于the same …as ; the same as(与……相同);such …as …(如此,这样); as many/much as(和……一样多);so/as …as(与……一样)等结构中。如:
(2)如为非限制性的,as还可以单独引导一个定语从句,代替整个主句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。(动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.)
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (as作宾语) 众所周知,吸烟有害健康。
(二)that、 which只能用其中一个的情况
1. 只能用that,不能用which的情况
(1)先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词或先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
(2)先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、the only,the very,the last等修饰时,关系代词通常只用that,不用which。如:
The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
(3)先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词只用that,不用which。如:
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
(4) 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时,通常只用that,不用which。如:
He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。
Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
(5) 句中其他位置已出现which, 为避免重复, 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如:
Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车?
2. 只用wh